GLOBAL SEA SURFACE TEMPERATURE
INDIAN OCEAN SEA SURFACE TEMPERATURE
INDIAN OCEAN SEA SURFACE TEMPERATURE
Saturday, 30 November 2013
Friday, 29 November 2013
ROBERT ROSENTHALL-TRG THE ROSENTHALL GROUP, Inc: CREATING RESOURCES TO WORK FOR AFRICA
Wonderful opportunity in joint venture BETWEEN - INDIA & SOUTH AFRICA FOR INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT
PLEASE SEE DETAIL
ROBERT ROSENTHALL http://www.Gfiveinternational.comRosenthall GROUP - ASIA http://www.slideshare.net/andrewwilliamsjr/the-rosenthall-group-trg-asia
About
YES WE "AFRI"- CAN: CREATING RESOURCES FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF AFRICA
Mission
Our
mission is to serve Governments, Public and Private Firms, individuals
and families in the poorest communities in the world. Drawing strength
from our global diversity, resources and experience, we promote
innovative solutions and are advocates for global responsibility. We
facilitate lasting change by:• Strengthening capacity for self-help
• Monetize natural resources for economic development
• Humanitarian development
• Developing sovereign wealth programs for African Countries
• Private Placement Programs (PPP) with Trading Platforms
• Providing economic opportunities
• International banking instruments
• Delivering relief in emergencies
• Influencing policy decisions at all levels
• Addressing discrimination in all its forms
Guided by the aspirations of governments and local communities, we pursue our mission with both excellence and compassion because the people whom we serve deserve nothing less. We provide a standard for companies to publish what they pay and for governments to disclose what they receive.
TRG THE ROSENTHALL GROUP has a robust yet flexible methodology that ensures time lines, budgets and global standards are maintained with all projects. TRG, in a nutshell, has a globally developed standard that promotes revenue transparency at the local level and establishes the methodology countries need to follow to become fully compliant with world organizations. We help generate business, train workers and create jobs that will sustain families and fuel growth.
For further contact THE ROSENTHALL GROUP, Inc
Description
LE
GROUPE ROSENTHALL est une société d'exploitation internationale qui
forme des coalitions avec des gouvernements, des sociétés, des groupes
de société civils, négociant des plates-formes, des investisseurs et des
organisations internationales. Nous fournissons concevons/construisons
et finançons de grands projets , aussi bien pour le développement
humanitaire que pour des gouvernements et des év...See More
Thursday, 28 November 2013
Subject: C5a) Why don't we try to destroy tropical cyclones by seeding them with silver iodide:
Subject: C5a) Why don't we try to destroy tropical cyclones by seeding
them with silver iodide:
Contributed by Chris Landsea
Actually for a couple decades NOAA and its predecessor tried to weaken hurricanes by dropping silver iodide - a substance that serves as a effective ice nuclei - into the rainbands of the storms. The STORMFURY project , as it was called, proposed that the silver iodide would enhance the thunderstorms of the rainband by causing the supercooled water to freeze, thus liberating the latent heat of fusion and helping the rainband to grow at the expense of the eyewall. With a weakened convergence to the eyewall, the strong inner core winds would also weaken quite a bit. Neat idea, but it, in the end, had a fatal flaw: there just isn't much supercooled water available in hurricane convection - the buoyancy is fairly small and the updrafts correspondingly small compared to the type one would observe in mid-latitude continental super or multicells. The few times that they did seed and saw a reduction in intensity was undoubtedly due to what is now called "concentric eyewall cycles".
Willoughby et al.(1985)
Concentric eyewall cycles naturally occur
in intense tropical cyclones (wind > 50 m/s [100 kt, 115 mph]).
As tropical cyclones reach this threshold of intensity, they usually
- but not always - have an eyewall and radius of maximum winds that
contracts to a very small size, around 10 to 25 km [5 to 15 mi].
At this point, some of the outer rainbands may organize into an
outer ring of thunderstorms that slowly moves inward and robs the
inner eyewall of its needed moisture and momentum. During this
phase, the tropical cyclone is weakening (i.e. the maximum winds
die off a bit and the central pressure goes up). Eventually the
outer eyewall replaces the inner one completely and the storm
can be the same intensity as it was previously or, in some
cases, even stronger. A concentric eyewall cycle occurred
in Hurricane Andrew (1992) before landfall near Miami: a
strong intensity was reached, an outer eyewall formed, this
contracted in concert with a pronounced weakening of the storm,
and as the outer eyewall completely replaced the original one
the hurricane reintensified.
Contributed by Chris Landsea
Actually for a couple decades NOAA and its predecessor tried to weaken hurricanes by dropping silver iodide - a substance that serves as a effective ice nuclei - into the rainbands of the storms. The STORMFURY project , as it was called, proposed that the silver iodide would enhance the thunderstorms of the rainband by causing the supercooled water to freeze, thus liberating the latent heat of fusion and helping the rainband to grow at the expense of the eyewall. With a weakened convergence to the eyewall, the strong inner core winds would also weaken quite a bit. Neat idea, but it, in the end, had a fatal flaw: there just isn't much supercooled water available in hurricane convection - the buoyancy is fairly small and the updrafts correspondingly small compared to the type one would observe in mid-latitude continental super or multicells. The few times that they did seed and saw a reduction in intensity was undoubtedly due to what is now called "concentric eyewall cycles".
Willoughby et al.(1985)
Subject : C2) Doesn't the friction over land kill tropical cyclones?
Subject : C2) Doesn't the friction over land kill tropical cyclones?
(Parts of this section are written by Sim Aberson.)
No. During landfall, the increased friction over land acts - somewhat contradictory - to both decrease the sustained winds and also to increase the gusts felt at the surface (Powell and Houston 1996). The sustained (1 min or longer average) winds are reduced because of the dampening effect of larger roughness over land (i.e. bushes, trees and houses over land versus a relatively smooth ocean). The gusts are stronger because turbulence increases and acts to bring faster winds down to the surface in short (a few seconds) bursts.
However, after just a few hours, a tropical cyclone over land will begin to weaken rapidly - not because of friction - but because the storm lacks the the moisture and heat sources that the ocean provided. This depletion of moisture and heat hurts the tropical cyclone's ability to produce thunderstorms near the storm center. Without this convection,the storm rapidly fills.
An early numerical simulation (Tuleya and Kurihara 1978) had shown that a hurricane making landfall over a very moist region (i.e. mainly swamp) so that surface evaporation is unchanged, intensification may result. However, a more recent study (Tuleya 1994) that has a more realistic treatment of surface conditions found that even over a swampy area a hurricane would weaken because of limited heat sources. Indeed, nature conducted this experiment during Andrew as the hurricane traversed the very wet Everglades, Big Cypress and Corkscrew Swamp areas of southwest Florida. Andrew weakened dramatically: peak winds decreased about 33% and the sea level pressure in the eye rose 19 mb (Powell and Houston 1996).
(Parts of this section are written by Sim Aberson.)
No. During landfall, the increased friction over land acts - somewhat contradictory - to both decrease the sustained winds and also to increase the gusts felt at the surface (Powell and Houston 1996). The sustained (1 min or longer average) winds are reduced because of the dampening effect of larger roughness over land (i.e. bushes, trees and houses over land versus a relatively smooth ocean). The gusts are stronger because turbulence increases and acts to bring faster winds down to the surface in short (a few seconds) bursts.
However, after just a few hours, a tropical cyclone over land will begin to weaken rapidly - not because of friction - but because the storm lacks the the moisture and heat sources that the ocean provided. This depletion of moisture and heat hurts the tropical cyclone's ability to produce thunderstorms near the storm center. Without this convection,the storm rapidly fills.
An early numerical simulation (Tuleya and Kurihara 1978) had shown that a hurricane making landfall over a very moist region (i.e. mainly swamp) so that surface evaporation is unchanged, intensification may result. However, a more recent study (Tuleya 1994) that has a more realistic treatment of surface conditions found that even over a swampy area a hurricane would weaken because of limited heat sources. Indeed, nature conducted this experiment during Andrew as the hurricane traversed the very wet Everglades, Big Cypress and Corkscrew Swamp areas of southwest Florida. Andrew weakened dramatically: peak winds decreased about 33% and the sea level pressure in the eye rose 19 mb (Powell and Houston 1996).
Subject : C1) Doesn't the low pressure in the tropical cyclone center cause the storm surge?
Subject : C1) Doesn't the low pressure in the tropical cyclone center
cause the storm surge?
Contributed by NHC Storm Surge Unit
Actually the central pressure has little effect on storm surge. Of greater importance are the high wind speeds acting on the ocean surface, combined with the size and forward speed of the storm. The height of the surge is also determined by the coastline and the angle the storm takes to it, the width and slope of the continental shelf off shore, and such local features as bays, rivers, headlands, islands, etc..
Contributed by NHC Storm Surge Unit
Actually the central pressure has little effect on storm surge. Of greater importance are the high wind speeds acting on the ocean surface, combined with the size and forward speed of the storm. The height of the surge is also determined by the coastline and the angle the storm takes to it, the width and slope of the continental shelf off shore, and such local features as bays, rivers, headlands, islands, etc..
Wednesday, 27 November 2013
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