FAQ: Earthquakes

People carry an injured person in Port-au-Prince after the largest earthquake ever recorded in the area rocked Haiti on Tuesday, Jan 12. ((Radio Tele Ginen/Associated Press))An earthquake can be one of the most destructive events in the natural world. More than three million people were killed in quakes in the 20th century alone. Although scientists are able to predict which regions are most likely to be hit, it is impossible to predict precisely when a major temblor will occur.
Major earthquakes are unpredictable and can kill thousands of people and obliterate homes, buildings and roads in a matter of seconds. Undersea quakes can also trigger destructive tsunamis.
The damage from earthquakes can reach a massive scale. On Mar. 11, 2011, for example, Japan was rocked by a massive 9.0-magnitude earthquake that struck off the coast of the country's northeast, causing a huge tsunami that swallowed homes, swept away cars and boats, and forced people to scramble for higher ground. More than 15,850 people were confirmed dead; 3,203 were unaccounted for; and 452,000 were displaced from their homes and are living in shelters. A year later, more than 80,000 were still unable to return home due to radiation from the Fukushima Daiichi reactor damaged by the quake and tsunami.

What is an earthquake?

The ground beneath our feet seems rock-solid, but our planet's surface is in fact a dynamic grid of slowly moving sections, known as tectonic plates. Normally, this motion is imperceptible to humans, showing itself only on geological time scales (North America and Europe, for example, are drifting apart at the rate of just five centimetres per year).
The movement causes stress to build in the crust. If the stress rises beyond a critical threshold, a portion of the crust will give way, shifting suddenly and violently. This sudden motion usually occurs along a fault or fracture – a zone of weakness in the earth's crust. The result is what we call an earthquake.
"You can only push a rock so far," explains Joseph Wallach, a geologist at the University of Ottawa. "At a certain point in time, the rock will fail, and you'll have an earthquake." Ninety per cent of earthquakes occur along the boundaries of tectonic plates, but they can also happen in more stable regions, thousands of kilometres from the plate edges.
The destructive power of an earthquake depends on the depth of its point of focus. The spot on the earth's surface directly above the focus is called the "epicentre."
For the most common quakes, known as "shallow-focus" events, the focus is just a few dozen kilometres below the surface. Because the crust is in motion so close to the surface, these are the most powerful and deadliest quakes.
In contrast, "deep focus" earthquakes originate hundreds of kilometres below the surface, and cause less damage.
Earthquakes can also occur beneath the ocean; such oceanic quakes can trigger enormous tidal waves, or tsunamis. These waves can travel great distances at speeds of up to 1,000 kilometres per hour, attaining heights of up to 15 metres as they reach the shore.

Measuring an earthquake

A dog from a Spanish rescue team searches rubble in L'Aquila, Italy. ((Luca Bruno/Associated Press))The first practical scale for measuring earthquakes was developed by geologist Charles Richter at the California Institute of Technology in the 1930s, and the scale that most scientists use today still bears his name. (Actually, seismologists use several different, but related, scales.
But the Richter scale, denoted by a number called the "magnitude," is the most common. This quantity, which can be read off a seismograph, reflects the amount by which the earth's crust shifts.) The Richter scale has no lower limit and no maximum. It's a "logarithmic" scale, which means that each one-point increase on the scale represents a 10-fold increase in the magnitude of the quake.
The energy released by an earthquake increases at an even steeper rate, going up by a factor of 32 for each one-point increase in magnitude. A quake with magnitude between 2 and 3 is the lowest normally perceptible to humans. A magnitude 5 quake is considered moderate. Worldwide, there are about 1,500 earthquakes of magnitude 5 or higher every year. An earthquake of magnitude 6 or higher is considered major. The largest earthquakes in history have been of about magnitude 9.
Major earthquakes release far more energy than any man-made explosion. The 1906 San Francisco earthquake, with a magnitude of 8.3, was approximately one million times as powerful as the atomic bomb dropped on Hiroshima.

Where earthquakes happen

Local residents walk past destroyed buildings in Mianyang in southwest China's Sichuan province, where a massive earthquake left thousands dead and many more homeless. ((Kyodo News/Associated Press))Earthquakes usually occur at the junction of two tectonic plates. These boundary regions, therefore, are particularly prone to earthquakes (and also to volcanic eruptions).
The edges of the giant Pacific plate, which lies beneath the Pacific Ocean, form a particularly intense ring of tectonic activity, known as the "ring of fire." This activity causes frequent earthquakes along the west coast of North America and in Chile, Alaska and Japan, and is also responsible for volcanic eruptions in the northwest United States, the Andes Mountains, and the Philippines.
Not all earthquakes occur at plate boundaries. In the early 19th century, a series of powerful earthquakes struck the Mississippi Valley in the United States. Named for the Missouri town nearest the epicentre, the New Madrid quakes of 1811 and 1812 were probably the most powerful in recorded North American history, with magnitudes of 8.4 to 8.7. There was little damage and few casualties, as the area was still sparsely populated at that time, but the tremors were felt as far away as Boston and Denver. The area, far from the edges of any tectonic plates, is what geologists call a "stable continental region" (SCR). While seismologists and historians have learned a great deal about these 190-year-old quakes, their cause is still a mystery; there have been very few major SCR earthquakes since.
The area of eastern Turkey which was struck by an earthquake on Oct. 23, 2011, is one of the most seismically active areas of the world, says CBC meteorologist Johanna Wagstaffe, who is also a seismologist. That quake was what's referred to as a transform fault, where two plates slide beside each other.
"Turkey is actually on its own plate, called the Anatolian plate, and so it's bumping and grinding with plates to the north, the Eurasian plate, [and] it's sliding and bumping with the Arabian plate to the south," she said. (See explanation here.)

Predicting earthquakes

No one can tell exactly where or when the next major earthquake will occur. Seismologists have, however, several methods at their disposal that can at least allow them to make educated guesses.
First, a statistical study of historical earthquakes in a given region shows how frequent quakes of various magnitudes have been in the past. From those figures, they can guess how likely future quakes will be. For example, if a certain region has been struck by four magnitude 7 quakes in the last 200 years, seismologists would say there is a 50 per cent probability of another such quake occurring in the next 50 years.
Seismologists can also measure how much stress a certain region of the earth's crust is under, and how quickly that stress is increasing. That knowledge, along with the elapsed time since the last earthquake, helps scientists determine if another earthquake is on the way. This method is far from perfect, though, and requires extremely detailed seismological data, which simply isn't available for most regions.

Major earthquakes since 1976

Date	Location	Magnitude	Estimated number of deaths
Aug. 11, 2012	Northwestern Iran	6.4 and 6.3	306
April 11, 2012	Indian Ocean	8.6	Tsunami alert issued, no major damage
Oct. 23, 2011	Turkey	7.2	603
April 7, 2011	Japan	7.1	3
March 11, 2011	Japan	9.0	approx. 16,000 (9,000 missing)
Feb. 27, 2010	Chile	8.8	At least 700
Jan. 13, 2010	Haiti	7.0	85,000 to 316,000 (gov't estimate)
Sept. 30, 2009	Near Padang, Indonesia	7.6	1,110
April 6, 2009	Near L'Aquila, Italy	6.3	283
May 12, 2008	Sichuan province, southwest China	7.8	More than 80,000
May 27, 2006	Java, Indonesia	6.3	5,135
Oct. 8, 2005	Pakistan-administered Kashmir	7.6	80,000
March 29, 2005	Indonesia	8.7	1,000
Dec. 26, 2004	Off the coast of Indonesia	9.0	230,000 (includes tsunami victims)
Dec. 26, 2003	Bam, Iran	6.6	26,271
June 21, 1990	Iran	7.7	35,000
Dec. 7, 1988	Armenia	6.9	At least 25,000
Sept. 19, 1985	Mexico	8.1	9,500
Sept. 16, 1978	Iran	7.5 to 7.9	15,000
July 28, 1976	China	7.8 to 8.2	242,000

2 earthquakes strike off Philippines coastA tsunami alert originally was issued for several countries including the Philippines, Indonesia, Palau, Japan

A 7.6-magnitude undersea earthquake struck off the eastern coast of the Philippines late today, killing at least one person in a house collapse, and a second temblor struck about half an hour later, according to the U.S. Geological Survey.
Power was knocked out in several cities.
A tsunami alert originally was issued for several countries including the Philippines, Indonesia, Palau, Japan and for Pacific islands as far away as the Northern Marianas, but was eventually lifted, the Pacific Tsunami Warning Center said.
Media reported that roads and bridges were destroyed and people were fleeing to higher ground.
"My neighbours and I have evacuated. We are now on our way to the mountains," fisherman Marlon Lagramado told The Associated Press in a telephone interview from the coastal town of Guiwan in the Philippine province of Eastern Samar, which was closest to the epicenter.
The first quake, originally pegged at a magnitude 7.9, hit at a depth of 34.9 kilometres and was centred 106 kilometres east of Samar Island, the USGS said.
The second earthquake, with a magnitude of 5.5, struck 102 kilometres northeast of San Isidro.
The head of the Philippine seismology agency, Renato Solidum, said residents living along the coastline of eastern Samar Island had been advised to evacuate to high ground until the tsunami has passed.
"Don't sleep, especially those in the eastern seaboard ... because there might be aftershocks," Benito Ramos, a retired general who heads the disaster-response agency, said in an advisory broadcast nationwide.
Mayor Vicente Emano reported one house collapsed in southern Cagayan de Oro city, on the main southern island of Mindanao, killing a 54-year-old woman and injuring her 5-year-old grandson, who was being treated in a hospital.
There was no electricity in several other towns and cities across the central and southern Philippines, though it was restored in some areas later Friday, according to rescuers and local radio reports.

Global warming has impacted climate in HP: Study

HIMLA: Once known for its cool climes, Himachal Pradesh is witnessing the ill effects of global warming as, in the last four decades, the average maximum temperature has increased by 5.2 degrees Celsius in the state. While the average rainfall has remained static, the cycle of rain and snow has changed marginally.
A study data released by department of economics and statistics, titled "Compendium of Environmental Statistics, Himachal Pradesh - 2012" has revealed that the highest temperature registered in 1971-72 was 28.5 degree Celsius, which has now increased to 33.7 degree Celsius in 2010-11, while the minimum temperature remained almost static. Minimum temperature in 1971-72 was registered at 5.6 degree Celsius, which is 5.8 degree Celsius now.
"The major source of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere had been motor vehicles, which numbered only 9,116 four decades ago, but has gone up to 1,67,264 now," said the report, released by chief minister Prem Kumar Dhumal on Tuesday.
Commenting on the rise in temperature, Dr J C Kuniyal, senior scientist at GB Pant Institute of Himalayan Environment and Development, Himachal unit at Mohal in Kullu, said that this was because of the fact that the effects of global warming in the Himalayan region were not only affecting the crop pattern, but also leading to unusual weather.
"In Kullu valley alone, it has become warmer on an average by 0.9 degree Celsius from 1965 to 1998. In 1965, the apple belt existed at a height of 1,000 metres above sea level. Now, it's at 2,000 metres above sea level, towards northern latitude." Apple, which was grown at Bajaura (1000m) area a decade back, is now found only in Katrain (2000m) near Manali."
Data released on Tuesday has shown that food crop yield had also increased from 9,54,000 MT to 14,98,000 MT while fruit cultivation area increased from 44,329 hectares to 2,08,154 with increase in production from 148.58 MT to 1,027.82 MT. Substantial increase in off-season vegetable production had also been registered with the launch of schemes aimed at motivating the farming community to diversify their traditional farming practices towards cash crops and off-season vegetable cultivation.
The data further showed that forest cover had increased by 16,460 sq kms during the past four decades. While the state had 20,540 sq kms of forest cover in 1970-71, it has now increased to over 37,000 sq kms.

India Inc unhappy at 5.5% GDP growth; asks govt revive economy

Unhappy with 5.5. per cent GDP growth in April-June quarter, industry chambers today said opportunities for revival of the economy would soon "peter out" if the government does not take immediate policy action. Expressing serious concern over the continuous slowdown in the GDP, which was
the slowest pace of Q1 growth in a decade, industry body CII said the numbers leave no doubt about the "criticality" of the situation. "CII strongly feels that opportunities for revival of economic growth would soon peter out if the economy dives into a downward growth spiral due to steep decline in growth of gross capital formation," chamber's Director General Chandrajit Banerjee said in statement.
Poor growth mainly in manufacturing, mining and agriculture pulled the first quarter GDP growth down from 8 per cent a year ago.
We once again appeal for a coordinated monetary and fiscal intervention to address this deteriorating situation, Banerjee said.
Industry body Assocham said the disaggregated figures clearly show the weaknesses in the economy and immediate corrective steps are required.
"The manufacturing sector has obviously been worst hit as the sector has become virtually stagnant at 0.2 per cent in Q1 of 2012-13 against 7.3 per cent growth in the corresponding period last year", Assocham President Rajkumar N Dhoot said.
Dhoot said given the global slowdown and slackening in exports demand, domestic manufacturing needs some stimulus by deeper cuts in interest rates.
"With the Finance Minister announcing intent on fiscal consolidation, this is an opportune time to cut repo rates," CII added.
Industry body FICCI said the growth slowdown reflects a sharp decline in investment and the government should take measures to control the fiscal deficit and lay basis for boosting investment demand.
"... what is worrisome is expectations of subdued global growth, uncertainty on Eurozone and slowdown in capital formation in India... I would like to emphasise that many needed economic decisions can be taken on administrative basis without new legislation," FICCI President R V Kanoria.
Consultancy firm Dun and Bradstreet expects the July-September (second quarter) GDP to remain subdued at below 6 per cent on inflationary pressures, unsatisfactory monsoon and policy stagnation.
"Nonetheless, we expect growth to witness some revival during the second half of the current fiscal with abatement of inflationary pressures and further easing of the monetary policy," said Dun and Bradstreet economist Arun Singh.

Indian Climate Research Network to host conference on climate change

BANGALORE: The Indian Climate Research Network (ICRN) which is a consortium of organizations like Indian Institute of Science (IISC), Bangalore, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi (IITD), Indian Institute of Technology Madras (IITM), and Delhi based Centre for Science and Environment (CSE) will organize the third national research conference on climate change at IISC Bangalore on November 3 and 4.

The conference will cover topics related to the scientific, technical, economic and policy aspects of climate change in South Asian countries.

"We invite abstracts from faculty, students, civil society organizations and practitioners in the areas of climate science, impacts, mitigation and adaptation, and climate policy or politics. Abstracts should provide evidence of independent research and be of direct relevance to the Indian context," said Indrajit Bose, deputy programme manager at CSE.

Selected abstracts will receive a slot for presentation and poster session at the conference.

Submissions should include title, author affiliation(s), contact details and an abstract of up to 200 words, giving an overview of: context, methodology, results and implications. Researchers can send in abstracts and submissions should to icrn@icrn.inby September 14.

Philippines advises residents near coast to move to high ground

The Philippine Volcanology Center advised residents living near the coast to move to higher ground due to the risk of tsunami following a major quake off the east coast on Friday. The magnitude 7.6 quake was centred off the east coast, 91 miles (146 km) off the town of Guiuan in Samar

7.6 quake hits Philippines, tsunami warning issued AP Manila, Philippines, August 31, 2012

A 7.6-magnitude undersea quake struck off the eastern coast of the Philippines late Friday, triggering tsunami warnings across the region. At least one house collapsed and power was knocked out in several Philippine cities, local radio reported. A tsunami alert originally was issued for

• Philippines advises residents near coast to move to high ground

several countries including Japan and for Pacific islands as far away as the Northern Marianas, but most of them were soon lifted, leaving warnings only for the Philippines, Indonesia and Palau, the Pacific Tsunami Warning Center said. "My neighbors and I have evacuated. We are now on our way to the mountains," fisherman Marlon Lagramado told The Associated Press in a telephone interview from the coastal town of Guiwan in the Philippine province of Eastern Samar.
The quake, with preliminary magnitude 7.6, hit at a depth of 34.9 kilometers (21.7 miles) and was centered 106 kilometers (66 miles) east of Samar Island, the US Geological Survey said.
The head of the Philippine seismology agency, Renato Solidum, said that residents living along the coastline of eastern Samar Island were advised to evacuate to high ground in case of the tsunami.
A local radio station reported one houses collapsed in southern Cagayan de Oro city and there was no electricity in several other towns and cities across the central and southern Philippines.

What to Look for in Foot Protection

 OSHA says that It's your job to make sure employees use foot protection when there is a danger of foot injuries. That makes selecting the right protection for the hazard a priority.

OSHA's general industry foot protection standard (29 CFR 1910.136) says:
"The employer shall ensure that each affected employee uses protective footwear when working in areas where there is a danger of foot injuries due to falling or rolling objects, or objects piercing the sole, and where such employee's feet are exposed to electrical hazards."
OSHA also requires foot protection to be designed to comply with any of the following consensus standards:

• ASTM F-2412-2005, "Standard Test Methods for Foot Protection," and ASTM F-2413-2005, "Standard Specification for Performance Requirements for Protective Footwear," which are incorporated by reference in § 1910.6;
• ANSI Z41-1999, "American National Standard for Personal Protection — Protective Footwear," which is incorporated by reference in § 1910.6; or
• ANSI Z41-1991, "American National Standard for Personal Protection — Protective Footwear," which is incorporated by reference in § 1910.6.

In addition, safety footwear manufacturers provide tags and labels that inform you of the footwear’s intended purpose. For example, the tag might indicate that the footwear is slip resistant, protects from falling objects, or protects from electrical hazards. It is dangerous to assume that a shoe will also protect against a hazard that is not specifically identified on a tag.

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Key Selection Issues

• Just like everyday footwear, when selecting work shoes it is important that they fit properly and are comfortable, especially if workers are going to spend 8 to 12 hours a day in them. Lightweight footwear, for example, will reduce fatigue.

• When fitting footwear, employees should make sure boots fit snugly around the heel and ankle when laced up. But they should leave plenty of wiggle room for toes. It's best for workers to try on work shoes after a work shift when feet are likely to be swollen to their maximum size.

• Shoes that don't fit properly could contribute to musculoskeletal disorders such as plantar fasciitis and heel pain from heavy heel impact and chronic stress in the heel area. Ankle, knee, and possible low back pain are also common when there is excessive strain on the weight-bearing skeletal system.

• All sorts of insoles are available on the market today. But soft, cushion, and gel insoles only provide short-term relief. Because they are soft, these products cannot stabilize the foot and just collapse as the foot and ankle go through their normal range of motion. They do not provide the needed support.

• Prefabricated over-the-counter orthotics can be purchased for a reasonable price. They support and control the normal collapse of the foot. They can provide the arch support that is needed but might be missing in many types of foot protection.

LPG tanker explodes in Kannur, Kerala 35 hurt & 2 killed

LPG tanker explodes in Kannur, Kerala 35 hurt & 2 killed

An LPG tanker lorry exploded near the Chala temple, six km from the town, around 11 p.m. on Monday (27.08.2012), leaving at least 12 persons, including women, with burns. Six of the seriously injured have been taken to the Pariyaram Medical College Hospital.

The fire spread extensively in the area following the explosion, but by midnight the blaze was brought under control, reports said. Though it was a major accident, the scale of destruction was much less than what was feared initially, as rescue operations were initiated by the police and Fire and Rescue Services personnel immediately after the explosion. The police cordoned off the area.

Police and Fire and Rescue Services personnel from Kannur and Thalassery rushed to the spot to secure the area and check the spread of the fire. Reports said there were two explosions. Local people said that they could see fire raging in the area. Even the Fire and Rescue Services personnel could not initially reach near the spot because of the extensive fire that covered a large area. There were reports that the explosion occurred after the driver alighted from the lorry on finding a gas leak.

Initial reports said five houses had caught fire following the explosion. People rushed out of the houses soon after. Several shops in the area have been destroyed. Top officials, including police officers, have rushed to the spot. Ambulances from Kannur and Thalassery were summoned.

Fire units from different parts of the district were pressed into service to bring the fire under control. Hundreds of local people were engaged in taking the injured to nearby hospitals. The police said vehicular traffic in the area was stopped following the incident.

The impact of the accident was minimised by the workers in the lorry alerted the people in the nearby areas immediately after the accident and before the explosion. Fire engulfed the area immediately after the explosion.

Cause behind the explosion is yet to be ascertained.

UNITS

Original Unit	Multiplied By	Conversion Factor	Equals	Final Unit
acre	x	0.404 69	=	hectare
acre	x	43,560	=	square foot (ft2)
acre	x	4,046.873	=	square meter (m2)
acre	x	640	=	square mile (mi2)
acre	x	4840	=	square yard (yd2)
acre-foot	x	7,758	=	barrel
acre-foot	x	43,560	=	cubic foot (ft3 or cf)
acre-foot	x	1,233	=	cubic meter (m3)
acre-foot	x	325,851	=	gallon (US)
angstrom unit	x	1.0E-10	=	meter (m)
atmosphere	x	1.013	=	bar
atmosphere	x	76.0	=	centimeter of mercury
atmosphere	x	33.90	=	feet of water
atmosphere	x	1.033	=	kilogram/square centimeter
atmosphere	x	101.325	=	kilopascal (kPa)
atmosphere	x	10.33	=	meters of water
atmosphere	x	1,013.25	=	millibar (mb)
atmosphere	x	1.013250E+05	=	pascal (Pa)
atmosphere	x	14.696	=	pound/square inch

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Original Unit	Multiplied By	Conversion Factor	Equals	Final Unit
balthazar (wine)	x	12	=	liter (L)
barrel (crude oil)	x	5.6146	=	cubic foot of crude oil
barrel (crude oil)	x	0.158 987 3	=	cubic meter of crude oil
barrel (crude oil)	x	42	=	gallon of crude oil, US
barrel (crude oil)	x	158.987 294 9	=	liter of crude oil
barrel (crude oil)	x	0.136	=	metric ton of crude oil
barrel (oil)/day	x	0.029 2	=	gallon (US)/minute
barrel (oil)/day	x	1.84	=	cubic centimeter/second
barrel (oil)/day	x	0.159	=	cubic meter (m3)/day
barrel (oil)/day	x	0.159	=	liter/day
barrel (crude oil)	x	0.15	=	short ton of crude oil
barrel, US liquid	x	0.75	=	barrel of crude oil
barrel, US liquid	x	31.5	=	gallon, US
bar	x	0.986 923	=	atmosphere
bar	x	750.0616	=	millimeter of mercury (mmHg)
bar	x	14.50	=	pound/square inch
board foot	x	0.002 360	=	cubic meter (m3)
Board of Trade unit (BOTU)	x	1	=	kilowatt.hour (kW.h) (in the UK)
british thermal unit (BTU)	x	3.931E-04	=	horsepower-hour
british thermal unit (BTU)	x	0.000 292 8	=	kilowatt-hour (kW.h)
BTU	x	778.2	=	foot-pounds
BTU	x	0.000 393 1	=	horsepower.hour (HP.h)
BTU	x	1055	=	joule
BTU/hour square foot °F	x	5.678 263 398	=	watt/square meter °C
BTU/hour square foot °F	x	0.453 592 374 35	=	kilocalorie/hour square foot °C
BTU/minute	x	0.023 56	=	horsepower
BTU/minute	x	0.017 57	=	kilowatt (kW)
BTU/pound	x	0.555 555	=	calorie/gram
BTU/pound	x	2.326	=	kilojoule/kilogram (kJ/kg)
bushel, US	x	0.035 239 07	=	cubic meter (m3)

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Original Unit	Multiplied By	Conversion Factor	Equals	Final Unit
calorie (cal)	x	4.186 8	=	joule (J)
caneca (beer, Portugal)	x	0.4	=	liter (L)
carat (metric)	x	200	=	milligram (mg)
centimeter (cm)	x	0.394	=	inch (in)
centimeter of mercury	x	0.44	=	foot of water
centimeter/second	x	0.036	=	kilometer/hour
centimeter/ square second	x	0.032 808 4	=	foot per square second (ft/s2)
centipoise	x	0.01	=	poise
centipoise	x	0.01	=	gram/centimer.second (g/cm.s)
centipoise	x	0.001 0	=	pascal-second
centipoise	x	6.72E-04	=	pound/ft-sec
cord	x	128	=	cubic foot (ft3 or cf)
cubic centimeter (cm3)	x	3.531E-05	=	cubic foot (ft3 or cf)
cubic centimeter (cm3)	x	0.061 02	=	cubic inch (in3)
cubic centimeter (cm3)	x	2.642E-04	=	gallon, US liquid
cubic centimeter (cm3)	x	1.0E-03	=	liter (L)
cubic foot (ft3 or cf)	x	28,320	=	cubic centimeter (cm3)
cubic foot (ft3 or cf)	x	1728	=	cubic inch (in3)
cubic foot (ft3 or cf)	x	7.48	=	gallon, US liquid
cubic foot (ft3 or cf)	x	28.316 8	=	liter (L)
cubic foot (ft3 or cf)	x	2.831685E-02	=	cubic meter
cubic foot (ft3 or cf)	x	0.037037	=	cubic yard (exactly: 1/27)
cubic foot (ft3 or cf)	x	0.1781076	=	oil barrel
cubic foot/minute	x	472	=	cubic centimeter/second
cubic foot/minute	x	4.72E-4	=	cubic meter/second
cubic foot/minute	x	0.12	=	gallon/second
cubic foot/minute	x	1699.011	=	liter/hour
cubic foot/minute	x	0.471 947 4	=	liter/second
cubic foot/second	x	448.8	=	gallons/minute
cubic foot/second	x	1699	=	liters/minute
cubic inch (in3)	x	16.387 06	=	cubic centimeter (cm3)
cubic inch (in3)	x	1.639E-05	=	cubic meter (m3)
cubic inch (in3)	x	4.329E-03	=	gallon (gal)
cubic inch (in3)	x	0.016 387 06	=	liter (L)
cubic meter (m3)	x	35.315	=	cubic foot (ft3 or cf)
cubic meter (m3)	x	1.307 950 619	=	cubic yard (yd3)
cubic meter (m3)	x	264.20	=	gallon, US liquid
cubic meter (m3)	x	1,000	=	liter (L)
cubic meter/hour (m3/h)	x	0.58858	=	cubic foot/min (ft3/min)
cubic meter/kilogram (m3/kg)	x	16.02	=	cubic foot/pound (ft3/lb)
cubic meter/sec (m3/s)	x	15,850	=	gallon/minute
cubic meter/sec (m3/s)	x	2118	=	cubic foot/minute
cubic meter/sec (m3/s)	x	60,000	=	liter/minute
cubic yard (yd3)	x	0.764 554 9	=	cubic meter (m3)
cubic yard (yd3)	x	27	=	cubic foot (ft3 or cf)
cycles/second	x	1.0	=	hertz

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Original Unit	Multiplied By	Conversion Factor	Equals	Final Unit
darcy	x	0.9869E-12	=	meter square
day (mean solar)	x	86,400	=	second (s)
decanewton/meter (daN/m)	x	0.685 068	=	pounds per feet (lbs/ft)
degree (angle)	x	0.0111	=	quadrant
degree (angle)	x	0.017 453 29	=	radian
degree (angle)	x	3,600	=	second (s)
degree (angle)	x	17.777 777 8	=	mil
degree/second	x	0.166 67	=	revolutions/minute (RPM)
degree/second	x	0.017 45	=	radians/second
demi (wine)	x	475	=	milliliter (mL)
drink	x	0.5	=	fluid ounces (US) of alcohol
drink	x	15	=	milliliters of alcohol
dyne	x	1.0E-05	=	joule/meter (newton)
dyne/square centimeter	x	1.0E-06	=	bar

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Original Unit	Multiplied By	Conversion Factor	Equals	Final Unit
em (pica)	x	0.42	=	centimeter (cm)
erg	x	1.0E-07	=	joule (J)
erg	x	2.78E-14	=	kilowatt-hour (kW.h)
erg/second	x	1.3E-10	=	horsepower (hp)
erg/second	x	1.0E-10	=	kilowatt

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Original Unit	Multiplied By	Conversion Factor	Equals	Final Unit
fathom (fath)	x	1.828 8	=	meter (m)
foot (ft)	x	30.48	=	centimeter (cm)
foot (ft)	x	12	=	inch (in)
foot (ft)	x	0.3048	=	meter (m)
foot (ft)	x	1.645E-04	=	mile (nautical)
foot (ft)	x	5280	=	mile (statute)
football field (USA)	x	1.3223	=	acre
football field (USA)	x	0.535	=	hectare (ha)
foot of water	x	0.029 499	=	atmosphere of water
foot of water	x	0.882 6	=	inch of mercury
foot of water	x	0.433 515	=	pound/square inch
foot/minute	x	0.508 0	=	centimeter/second
foot/second	x	1.097 28	=	kilometer/hour
foot/second	x	0.592 48	=	knot
foot/second	x	0.681 818	=	mile/hour
foot-candles	x	10.763 91	=	candela-meter
foot-candles	x	10.763 91	=	lumen/square meter
foot-candles	x	10.763 91	=	lux
foot-candles	x	1.5759E-06	=	watt/square centimeter (W/cm2)
foot-pound (ft-lb)	x	3.77E-07	=	kilowatt-hour (kW.h)
foot-pound (ft-lb)	x	0.138 255	=	kilogram-meter (kg.m)
foot-pound (ft-lb)	x	1.355 818 2	=	newton-meter (N.m)
foot-pound/minute	x	2.26E-05	=	kilowatt (kW)
foot-pound/sec	x	0.001 81	=	horsepower
freight ton (US)	x	40.0	=	cubic foot
furlong	x	1/8	=	mile (statute)
furlong	x	200	=	yard (yd)
furlong/fortnight	x	1	=	snail's pace (you figure it out)

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Original Unit	Multiplied By	Conversion Factor	Equals	Final Unit
gallon, US (gal)	x	231	=	cubic inch (in3)
gallon, US (gal)	x	0.031 75	=	barrel
gallon, US (gal)	x	0.023 81	=	barrel of crude oil
gallon, US (gal)	x	3,785.41	=	cubic centimeter (cm3)
gallon, US (gal)	x	0.133 7	=	cubic foot (ft3 or cf)
gallon, US (gal)	x	3.785412E-03	=	cubic meter (m3)
gallon, US (gal)	x	0.832 675	=	gallon, imperial
gallon, US (gal)	x	3.785 412	=	liter (L)
gallon, liquid British imperial	x	4.546 09	=	liter (L)
gallon, liquid British imperial	x	1.201 4	=	gallon, US liquid
gallon of crude oil	x	0.023 809 52	=	barrel of crude oil
gallon/minute, US	x	8.020 8	=	cubic foot/hour
gallon/minute, US	x	0.134	=	cubic foot/minute
gallon/minute, US	x	6.309E-05	=	cubic meter/sec
gallon/minute, US	x	0.06309	=	liter/sec
gallon/minute, US	x	227.1247	=	liter/hour
gallon/minute, US	x	5450.993	=	liter/day
gauss	x	1.0E-04	=	weber/square meter
girafa (beer, Portugal)	x	1.0	=	liter (L)
googol	x	10E+100	=	1 followed by 100 zeros
grain	x	0.064798 91	=	gram (g)
grain	x	437.5	=	ounce
gram (g)	x	0.0353	=	ounce
gram (g)	x	2.204623E-03	=	pound (lb)
gram/centimeter	x	5.6E-03	=	pound/inch
gram/cubic centimeter	x	62.43	=	pound/cubic foot
gram/cubic centimeter	x	8.347	=	pound/gallon
gram/liter	x	1,000	=	parts/million
gram/liter	x	8.34	=	pound/1,000 gallon
gram/liter	x	0.062 43	=	pound/cubic foot
gram/square centimeter	x	2.048 16	=	pound/square foot
gram-calorie	x	1.56E-06	=	horsepower-hour
gram-calorie	x	1.16E-06	=	kilowatt-hour (kW.h)

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Original Unit	Multiplied By	Conversion Factor	Equals	Final Unit
hectare (ha)	x	2.471	=	acre
hectare (ha)	x	107,600	=	square foot (ft2)
hectare (ha)	x	10,000	=	square meter (m2)
hectare (ha)	x	0.003 861	=	square mile (sq.mi)
horsepower (hp)	x	1.014	=	horsepower (metric)
horsepower (hp)	x	42.44	=	british thermal unit/minute
horsepower (hp)	x	550	=	foot-pound/second
horsepower-hour (hp-hr)	x	2.684520E+6	=	joule (J)
horsepower (hp)	x	0.746 043	=	kilowatt (kW)
horsepower (hp), electrical	x	746	=	watt (W)
horsepower (metric)	x	0.986	=	horsepower
horsepower (metric)	x	542.5	=	foot-pound/second
hundredweight (cwt) (UK)	x	112	=	pound
hundredweight (cwt) (UK)	x	50.802 345	=	kilogram (kg)
hundredweight (cwt) (US)	x	100	=	pound
hundredweight (cwt) (US)	x	45.359 237	=	kilogram (kg)

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Original Unit	Multiplied By	Conversion Factor	Equals	Final Unit
ice (1 pound, melting)	x	151	=	kilojoule (kJ)
imperial (beer, Portugal)	x	0.2	=	liter (L), aka 'fino' in Portugal
inch (in)	x	2.54	=	centimeter (cm)
inch (in)	x	0.025 4	=	meter (m)
inch (in)	x	1.578E-05	=	mile (mi)
inch-pound	x	0.112 985	=	joule (J)
inch of mercury	x	0.4912	=	pound/square inch
inch of mercury	x	3386.4	=	pascal (Pa)
inch of water at (4 oC)	x	2.458E-03	=	atmosphere
inch of water at (4 oC)	x	0.03	=	pound/square inch
iron (leather)	x	1/48	=	inch (in)

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Original Unit	Multiplied By	Conversion Factor	Equals	Final Unit
jeroboam	x	3	=	liter (L), (aka 'double magnum')
joule (J)	x	9.48E-04	=	british thermal unit (BTU)
joule (J)	x	0.737 563	=	foot-pound (ft-lb)
joule (J)	x	0.000 239	=	kilocalorie (kcal (IT))
joule (J)	x	1.00	=	newton-meter (N.m)
joule (J)	x	2.778E-04	=	watt-hour (W.h)

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Original Unit	Multiplied By	Conversion Factor	Equals	Final Unit
kilogram (kg)	x	2.204 623	=	pound (lb)
kilogram (kg)	x	9.84E-04	=	ton, long
kilogram (kg)	x	1.1E-03	=	ton, metric (t)
kilogram (kg)	x	35.273 962	=	ounce (oz)
kilogram/cubic meter	x	0,062 428	=	pound/cubic foot
kilogram/meter	x	0.67197	=	pound/foot
kilogram/meter	x	0.980 855 9	=	decanewton/meter (daN/m)
kilogram/meter second	x	10	=	poise
kilogram/square centimeter	x	0.967 8	=	atmosphere
kilogram/square centimeter	x	14.223	=	pound/square inch
kilogram/square meter	x	9.81E-05	=	bar
kilogram-meter	x	2.72E-06	=	kilowatt-hour (kW.h)
kilometer (km)	x	3,280.84	=	foot (ft)
kilometer (km)	x	0.621 4	=	mile (mi)
kilometer/hour	x	0.911 34	=	foot/second
kilometer/hour	x	0.539 95	=	knot (kn)
kilometer/hour	x	0.621 37	=	mile/hour
kilopascal (kPa)	x	0.009 869	=	atmosphere
kilopascal (kPa)	x	0.010 000	=	bar
kilopascal (kPa)	x	0.145 038	=	pound/square inch
kilopascal (kPa)	x	0.010 197	=	kilogram/sq. centimeter (kg/cm2)
kilopascal (kPa)	x	7.500 617	=	millimeter of mercury (mmHg)
kilowatt (kW)	x	1.341	=	horsepower (hp)
kilowatt (kW)	x	1,000	=	watt (W)
kilowatt-hour (kW.h)	x	3,413	=	british thermal unit (BTU)
kilowatt-hour (kW.h)	x	859.8	=	kilocalorie
kilowatt-hour (kW.h)	x	3.6	=	megajoule (MJ)
kip (kilopound)	x	1,000	=	pound
kip (kilopound)	x	453.6	=	kilogram (kg)
knot (kn)	x	0.515	=	meter/second (m/s)
knot (kn)	x	1.0	=	mile (nautical)/h
knot (kn)	x	1.152	=	mile (statute)/h
knot (kn)	x	1852	=	kilometer/hour (km/h)
knot (kn)	x	1.152	=	mile (statute)/h

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Original Unit	Multiplied By	Conversion Factor	Equals	Final Unit
lambda	x	1.0	=	cubic milliliter (mm3)
liter (L)	x	0.006 3	=	barrel of oil
liter (L)	x	0.008 4	=	barrel
liter (L)	x	0.035 315	=	cubic foot (ft3 or cf)
liter (L)	x	61.02	=	cubic inch (in3)
liter (L)	x	0.2642	=	gallon (US)
liter (L)	x	0.219	=	gallon (UK)
liter (L)	x	1.056	=	quart (US)
liter (L)	x	2.1134	=	pint (US)
liter (L)	x	33.814	=	ounce, fluid (fl oz) (US)
liter/sec (L/s)	x	2.12	=	cubic foot/min (ft3/min)
liter/100 km	x	2.12	=	cubic foot/min (ft3/min)
long ton	x	1,016.047	=	kilogram (kg)
long ton	x	1.016 047	=	metric ton (t)
long ton	x	2,240	=	pound (lb)
long ton	x	1.12	=	short ton (st)

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Original Unit	Multiplied By	Conversion Factor	Equals	Final Unit
magnum	x	1.500	=	liter (L)
marathon	x	42 195	=	meter
marathon	x	26 miles 385 yards	=	(Imperial units)
measurement ton (US)	x	40.00	=	cubic foot
melchior (champagne)	x	18	=	liter (L)
meter (m)	x	3.281	=	foot (ft)
meter (m)	x	0.546 807	=	fathom (fath)
meter (m)	x	39.370 079	=	inch (in)
meter (m)	x	6.21E-04	=	mile (statute)
meter/second	x	2.237	=	mile (statute)/hour
meter/second	x	196.8	=	foot/minute
meter/second	x	3.6	=	kilometer/hour (km/h)
meter/second	x	1.942	=	knot (kn)
meter per square second(m/s2)	x	3.280 839 9	=	foot per square second (ft/s2)
methuselah (champagne)	x	6	=	liter (L), aka 'imperial'
metric carat	x	200	=	milligram (mg)
metric grain	x	50	=	milligram (mg)
metric mile (athletics)	x	1500	=	meter (m)
metric ton (t)	x	1,000	=	kilogram (kg)
metric ton (t)	x	2,204.62	=	pound (lb)
metric ton (t)	x	1.1023	=	short ton (st)
metric ton of crude oil	x	7.33	=	barrel (bbl)
micrometer (µm)	x	1.0E-06	=	meter (m)
mils (angle)	x	0.056 25	=	degree (angle)
mil (mili-inch)	x	0.001	=	inch (in)
mil (mili-inch)	x	25.4	=	micrometer (µm)
mile, nautical	x	1,852	=	meter (m)
mile, statute	x	161,000	=	centimeter (cm)
mile, statute	x	5,280	=	foot (ft)
mile, statute	x	1.609 347	=	kilometer (km)
mile, statute	x	1,609	=	meter (m)
mile, statute	x	0.868 975	=	mile, nautical
miles/gallon (US) (mpg)	x	0.4251	=	kilometer/liter (km/L)
mile/hour	x	44.70	=	centimeter/second
mile/hour	x	1.466 7	=	foot/second
meter (m)	x	3.281	=	foot
meter (m)	x	6.21E-04	=	mile (statute)
millibar (mb)	x	1,0	=	hectopascal (hPa)
millibar (mb)	x	100	=	pascal (Pa)
milliliter (mL)	x	0.0338	=	ounce, fluid (fl oz)
millimeter (mm)	x	0.039 37	=	inch
millimeter of mercury (mmHg)	x	1	=	torr
millimeter of water	x	9.81	=	pascal (Pa)
milligram/liter	x	1	=	parts/million
million gallon/day	x	1.547 2	=	cubic foot/second
minute (angle)	x	0.016 7	=	degree

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Original Unit	Multiplied By	Conversion Factor	Equals	Final Unit
nautical mile (nmi, NM)	x	1,852	=	meter (m)
nebuchadnezzar (wine)	x	15	=	liter (L)
newton (N)	x	0.101 972	=	kg (force)
newton (N)	x	0.224 81	=	pound force
newton (N)	x	100,000	=	dyne
newton-meter (N.m, N·m)	x	0.737 562	=	pound-foot (lb-ft)
newton-meter (N.m, N·m)	x	0.101 971 6	=	kilogram-meter (kg.m)
newton-meter (N.m, N·m)	x	8.850 747 5	=	inch-pound (in-lb)
newton.second/square meter	x	10	=	poise
normal cubic meter (Nm3)	x	1.0	=	1 m3 of gas @ 0 °C (32 °F) and 1 atm.
normal cubic meter (Nm3)	x	37.326	=	standard cubic feet (SCF) @ 60 °F and 1 atm.
nose	x	0,5	=	length of a horse's head

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Original Unit	Multiplied By	Conversion Factor	Equals	Final Unit
olympiad	x	4	=	years
ounce (oz)	x	28.34	=	gram (g)
ounce (oz)	x	0.0625	=	pound (lb)
ounce, fluid (fl oz)	x	1.8	=	cubic inch
ounce, fluid (fl oz)	x	0.029 57	=	liter (L)
ounce, fluid (fl oz)	x	29.573 53	=	milliliter (mL)
ounce, troy (oz)	x	31.103 5	=	gram (g)

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Original Unit	Multiplied By	Conversion Factor	Equals	Final Unit
pascal	x	1	=	newton/sq meter
pascal	x	9.871E-06	=	atmosphere
pascal	x	0.01	=	millibar (mb)
pascal second (Pa·s)	x	10	=	poise
parts/million	x	8.34	=	pound/million gallon (gal)
pat of butter (USA)	x	9.45	=	gram
pat of butter (USA)	x	0.333 333	=	ounce
pferdestärke (ps)	x	735.499	=	watt (W)
pint, US liquid	x	0.125	=	gallon, US (gal)
pint, US liquid	x	16	=	fluid ounce (US)
pint, US liquid	x	0.473 1	=	liter (L)
pipa (Portugal)	x	500	=	liter (L)
poise (P)	x	1	=	gram/centimeter second
poundal	x	13,826	=	dyne
pound (lb)	x	4.45E+05	=	dyne
pound (lb)	x	453.59	=	gram (g)
pound (lb)	x	4.5359E-04	=	ton (metric)
pound (lb)	x	4.448	=	joule/meter (newton)
pound (lb)	x	0.45359237	=	kilogram (kg)
pound (lb)	x	16	=	ounce (oz)
pound of water	x	27.68	=	cubic inch (in3)
pound of water	x	0.119 83	=	gallon (gal)
pound/barrel	x	2.853	=	kg/m3
pound/barrel	x	2.38	=	pounds/100 gallons (US)
pounds/100 gallons (US)	x	1.2	=	kg/m3
pound/cubic foot	x	0.133 7	=	pound/gallon (US)
pound/cubic foot	x	0.006 944	=	pound/sq inch/foot (psi/ft)
pound/cubic foot	x	0.016 026	=	gram/cubic centimeter
pound/cubic foot	x	16.018 5	=	kilogram/cubic meter
pound/cubic inch	x	27.68	=	gram/cubic centimeter
pound/cubic inch	x	27,680	=	kilogram/cubic meter
pound-foot	x	1.488 2	=	kilogram-meter
pound-inch	x	178.60	=	gram-centimeter
pound/gallon (ppg)	x	0.120 05	=	specific gravity
pound/gallon (ppg)	x	0.052	=	pound/sq inch/foot (psi/ft)
pound/gallon (ppg)	x	7.48	=	pound/cubic foot
pound/gallon (ppg)	x	0.119 8	=	gram/cubic centimeter
pound/gallon (UK)	x	99 776.3712192	=	milligram/liter
pound/gallon (UK)	x	99 890.3461041	=	part/million (ppm)
pound/gallon (UK)	x	0.832 674 127 478	=	pound/gallon (US)
pound/gallon (US)	x	119 826.433 807	=	milligram/liter
pound/gallon (US)	x	119 963.311 946	=	part/million (ppm)
pound/gallon (US)	x	1.200 950 007 93	=	pound/gallon (UK)
pound/square inch	x	0.068 046	=	atmosphere
pound/square inch	x	0.068947	=	bar
pound/square inch	x	2.309 5	=	foot of water
pound/square inch	x	2.036 02	=	inch of mercury
pound/square inch	x	51.71475	=	millimeter of mercury (mmHg)
pound/square inch	x	0.070 307	=	kilogram/square centimeter
pound/square inch	x	703.069 6	=	kilogram/square meter
pound/square inch	x	6.894757E+03	=	pascal
pound/square inch	x	144	=	pound/square foot
pound/sq inch/foot (psi/ft)	x	19.23	=	pound/gallon (US)
pound/sq inch/foot (psi/ft)	x	144	=	pound/cubic foot
pound/sq inch/foot (psi/ft)	x	2.309 5	=	specific gravity

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Original Unit	Multiplied By	Conversion Factor	Equals	Final Unit
Q unit	x	1.0E+18	=	british thermal unit (btu)
quadrant, angle	x	90	=	degree
quadrant, angle	x	1.570 8	=	radian
quart (gallon)	x	0.946	=	liter (L)
quart (gallon)	x	32	=	ounce (fluid)
quart, liquid	x	57.75	=	cubic inch (in3)
quart, liquid	x	9.46E-04	=	cubic meter (m3)

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Original Unit	Multiplied By	Conversion Factor	Equals	Final Unit
radian	x	57.29	=	degree
radian	x	3,438	=	minutes
radian	x	206,000	=	second
revolution	x	360	=	degree
revolution	x	4	=	quadrant
revolution	x	6.283 185	=	radian
rods	x	5.5	=	yard (yd)
round (boxing)	x	3	=	minute

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Original Unit	Multiplied By	Conversion Factor	Equals	Final Unit
salmanazar (wine)	x	9	=	liter (L)
second-foot	x	1.0	=	cubic foot/min (ft3/min)
second (angle)	x	2.78E-04	=	degree
second (angle)	x	4.848137E-06	=	radian
short ton (st)	x	0.892 9	=	long ton
short ton (st)	x	0.907 184 7	=	metric ton (t)
short ton (st)	x	2,000	=	pound (lb)
short ton of crude oil	x	6.65	=	barrel (bbl)
specific gravity	x	1	=	gram/cubic centimeter
specific gravity	x	0.433	=	pound/sq inch/foot (psi/ft)
specific gravity	x	8.33	=	pound/gallon (US)
specific gravity	x	350.5	=	pound/barrel
specific gravity	x	62.4	=	pound/cubic foot
square centimeter (cm2)	x	1.08E-03	=	square foot (ft2)
square centimeter (cm2)	x	0.155 0	=	square inch (in2)
square inch (in2)	x	6.451 6	=	square centimeter
square foot (ft2)	x	2.2956E-05	=	acre
square foot (ft2)	x	929.03	=	square centimeter (cm2)
square foot (ft2)	x	144	=	square inch (in2)
square foot (ft2)	x	0.092 903 04	=	square meter (m2)
square foot (ft2)	x	3.59E-08	=	square mile (mi2)
square foot (ft2), US Survey	x	1.000004	=	square foot (ft2)
square foot (ft2), US Survey	x	0.092 903	=	square meter (m2)
square kilometer (km2)	x	247.105	=	acre
square kilometer (km2)	x	100	=	hectare
square kilometer (km2)	x	0.386 1	=	square mile (mi2)
square meter (m2)	x	2.471E-04	=	acre
square meter (m2)	x	10.763 915	=	square foot (ft2)
square meter (m2)	x	10.763 867	=	square foot (ft2) (US Servey)
square meter (m2)	x	3.86E-07	=	square mile (mi2)
square meter (m2)	x	1,195 99	=	square yard (yd2)
square mile (mi2)	x	640	=	acre
square mile (mi2)	x	27,900,000	=	square foot (ft2)
square mile (mi2)	x	2.589 988	=	square kilometer (km2)
square yard (yd2)	x	9.0	=	square foot (ft2)
square yard (yd2)	x	0.836 127	=	square meter (m2)
stack	x	108	=	cubic foot (ft3 or cf)
standard cubic meter (Sm3)	x	1	=	1 m3 of gas @ 60 °F and 1 atm.
stone (UK only)	x	14	=	pounds

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Original Unit	Multiplied By	Conversion Factor	Equals	Final Unit
therm	x	100,000	=	BTU of natural gas
therm	x	1.054804E+08	=	joule (J)
toc (tons of coal equivalent)	x	29.308	=	gigajoule (GJ)
toc (tons of coal equivalent)	x	8.141	=	megawatt-hour (MW.h)
toe (tons of oil equivalent)	x	42.244	=	gigajoule (GJ)
toe (tons of oil equivalent)	x	11.63	=	megawatt-hour (MW.h)
tonne	x	1.0	=	ton, metric
ton (air conditioning)	x	12,000	=	british thermal unit/hour (BTU/h)
ton, gross (shipping)	x	100	=	cubic foof (of enclosed space)
ton, long	x	1,016.047	=	kilogram (kg)
ton, long	x	1.016 047	=	metric ton (t)
ton, long	x	2,240	=	pound (lb)
ton, long	x	1.12	=	short ton (st)
ton, maritime, shipping, or measurement (UK)	x	42	=	cubic foot (ft3 or cf)
ton, maritime, shipping, or measurement (USA)	x	40	=	cubic foot (ft3 or cf)
ton, metric (t)	x	7.33	=	barrel of crude oil
ton, metric (t)	x	1,000	=	kilogram (kg)
ton, metric (t)	x	2,204.62	=	pound (lb)
ton, short (st)	x	6.65	=	barrel of crude oil
ton, short (st)	x	0.892 9	=	long ton
ton, short (st)	x	0.907 184 7	=	metric ton (t)
ton, short (st)	x	2,000	=	pound (lb)
ton, register	x	100	=	cubic foot (ft3 or cf)
ton, register (RT)	x	2.832	=	cubic meter (m3)

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Original Unit	Multiplied By	Conversion Factor	Equals	Final Unit
unit call (UC)	x	100	=	call-second/h
unit case (soft drinks)	x	6.0	=	quart (US)
unit of blood	x	450	=	milliliter (mL)
unit of heroin	x	700	=	gram

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Original Unit	Multiplied By	Conversion Factor	Equals	Final Unit
volumetric unit (vu)	x	200	=	cubic foot (of wood chips)

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Original Unit	Multiplied By	Conversion Factor	Equals	Final Unit
watch	x	4.0	=	hour
water (1 quart, boiling)	x	3.0	=	megajoule (MJ)
watt (W)	x	3.412 19	=	british thermal unit/hour
watt (W)	x	0.001 341	=	horsepower (hp)
watt (absolute)	x	1	=	joule/second
watt-hour (W.h)	x	3.412 19	=	british thermal unit (BTU)
watt-hour (W.h)	x	2,656	=	foot-pound
watt-hour (W.h)	x	3.60	=	kilojoule (kJ)
weeks	x	168	=	hour
whole note (music)	x	1	=	semibreve
word	x	5.0	=	character (including spaces)
word	x	0.1	=	line (60 character)

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Original Unit	Multiplied By	Conversion Factor	Equals	Final Unit
X unit (Siegbahn unit)	x	1.0021E-13	=	meter (m)

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Original Unit	Multiplied By	Conversion Factor	Equals	Final Unit
yard (yd)	x	3.0	=	foot (ft)
yard (yd)	x	36	=	inch (in)
yard (yd)	x	0.914 40	=	meter (m)
yard (yd)	x	1760	=	mile (statute)
years (mean of 4-year period)	x	365.25	=	day
years (mean of 4-year period)	x	8,766	=	hour
years (mean of 4-year period)	x	526,000	=	minute (time)
years (mean of 4-year period)	x	31,558,150	=	second (time)
years (mean of 4-year period)	x	52.17	=	week

 

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Prefixes of the International System of Units (SI)

Numerical Value	Prefix	Symbol	Meaning	Exponential Expression
1 000 000 000 000 000 000	exa	E	Quintillion	1018
1 000 000 000 000 000	peta	P	Quadrillion	1015
1 000 000 000 000	tera	T	Trillion	1012
1 000 000 000	giga	G	Billion	109
1 000 000	mega	M	Million	106
1 000	kilo	k	Thousand	103
100	hecto	h	Hundred	102
10	deca / deka	da	Ten	101
1				100
0.1	deci	d	one-tenth	10-1
0.01	centi	c	one-hundredth	10-2
0.001	milli	m	one-thousandth	10-3
0.000 001	micro	µ	one-millionth	10-6
0.000 000 001	nano	n	one-billionth	10-9
0.000 000 000 001	pico	p	one-trillionth	10-12
0.000 000 000 000 001	femto	f	one-quadrillionth	10-15
0.000 000 000 000 000 001	atto	a	one-quintillionth	10-18
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