Wonderful article

Why is Safety a Bad Word?

By Bryan McWhorter , March 14, 2016

Takeaway: Safety can be viewed in the same vain as people starving in a third world country, if we don’t talk about it… I don’t have to feel guilty about it. We don’t need to respond to it.

Why do some companies and cultures view the topic of worker safety as something negative they don’t want to hear about? I have noticed this first hand.
You can see it in their eyes when you mention worker safety. They look at you as a killjoy. Their eyes have a look as if to say – “Don’t go there or why would you bring that up?”
Safety can be viewed in the same vain as people starving in a third world country, if we don’t talk about it… I don’t have to feel guilty about it. We don’t need to respond to it.
We can talk about more pleasant things.
The Golden Rule
How do you react when you see another person in pain? Most of us are empathetic when we see another person hurt or sick. We can place ourselves in their shoes and feel compassion for them. We offer the same help and assistances we would want if we were in the same situation.
This exemplifies the golden rule – “One should treat others as one would like others to treat oneself.” Or don’t treat others in a manner that you yourself would not like to be treated.
This is basic to most developed cultures and we view the ability to follow the golden rule as a measure of maturity and growth in a person and a civilization.
Why then is there still indifference in regards to worker safety? Indifference can take place when a person does not see value in something.
I have seen upper management view lower level employees this way.
How do you teach or encourage people to care about their fellow human beings?
It Begins with Management
A senior employee and mentor once told me “Tell me what my boss cares about and I will tell you what I care about.” His point was he will model his behavior to meet his boss's values and expectations.
When empathetic managers value their employees, they value safety. I have had the opportunity to meet many managers around the world that displayed deep concern for those working in their companies.
They understood the golden rule and regarded all their employees as important. This perspective is needed for a safe work environment. Safety is valued because the workers are valued. They are not seen as simply a means to an end.
The Circle of Safety
When we invest in the wellbeing of others in our group, it strengthens our organization. We all have peers and groups we belong to. As social beings we have survived generations by pledging allegiances and protecting those in our groups. We adapt a perspective of “I have your back because I know you have mine.”
We take care of our family, team, department, village or group. This is our circle of safety. You belong to our group and we protect each other. This develops loyalty and this is how trust is built.
We tend to not trust people that don’t care about our wellbeing.
When we recognize the importance and value of others, we protect them. We could not survive without the help of others.
When we don’t care about worker safety, we don’t care about or value those employees. In return workers don’t care about the company or its management. Employees only care about staying employed and getting the paycheck and benefits.
Indifference takes the place of trust with managers and with workers. The irony to this is, worker engagement is one of the most important factors leading to business success.
Crisis of Engagement
According to the Gallup organization, a staggering 87% of employees worldwide are not engaged at work. We have a worldwide crisis of engagement. This can have serious and potentially long-lasting repercussions for the global economy.
Indifference and mistrust are the norm.
When workers are not valued they disengage. It does not need to be this way. Many surveys of successful companies have revealed that employee engagement is one of the most important measurements a company can poses that leads to growth and success.
Companies with highly engaged workforces outperform their peers by 147% in earnings per share and realize:

• 41% fewer quality defects
• 48% fewer safety incidents
• 28% less shrinkage
• 65% less turnover (low-turnover organizations)
• 25% less turnover (high-turnover organizations)
• 37% less absenteeism

Those are some pretty impressive numbers from the Gallup organization website.
Worker Health and Safety is Up to Management
When employers care about workers and their safety, workers respond by becoming enthusiastic about what they do. They tackle work related issues with creativity. They invest more energy in protecting the business. We protect those that protect us.
At home, we care about our family’s safety because we care about our family, if management doesn’t care about employee safety; it’s most likely due to indifference. They don’t care about the employees, only what the employees provide to the company.
Management teams that value their employees will work to create safety cultures. They will also reap all the rewards that come from loyal, engaged employees. These are the companies that will thrive.
A simple Google search of “best global companies to work for,” will display many successful companies that place high value on their employees.
Worker safety, wellbeing and happiness are forefront to management. These companies understand the importance of worker engagement. They care about employees and it shows in the work environments they provide.
It’s not a matter of safety; it’s a matter of indifference versus caring. Management cares or it doesn’t. What about your management team? How does management view your workforce? Are you a family? Do you protect each other?
Companies that care about employee’s wellbeing will enjoy the many benefits a loyal workforce can provide. This will include fewer accidents and a much more enjoyable work atmosphere.

Near Misses: What They Are and Why You Should Report Them

By Laura Surowiec , March 28, 2016

Source: Jkperez/Dreamstime.com

What Are Near Misses?

Near misses are potential health and/or safety issues that did not cause accident, death, or injury, but logically might have done so. Why did they not cause problems? Typically, nothing but good luck.
OSHA defines near misses as episodes where no property was damaged and no personal injury occurred in spite of the fact that, given a slight shift of time or location, damage or injury would most likely have occurred. Near misses can also be referred to as close calls, near accidents, accident precursors, injury-free occurrences or potential collisions.

Why Is It Important to Address Near Misses?

If it had not been for luck, the near miss could have caused injury or death. It is important to note the presence of near misses, report accurately and devise a plan to correct the situation.

What Are Surface Near Misses?

Surface near misses involve objects out of place on ground, floor, counter or other flat area where people walk or work. Following are examples:

• Cords over which workers have to step
• Debris on the floor
• Tools littering the floor, ground or counter area
• Coffee, oil or other substance spilled on work surface(s)
• Extension cords improperly used
• Tools placed too close to the edge of a counter or shelf
• Corners where oncoming traffic cannot be seenIcy steps
• File cabinet drawers left open
• Wet, or slippery floor surface
• Loose wire
• Mats that skid or flip up
• Irregular ground surface
• Obstacles in workers’ pathway
• Holes in floor or ground

How Can You Recognize Near Misses?

The following steps were devised for creating an effective near-miss program:

1. Begin with an agreed-upon definition of a near miss
2. Create a form for submitting a written disclosure of an identified near miss
3. File reports and classify for future actions Inform the near miss committee of the details of each incident
4. Discuss and analyze the causes of each near miss reported
5. Brainstorm solutions to the near miss problem
6. Arrive at the best solution to each incident
7. Disseminate the solution to those involved
8. Answer any questions
9. Make sure proposed solution and needed changes are understood
10. Resolve all actions
11. Make changes and check to see they are executed

It is necessary to prioritize problems and needed changes. These will vary from company to company and instance to instance. It is vital to look after events in a logical order.

What Steps Ought to Be Used to Avoid Near Misses?

When these incidents occur—even without mishap—they are a warning that something should be changed to ensure that the workplace is as safe as possible.
Safety professional, Jeff Ruebesam, notes that employers need to track near misses, discover how they occurred, learn why they occurred, and, finally, take preventative action to avoid a repeat of the same situation.
Near misses should be sparking inspections. These inspections and their resulting actions may help prevent an injury or a fatality. However, an investigation will not occur if the near miss is not reported immediately and accurately.
The workplace needs to set up a safety management committee. It is the job of this committee to ensure near misses are reported and consequently investigated. The result will be reduction of the instance of serious incidents.

How Does This Work In the Workplace?

It is realistic for the near miss safety management to deal with between five and ten near-miss reports in regularly scheduled meeting. The committee needs to meet with employees from each shift.
In order for the committee to do its job, employees must report near misses as soon as they occur. Otherwise details will be lost. If unreported, that near miss may become an injury or fatality next time. If something is repeatedly reported as a near miss, the committee will begin to look deeper into the problem to get at its root.
Management needs to involve employees as part of the safety management committee, as well as in the implementation of changes. Feedback then needs to be sought regarding how these changes worked. There must be trust between the safety management committee and the employer, as well as between the committee and employees.

It’s Not About Blame!

Reports on near misses must be perceived as constructive safety measures, not finger pointing. The goal is to fix a potentially dangerous situation before someone is hurt or killed and/or valuable property is damaged and costly repairs ensue. No one reporting should feel he will get in trouble or get someone else in trouble.

How to Encourage Employees to Report Near Misses

Encouraging employees to report near misses is both the responsibility of the employer as well as the safety committee. They must feel that reporting is a job responsibility and that they will not get into trouble.
Focus not on ‘Who is to blame?’ but, instead, how and why the system is flawed. This must be a blame-free work environment with no negative consequences to reporters. Moreover, research shows the safety climate of a workplace directly effects the reporting of near misses.
Make reporting as easy and fast as possible. Provide several avenues for reporting a near miss. Follow up needs to be efficient and visible to the workers. They need to know their reporting is taken seriously. When it comes to creating an inclusive safety culture within an organization, reporting near misses should be viewed as being as important as reporting actual accidents.

Cooling Water Systems – Theory And Operations…

---------- Forwarded message ----------
From: Amar Giri <goswami248@gmail.com>
Date: Sun, Mar 2, 2014 at 6:52 PM
Subject: Cooling Water Systems – Theory And Operations…
To: Laboratory Kakinada <laboratory@nagarjunagroup.com>

Cooling Water Systems – Theory And Operations…

1. Cooling Water Systems-Problems
Open recirculatory cooling water systems are commonly used for industrial cooling purposes to efficiently dissipate unwanted process heat. In this kind of system, water is recycled a number of times before being discharged as blowdown, thereby reducing water consumption.
The main problems associated with such systems are corrosion, scaling, fouling and microbiological growth. If left untreated, these problems can lead to reduced operating efficiency, increased maintenance cost, loss in heat transfer efficiency and energy and ultimately shutdowns.
Corrosion
Corrosion is an electrochemical phenomenon by which a metal returns to its natural state, i.e., metal oxide.
Being an electrochemical process, for corrosion to occur, a corrosion cell consisting of an anode, a cathode and an electrolyte must exist. At the anode, metal ions dissolve into the electrolyte (water). As the metal ions go into solution, electrons are left behind which migrate through the metal to the other points (cathode), where the electron is consumed.
Fe à  Fe⁺⁺ + 2e^-
(At the anode)
O₂ + 2H₂O + 4e^- à  4OH^-
(Principal mode of electron consumption at the cathode)
The hydroxyl ions formed at the cathode combine with the ferrous cations forming ferrous hydroxide.
Fe⁺² + 2OH^- àFe (OH)₂
Ferrous hydroxide is rapidly oxidized to ferric hydroxide at the metal water interface. Ferric hydroxide, under cooling water conditions, loses water and produces the so called corrosion product, ferric oxide, also known as rust. The net result of all this activity is the loss of metal (Fe) accompanied with the formation of a deposit (Fe₂O₃).
Factors that affect Corrosion
pH: The rate of corrosion is dependent on the pH. Generally corrosion is more severe in acidic pH as most protective metal oxide films are soluble in acidic pH.
Oxygen and other dissolved gases: Oxygen increases the rate of cathodic reaction and thus increases corrosion.
CO₂ – forms carbonic acid and reduces pH.
NH₃ – selectively corrodes Cu, particularly in the presence of oxidizing agents.
H₂S – Lowers pH and forms iron Sulphids which being cathodic to iron promotes galvanic corrosion.
Cl₂ – Forms HOCl + HCl and thus reduces pH. It retards the formation of certain protective films. It can also oxidize corrosion inhibitor films already formed.
Dissolved and Suspended solids: Conductivity of water increases with increasing dissolved solids. Corrosion being an electrochemical phenomenon, one would accept higher corrosion with increasing dissolved solids. However higher dissolved solids also imply higher hardness salts and alkalinity. Hardness salts and alkalinity retard corrosion by forming a corrosion inhibiting film on the metal surface. This factor far outweighs the corrosion induced by higher conductivity. Thus DM water is more corrosive than soft water, which in turn is more corrosive than hard water. Distilled water is most corrosive as not only is it devoid of all minerals but is also slightly acidic due to dissolved carbonic acid.
Chloride and sulphate ions present in the water are capable of penetrating passive films leading to pitting type corrosion.
Suspended solids influence corrosion by erosive or abrasive action. They can also settle on metal surfaces producing localized corrosion cells.
Microbial Growth: Microorganisms promote the formation of corrosion cells. Also, the by- products of some organisms are corrosive. Nitrifying, iron oxidizing and sulfate reducing bacteria are particularly harmful.
Velocity: In high velocity and turbulent waters, oxygen is rapidly distributed and reaches the metal surface. High velocity also removes passivation layer of corrosion inhibitors. The net result is increased corrosion.
High velocity can also lead to erosion of metal surfaces, protective films and oxides. At the same time, low velocity can lead to deposition giving rise to localized corrosion cells.
Temperature: As temperature increases, diffusion of oxygen to the metal surface also increases, promoting corrosion. Above 70^oC the loss of dissolved oxygen exceeds the amount made available by diffusion, and a decrease in the corrosion rate occurs.
Scaling
Scaling is the precipitation of hard and adherent salts of water soluble constituents, like calcium and magnesium, on the metal surface. These salts have very poor thermal conductivity and their control is therefore absolutely essential for proper heat transfer efficiency.
The most commonly encountered scale is calcium carbonate and it forms an extremely hard and adherent deposit.
Ca (HCO₃)₂ àCaCO₃ + CO₂ + H₂O
Calcium bicarbonate is present in all cooling waters. At higher temperatures and pH the bicarbonate decompose to calcium carbonate and carbon dioxide. Calcium carbonate is highly insoluble in water and precipitates at the hot spots of the heat exchanger forming a dense adherent scale.
Calcium sulphate does not pose much of a problem because of its higher solubility. This solubility is the basis of scale control by acid feed. Adding sulfuric acid, replaces the alkalinity with sulfate ions enabling operation at higher cycles of concentration without exceeding the carbonate solubility limits.
Silicate scales are extremely difficult to remove once formed. The best option is to prevent their deposition and this can be achieved by limiting the silica to 180 ppm as SiO₂, and Mg * SiO₂ product below 100,000 ppm with proper treatment.
Orthophosphate is formed by the reversion of polyphosphate and/or is used as such for corrosion inhibition. This orthophosphate readily combines with the calcium ions present, forming the highly insoluble and troublesome orthophosphate sludge. It is important to control this sludge formation as it has poor thermal conductivity and can induce under deposit corrosion.
Magnesium has lower scaling potential because magnesium salts are more soluble than calcium salts and their concentration is generally much lower than that of calcium salts.
Iron oxide can form by the oxidation of soluble iron in the water. It can also be produced as a result of corrosion. Iron oxide poses deposition problem and also acts as a nutrient for iron bacteria.
Factors that affect scaling
Temperature: The common scalants found in cooling water exhibit inverse solubility, i.e., their solubility decreases with increasing temperature. Therefore scaling increases with temperature.
pH or alkalinity: The solubility of CaCO₃ decreases with  increasing pH. Scaling potential increases with increasing pH.
Solubility: For water borne deposits to form, the potential scaling material should be carried as a soluble constituent of the cooling water to some degree. Under the conditions, each potential scalants exhibits a definite solubility limit. Once this limit is exceeded, the solution gets supersaturated and a precipitate forms leading to scaling. Also, higher the level of scale forming dissolved solids, greater the chances of scale formation.
Fouling
Fouling is the deposition of suspended matter, insoluble in water. They can be water borne or air borne. Some of the common foulants are:

• Dirt and silt
• Sand
• Corrosion products
• Natural organics
• Microbial matter

The particulate matters generally accumulate in the low velocity areas or in areas where there is an abrupt change in the direction of flow or flow velocity.
Factors that affect fouling
Water Characteristics: Water containing suspended material will cause fouling e.g. distilled water will not foul. Similarly surface waters have greater fouling tendency, as the amount of suspended matter picked up by them is greater.
Temperature: Fouling tendency increases with increasing temperature. Heat transfer surfaces which are hotter than the cooling water accelerate fouling.
Velocity: Fouling is greater in areas of low velocity while it is less severe in areas of high velocity. Normal velocity is 3 to 5 feet/second.
Microbial Growth: Microorganisms can deposit on any surface. Certain bacteria like iron bacteria utilize corrosion products leading to voluminous deposits. Also, slime secreted by bacteria, acts as a binder and entraps material, which normally would not have deposited.
Corrosion Products: Insoluble corrosion products mix with other foulants like debris, microorganisms, etc., and aggravate fouling. It also serves as a nutrient for iron bacteria.
Oil: Oil adheres to the metal surface and has the ability to bind deposits. Oil has very poor thermal conductivity and can seriously affect heat transfer. Oil serves as a nutrient for microorganisms. It also forms a barrier to the protective film forming inhibitors preventing them from reaching and passivation the metal surfaces.
Microbial Growth
Cooling towers provide optimum conditions for microbial growth. Temperature and pH are ideal for their growth and there is an abundance of nutrients and sunlight. Under these conditions, microorganisms may multiply six million times, while during the same time, inorganic salts may concentrate only six times.
Microorganisms enter the cooling water through the make up water and air. The major problem microbes are;

• Algae
• Fungi
• Bacteria

Algae:Air, water and sunlight are the three basic requirements for algal growth. The distribution decks and side walls of a cooling tower fulfill all these requirements and therefore represent an excellent growth environment for algae.
Excessive growth of algae can lead to choked pipelines, nozzles etc., and hampering effective distribution of water in the cooling tower.
All algae produce oxygen, which can depolarize the corrosion reaction and accelerate system corrosion. Blue green algae can fix nitrogen and are responsible for the accelerated deterioration of nitrite based corrosion inhibitors. Algae also produce slime which can act as nutrient for other microorganisms.
Fungi: Fungi lack chlorophyll and are therefore non-photosynthetic, resulting in a dependence on nutrients provided by organic matter (heterotrophic). Fungi use wood as nutrient and can destroy cooling tower wood.
Fungi reproduce by forming spores. Spores can remain dormant for a long time and proliferate when conditions become favorable. In their dormant state they are harmless. Spores are generally resistant to most microbicides and can present very difficult situations.
Bacteria
The commonly found bacteria in CW systems that are detrimental to the system are:
Pseudomonas: These are slime forming bacteria. The slime acts as a binding agent for dust and precipitates thereby causing voluminous deposits. Material which normally would not have deposited gets deposited by the binding action of the slime.
Sulphur Reducing Bacteria: These are anaerobic bacteria and generate the energy required for their growth by reducing sulphate to Sulphids and in the process corrode iron.
4Fe+SO₄^2- + 4H₂O àFeS+3Fe (OH)₂+2OH^-
It also indirectly corrodes iron by the formation of H₂S (acid).
Fe + H₂S àFeS + H₂
During chlorination in the presence of SRB, the pH drops due to the formation of HCl.
H₂S + Cl₂ à2HCl + S
This is significant in the attack on concrete basins.
Iron Bacteria: These bacteria utilize iron for their growth and create iron deposits as a by-product of their metabolism.
4FeCO₃ + O₂ + 6H₂O  à  4Fe(OH)₃ + 4CO₂ +81000 cal.
To generate the energy requisite for their growth they must produce large quantities of ferric hydroxide. This gets entrained in the organism producing voluminous deposits which can cause plugging, pitting corrosion and reduced heat transfer.
Nitrifying Bacteria: These bacteria convert nitrogenous compounds like ammonia to nitric acid. This leads to lowering of pH due to the acid formed and directly leads to corrosion. They can be easily detected by the continual drop in pH of the circulating water. The pH seldom falls below 5, as these organisms are killed at a pH lower than this.

2. Cooling Water Systems – Solutions

Corrosion Inhibition
Corrosion inhibitors prevent the metal from reverting to its natural oxide state. Depending on the corrosion reaction it controls, a corrosion inhibitor can be anodic, cathodic or general.
Anodic inhibitors are initiated at the anode and eventually may cover the entire metal surface. Anodic inhibitors in low concentrations are dangerous because the entire corrosion potential will occur at the unprotected anodic sites leading to severe pitting.
Cathodic inhibitors are initiated at the cathode and a thin protective film is formed. It forms a barrier between the metal surface and oxygen. Low concentration of cathodic inhibitors lead to general attack as the corrosion rate is increased in direct proportion to the increase in the unprotected area.
Corrosion inhibitors that protect the metal surface by filming all metal surfaces, whether anodic or cathodic are called general or filming type corrosion inhibitors.
The inhibitive action of two corrosion inhibitors used together is far greater than the sum of the individual actions. This is because of the so called synergistic effect. The best protection is obtained when one of the two inhibitors is cathodic and the other anodic.
Orthophosphate is an excellent anodic inhibitor but one has to carefully control orthophosphate sludging when using it as a corrosion inhibitor. The same caution has to be exercised when using polyphosphates because of their reversion to orthophosphates under cooling water conditions.
Organophosphonates and polymers, though not corrosion inhibitors by themselves at use levels, exhibit excellent synergism with other corrosion inhibitors. They also have excellent thermal and hydrolytic stability.
Nitrites are good corrosion inhibitors for aluminum, tin and ferrous materials at pH 9 to 10. They are the inhibitors of choice for closed systems. Silicates are effective in preventing dezincification. Besides closed systems, silicates are often used in potable water systems.
Zinc is very popular due to its ability to form a film rapidly. This ability of zinc is used by most formulations but is never used alone since the film formed by zinc is not very durable.
Molybdates are new generation corrosion inhibitors and their performance as corrosion inhibitors is enhanced in the presence of oxygen and alkalinity. They are very effective in DM or soft water conditions.
Azoles are excellent corrosion inhibitors for copper and copper based metallurgy. They also afford some corrosion protection to steel when used with other inhibitors.
Whichever inhibitor one chooses, pretreatment is absolutely necessary for good corrosion protection. Corrosion inhibitor at 2 to 4 times their normal dose is applied for the first few days over a clean metal surface. This ensures the formation of a durable passivation film on the metal surfaces rapidly. Pretreatment should also be instituted after any system upsets, pH excursions, corrosive contaminants and prolonged low inhibitor levels.
Scaling and Fouling Control
Scaling and fouling can be controlled in a number of ways

• Limiting the cycles of concentration
• Softening the make up water
• Acid feed to maintain pH
• Mechanical means like increasing water velocity or designing exchangers with large surface areas
• Treat with chemical inhibitors

Treatment with chemical inhibitors is the most practical and cost effective method to control deposition.
Scale formation is controlled by the mechanism of threshold inhibition and crystal distortion. Threshold phenomenon is a mechanism by which substoichiometric amounts of the chemical prevents or retards the growth of scale forming crystals. The chemical is adsorbed on the crystal surface interfering with the nucleation of the scalants crystals and preventing orderly lattice type growth. Crystal’s growth is retarded and if and when they are formed, they are highly distorted leading to a soft friable scale which can be easily dispersed by the movement of water. The CW systems can therefore bt operated at higher cycles of concentration and alkaline pH.
The antiscalant commonly used are;

• Organophosphonates
• Polyphosphates
• Low molecular weight anionic polymers.

Organophosphonates are the antiscalant of choice. They are far more effective antiscalant than polyphosphates and exhibit much superior thermal and hydrolytic stability.
Specific low molecular weight polymers are particularly designed for the control of orthophosphate sludging. These are a very important class of compounds that keep orthophosphate in solution and use their anodic corrosion control capability synergistically.
Control of iron and heavy metals is obtained by the sequestering property of organophosphonates and polymers. The net result is that the CW systems can be operated at higher cycles and pH whereby corrosion potential is substantially reduced. An additional benefit is that they can also clean the system of existing scales.
Low molecular weight anionic polymers function as excellent dispersants. They are adsorbed on the dirt and suspended particles and enhance the partial negative charge that these particles carry. The particles repel each other and agglomeration is prevented.
Microbial Control
Biocides are chemicals that kill microorganisms. The efficacy of a biocide depends upon the nature and amount of pollutants such as hydrocarbons, pH, temperature and nutrients such as orthophosphate present.
Biocides are mainly classified as:

• Oxidizing
• Non-Oxidizing

Oxidizing Biocides: Oxidizing biocides are the primary mode of control. They literally burn up the microbes and microorganisms can never develop immunity to these oxidizers. It is widely used and is very cost effective. They are usually added continuously. However, organic matter, oil, masses of algae or slime and presence of reducing agents impairs their effectiveness. While using this class of microbicides the oxidant demand has to be met, before free oxidant is available for biocidal action.
The commonly used oxidants for CW systems are:

• Chlorine or chlorine releasing compounds
• Bromine or bromine releasing compounds
• Ozone
• Chlorine Dioxide
• Sodium Hypochlorite

Chlorine enhancers are compounds that in certain combinations yield one of the above species in circulating water. Bromine and chlorine dioxide are particularly effective in alkaline medium where chlorine loses its activity.
Non-Oxidizing Biocides: Each of these biocides has their specific mode of action and kills the microbes by interfering with their life process. Most are enzyme poisons. They are added periodically and are shock dosed. A combination of two or more non-oxidizing biocides is usually used to prevent microbes developing immunity to the biocide.
Some of the commonly used eco friendly non-oxidizing biocides are:

• Methylene Bisthiocyanate
• Quaternary ammonium compounds
• Dodecyl guanidine hydrochloride
• Dichlorophene
• Isothiazolines
• Dibromonitrilopropionamide
• Thiocarbamates
• Glutaraldehyde/formaldehyde

Each of these products has their own strengths and limitations and a combination is usually selected to suit the needs of a particular system and installation.
Biodispersants: Biodispersants are a class of compounds that enhance the effectiveness of the biocides used. These are surface active compounds. They loosen microbial deposits which can then be flushed away. This exposes the new layers of microbial slime or algae to the attack of biocides. They increase the penetrating power of active ingredients of biocides by exposing the underlying microbial deposits which would have otherwise been covered and sheltered.
Chemical Treatment Programme
A chemical treatment programme is therefore designed to control

• Corrosion
• Scaling
• Fouling
• Microbial Growth

Today, every treatment programme is non chromate because of the acute toxicity of chromate. Most programmes are operated at alkaline pH (7.0 to 8.3). The systems are also operated at high cycles of concentration as, today, chemicals are available that can permit operation at hardness levels upto 1500 ppm as CaCO₃. Under these conditions, corrosion potential is lowered and inhibitors like orthophosphate and zinc and their various combinations easily provide corrosion inhibition well within the required limits.
Based on the chemicals used and the system needs, the various treatment programmes available, are:

• Zinc Phosphate Programme
• Non Metallic Programme
• All Organic Programme
• Soft Water Molybdate Programme
• Stabilized Phosphate Programme

The above effectively controls corrosion, scaling and fouling. Microbial control is achieved with chlorine or a halogen source as the primary mode of control. This is supplemented with the regular use of a biodispersant. Depending on the system and the extent of microbiological contamination, a combination of non-oxidizing biocides is selected for periodic addition alternately.
The water parameter limits are set for individual installations and the system is operated within these limits for optimum performance.
3.0 Cooling Water Systems-Operation
The effectiveness of any cooling water treatment programme depends on its proper
implementation. It begins with the start-up of cooling water systems.
A newly installed cooling water system should be properly cleaned before it is put to actual use. The cooling tower basin, pump sump, tower deck and heat exchangers should be cleaned of mud, construction debris, loose lumber, mill scale, oil, grease etc., to prevent choking of heat exchanger tubes or pipelines. The following sequence should be followed for optimum performance of the system.
Physical Cleaning: The cooling tower basin, sump, distribution deck, large pipelines and inlet and outlet of exchangers should be manually cleaned to remove the debris before filling the basin with water.
Flushing with water: After physical cleaning flush the system with water. At this stage, it is necessary that the water velocity is as high as possible. Many times, all the circulating pumps are not ready at this stage. In such an eventuality, it is advisable to take the system in line in loops and change the loops every hour or two. It should be ensured that before closing any loop it is sealed with water.
This operation removes most of the mud and loose matter from the pipelines and brings it into the basin. Constant turbidity is the indication of completion of the flushing operation. Blowdown at maximum rate with simultaneous make up to remove the deposits from the system. Continue till the circulating water is clear.
Stop the pumps and drain the basin. Clean the basin and sump manually. During this period the jump over’s can be removed and the heat exchangers can be taken on line.
Surfactant Cleaning; Start circulation after filling the basin with water. Ensure that the exchangers are in line and the ID fans are running. Drain individual heat exchangers till drain water is clear. Close the drains and add the recommended surfactant at the suggested dose level. Circulate for 24 hrs without blowdown. Heavy foaming may be observed. During this stage oil, grease and other loose suspended matter is removed from the system. This is then flushed by giving heavy blowdown with make up till circulating water is clear and foaming completely subsides.
Acid Cleaning: Acid cleaning removes corrosion products from the system. It is usually carried out at pH of 3.5 to 4.5. It is absolutely necessary to use an acid inhibitor at this stage. The acid inhibitor forms a temporary protective layer on the bare metal surfaces as soon as the corrosion product on the metal surface dissolves in the acid at low pH. Continue low pH cleaning till iron content in the circulating water is constant.
Once constant iron readings are obtained increase pH gradually. Quick pH increase will redeposit the dissolved iron. Keeping turbidity below 15 NTU, increase pH slowly with blowdown and simultaneous make up. Incase pH increases rapidly, use acid to arrest the rapid increase of pH. Also, take the side stream filters on line at this stage. Continue blowdown and make up till iron in the circulating water is below 1 ppm.
Cleaning with Microbicides: The system is chemically clean after low pH cleaning. It is now necessary to clean it microbiologically. A shock dose of the recommended biocide at the suggested use level should be added. Close blowdown and circulate for the required period (8 to 24 hours). Then blowdown heavily to flush the microbial mass out of the system.
Passivation: Passivation is required for the formation of a protective film on the metal surface rapidly. This is achieved by maintaining a high concentration of the corrosion and deposit control chemicals for a certain period. In case of no or low heat load, the passivation period is extended as passivation is good and rapid if heat load is available.
Chlorination should be started immediately after system cleaning.
Once passivation is complete, maintain regular levels of treatment chemicals and follow the microbial control regime as advised by the treatment vendor. Maintain water parameters within the recommended limits and analyse water parameters and chemical treatment levels regularly as required.
4.0 Cooling Water System-Monitoring & Evaluation
The success of any treatment programme depends on maintaining the various parameters within the recommended limits at all times. Therefore careful monitoring is an integral part of a good treatment programme.
The parameters that should be monitored continuously are:

• pH
• Water level in sump
• Blowdown rate
• Make up rate

Free oxidant level should be monitored every shift. Free oxidant level should be analyzed every shift. The complete analysis of circulating water and make up water should be done daily and should include;

• pH
• Alkalinity
• Conductivity
• Turbidity
• Hardness
• Chlorides
• Silica
• Iron
• Ammonia, nitrates, if required
• Any frequent pollutant
• Treatment Chemicals

The sampling point should be located in the return header.
Acid, if required and treatment chemicals should be added continuously.
Evaluation of the Treatment Programme: The treatment programme should be regularly evaluated for;

• Corrosion control
• Deposit control
• Microbial control

Corrosion control: Effectiveness of a treatment programme for corrosion control can be evaluated by measuring corrosion rate. This is normally measured by corrosion meter and corrosion coupons.
Corrosion meter measures the instantaneous corrosion rate due to electrochemical corrosion. It does not reflect microbial induced corrosion. It is effective in reflecting the corrosion trend on day to day basis.
Corrosion coupons are exposed for a period of 30 days in a specially designed rack and are placed in the return header. The exposed coupons provide an average corrosion rate for the period and it also reflects microbial corrosion during the period.
Deposit control: It is difficult to measure the exact extent of scaling and fouling since it varies depending on the local thermal and hydrodynamic conditions. An indication of deposit control can be obtained by observing the performance of test heat exchangers.
Selected critical exchangers can be monitored with the help of heat transfer data. Periodic inspection of an exchanger that can be isolated without disturbing plant operation also provides significant information regarding the treatment effectiveness for deposit control.
Devices like deposit monitors can also be installed and besides visual inspection, it affords quantitative data on deposition rate.
Microbial control: Regular microbial analysis of the circulating water should be carried out. This should include the total viable count and also the sulfate reducing bacteria count. Any other bacteria, specific to the system, can also be identified and analysed.
Regular inspection of the cooling tower especially louvers and deck for algae and fungus growth will also help in evaluating the microbial treatment programme effectiveness.
Biofouling monitors are also quite effective in monitoring the microbial treatment performance. Here the pressure drop across a stainless steel pipe indicates the degree of microbial fouling in the system.
Heat Exchanger Inspection: All the above methods are indicative and serve as comparative methods for evaluation of the treatment programme. The actual conditions in the system vary depending on the thermal and hydrodynamic parameters as well as metallurgy of the system. Often there are leaks altering the environment conditions. It is not possible to simulate all these conditions in the evaluation methods mentioned earlier.
The inspection of heat exchangers during annual turnaround therefore gives the best indication about the effectiveness of the overall treatment programme. Couple this with the deposit analysis of the deposits collected from different parts of the exchangers provides an excellent overview of the effectiveness of the treatment programme.
Integrated programme approach is just not mere selection of good chemicals but also supplementing it with good monitoring practices and proper devices for tracking the performance. The combination of these factors will certainly make the treatment programme a total success even with less tolerant and non-forgiving non-chromate programmes.

With best regards,
(2014)

Dr. AMAR NATH GIRI

EHSQ , NFCL
amarnathgiri@nagarjunagroup.com
M.Sc.,Ph.D & DIPLOMA AS - P.G.D.E.P.L,CES, DCA,

EX IIM LUCKNOW FELLOW, EX RESEARCH SCIENTIST
IGIDR-MUMBAI 

EHSQ BLOG :http://dramarnathgiri.blogspot.in/?view=magazine

Laboratory Waste Manageme

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Laboratory Waste Management

Amar Giri <goswami248@gmail.com>

12/6/14

to Laboratory

DEAR ALL JUST FOR AWARENESS

Laboratory Waste Management

This page gives info on the categorization, segregation and storage of labotatory waste prior to disposal. Laboratory personnel put all waste into a secured storage area where it is picked up for disposal by specially designated transport. Info on disposal methods can be found in the references at the end of this page. Refer to TT OSHA Act 2004 of which a synopsis is given below.

The Labeling of Waste

All bottles of chemical waste must have Label with date and contents.

Label all waste bottles.
If the contents of the bottle are not knomn, the next person to use the bottle could accidentally combine incompatible chemicals causing a fire and explosion.
Store waste in a bottle with the words "Hazardous Waste".
Labels such as "Organic Waste", "Xylene Waste" etc. are not rcommended. Label these as "Used Xylene" etc. which can be redistilled or put to other uses.
Do not scratch out the label on the bottle and write "Waste" on it. Remove or totally deface the old label so there is no confusion over the contents.

Storage of Waste

Do not store waste in a fume hood where reactions are being carried out.
If reaction gets out of control, the waste bottle could explode and lead to a fire or mixing of incompatible chemicals. Remove waste bottles from hoods where reactions are being carried out.
Do not use metal cans for waste.
Even near neutral pH, solids and liquids can corrode through metal cans. Use only glass or polyethylene containers for waste.
Do not store flammable waste containers on a bench or floor. Store waste containers in an explosion-resistant solvent cabinet.
Do not store waste bottles in a sink or floor drain.
Toxic chemicals can enter the sewer, and emit toxic gas causing health hazard or explosion.

Waste Bottles

Organic waste bottles must be capped.
However, to avoid a pressure buildup in the bottle, cap it loosely.
Do not leave funnel in the waste bottle.
A funnel can swing to an adjacent and incompatible waste bottle and cause a fire or explosion. After putting waste in bottle, cap it.

Accumulation of laboratory Waste

Try to have only ONE bottle of each kind of waste in the laboratory. If the organic waste bottle is full, take it to the waste storage area. Keeping many bottles of organic waste in lab poses a more serious hazard if a fire should occur.

Separating the Waste

Do not store acids and bases in the same cabinet.
Leaking containers or a spill could cause a violent reaction and emit toxic gases.
Do not store acids and organic waste in the same cabinet.
Perchance these chemicals should mix will result in fire and explosion.
Do not mix incompatible solvents in a waste container.
For example, nitric acid and ethanol can form an explosive mixture.

Proper separation of laboratory waste is mandatory for a safe workplace environment. Do not put all wastes in the same cabinet or fume hood. This can have disastrous results.
Make sure that any chemicals or wastes stored together are compatible with each other.
Only chemically compatible waste can be mixed together and placed in a common container for disposal.

Waste category	Examples of compatibility Can put in the same waste container bottle for disposal
Flammable solvents	acetone, methanol, ethanol, toluene, xylene, acetonitrile, benzene etc.. (can all be put in the same disposal container)
Halogenated solvents	halothane, methylene chloride, chloroform, carbon tetrachloride, trichloroethane, trichloroethylene (can all be put in the same disposal container)
Organic acids	formic acid, acetic acid, propionic acid (can all be put in the same disposal container)
Waste category	Examples of Incompatibility Cannot put in the same container bottle for disposal
Heavy metal solutions	aqueous solutions containing arsenic, barium, cadmium, chromium, copper, lead, mercury, osmium, selenium, silver etc.. (do not mix together, keep each type separate)
Mineral acids	hydrochloric acid, nitric acid, sulphuric acid, perchloric acid (do not mix together, keep each type of acid in separate container)
Inorganic Bases	sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, ammonia (do not mix together, keep each type in separate container)
Oxidizers	potassium nitrate, hydrogen peroxide,potassium permanganate, bleach (do not mix together, keep all in separate containers)
Reactive wastes	phosphorus pentoxide, sodium hydride, sodium methoxide, dry picric acid, (do not mix together, keep all in separate containers)

For a list of incompatible chemicals click here

NEVER store the following types of wastes near each other:

Acids and bases.
Organics and acids.
Cyanide, sulfide or arsenic compounds and acids.
Alkali or alkali earth metals, alkyllithiums etc. and aqueous waste.
Powdered or reactive metals and combustible materials.
Mercury or silver and ammonium containing compounds.
If a bottle broke in a waste storage area where incompatibles were present, the results could be disastrous. Remember: incompatible bottles of wastes should be stored in separate cabinets, preferably as far apart as possible.

Taking Waste to the Waste Storage Area

ALL waste containers MUST have a proper "HAZARDOUS WASTE" label with start date.

ALL contents are listed
The bottle or jar has a cap that fits tightly.
If liquid, there is at least 1 inch of room at the top of the container.
The outside of the bottle is clean and dry.
Incompatible wastes are not mixed.
Halogenated wastes are separate from "regular" organic wastes whenever possible.
The pH is known and listed on the disposal tag.

Put label with waste information (this includes pH for ANY waste liquid, including organics).
Write out chemical names. No abbreviations and no chemical formulas (i.e. "Ether" instead of "Et2O" and "Dimethylphosphinoethane" instead of "DMPE").
Give the approximate percentage of each waste component.

With best regards,
(2014)

Dr. AMAR NATH GIRI

EHSQ , NFCL
M.Sc.,Ph.D & DIPLOMA AS - P.G.D.E.P.L,CES, DCA,
EX IIM LUCKNOW FELLOW, EX RESEARCH SCIENTIST
IGIDR-MUMBAI 
9912511918
amarnathgiri@nagarjunagroup.com
http://www.nagarjunagroup.com
http://www.nagarjunafertilizers.com 

EHSQ BLOG : http://dramarnathgiri.blogspot.in/?view=magazine

Amar Giri <goswami248@gmail.com>

12/6/14

to Laboratory

Safety in the Chemistry Laboratory

Laboratory Safety

Safety measures in the chemistry laboratory. Handling solids and liquids. Chemical spills and clean up. Laboratory fires. Chemical burns and swallowing of chemicals. Personal injury and illness. The OSHA perspective towards lab safety.

SAFETY MANAGEMENT GUIDELINES

• Safety demands an awareness of your surroundings. Be alert to unsafe conditions or actions in the laboratory. Call attention to them and make corrections.
  
• Have an evacuation plan and be familiar with it. Keep passageways clear. Employ exits.
  
• Learn to interpret MSDS info in regard to health hazard, flammability, reactivity, storage and disposal. Check for TLV, IDLH, Flash point and Fire fighting media.
  
• Know how to use laboratory safety equipment and the exact positions of safety shower, eye wash station, respiratory gear, fume hood, fire alarm, fire extinguisher, and spill clean up materials.
  
• Be aware of ignition sources, open flames, heat and electrical equipment.

LABORATORY SAFETY PRECAUTIONS

Laboratory Clothing.
Wear shoes that fully cover the feet. Sandals and clogs are not adequate. Shoes provide a great deal of initial protection in the case of dropped containers, spilled chemicals, and unseen hazards on the floor. Use old clothes, which are not too loose, especially at the sleeves. Laboratory coats or aprons must be worn over clothes. Snaps or fasteners are preferable to buttons for quicker removal in case of an emmergency. Tie back long hair so that it will not fall into flames or chemicals.
Avoid shorts and mini skirts in the lab. Exposed body skin give added risk to irritation and burns by corrosive chemicals and gases.
Aprons
Plastic or Rubber - protects against corrosive and irritating chemicals.
Labcoats
Cotton - good against flying objects, sharp or rough edges (usually treated with a fire retardant)
Wool - protects against molten splashes, small acid spills and small flames.
Synthetic fibres - protects against IR and UV radiation but burns easily and can be ruined by strong solvents.
Safety Glasses.
Wear safety glasses at all times in the laboratory. Goggles are required to be worn at each lab period and should also be worn over prescription glasses. Contact lenses should not be used during the lab. Goggles designed for contact wearers should be made available.
Working Alone in the laboratory
All work must be performed under the supervision of a laboratory instructor/demonstrator. The instructor should be aware of the exact nature of all work being done in the laboratory.
Unauthorized Experiments.
Do only the experiment which has been assigned by the laboratory instructor. Never do any unauthorized experiment in place of the one assigned by the instructor. Do not change the designated procedure without the advice of the instructor.
Read up experiment procedure.
Know exactly what you are to do. Occasionally incomplete directions or a misunderstanding of instruction causes accidents. Whenever you are in doubt, ask your instructor.
Think about what you are doing and why you are doing it at all times.
Do not start any experiment involving the use of an experimental set-up (apparatus) until it has been checked and approved by your laboratory instructor unless otherwise instructed.
Food
Do not eat, drink or smoke in the laboratory.
For safety purposes, assume all chemicals to be poisonous either by themselves or because of impurities. Also avoid direct contact with organic chemicals. Many are absorbed directly through the skin.
Cleanliness
Keep the lab bench clean at all times.
If a solution, a solid, or liquid chemical is spilled on the bench or on the laboratory floor, clean up the spill immediately. Any chemical spilled on your skin or your clothing, should be washed immediately and thoroughly. Notify the laboratory instructor of the spill.
When leaving the laboratory, wipe the bench top thoroughly. Make sure that your work area is clean and free of spilled chemicals or scraps of paper. Wash your hands with detergent or soap and water.
Waste disposal
Dispose of waste and excess materials in the proper manner.
Used matches, paper, broken glass, or porcelain ware should be placed in the appropriate containers but not in the sinks or cup sinks. If you have any questions concerning the waste disposal, ask your instructor for the proper procedure.
Fume Hood
Use fume hood when necessary.
Use the fume hood when you are so directed by the laboratory instructor, or when it is indicated to do so on the experimental procedure. Fume hoods remove toxic vapors and irritating odors from the laboratory. The removal of these materials is essential for protecting the health and safety of those people working in the laboratory.
Burners
Light burners only when needed.Properly extinguish any flame not being used. Any open flame may ignite reagents being used by you or others near you. Many organic liquids are highly flammable and these liquids should be heated only on hot plates or heating mantles.
Reactions
Never look directly into the mouth of an open flask or test tube if it contains a reaction mixture.
Hot Objects
Avoid touching hot objects. When heating a chemical in a container, the clamp holding the container and the burner will also become hot. Place the object on a piece of asbestos board or on wire gauze, which is not directly touching the bench top. Glass objects take a long time to cool, so allow plenty of time to cool before touching them.
Glass rods
Use extreme caution when inserting glass into stoppers. Be very careful when inserting glass tubing, glass rods, thermometers, funnels, or thistle tubes into rubber stoppers or corks. Protect your hands by holding the glass and stopper with a cloth towel or multiple layers of paper towels. Always lubricate the glass surface with water or glycerol.
Glassware
Use only equipment which is in good condition. Defective equipment is an important source of accidents. Some defects to watch for include:
• chipped tips on burets, pipets, and funnels.
• chipped or broken rims on beakers, flasks, funnels, graduated cylinders and test tubes.
• cracks in beakers, flasks, graduated cylinders, test tubes and crucibles.
• star-shaped breaks in the bottom of test tubes or near the bottom edges of beakers and flasks.
• severe scratches in the bottom of beakers, flasks, and test tubes.
• sharp edges on glass tubing and glass rods.
These defects may be repaired by a glass blower or have them replaced.
Also look for
• inflexibility in rubber stoppers - (replace)
• separations in the mercury column of thermometers - (replace)
• non-working parts of screw clamps, buret clamps or rings. - (clean off corrosion, lubricate or replace)
• Replace all old and worn electrical cords.

GLOVES

Gloves should be selected on the basis of the material being handled and the particular hazard involved. Glove manufacturers and the Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDSs) accompanying products in use are good sources of specific glove selection information.

PVC protects against mild corrosives and irritants.
Latex provides light protection against irritants and limited protection against infectious agents.
Natural Rubber protects against mild corrosive material and electric shock.
Neoprene for working with solvents, oils, or mild corrosive material.
Cotton absorbs perspiration, keeps objects clean, provides some limited fire retardant properties.
Zetex® when handling small burning objects. These are a good replacement for asbestos gloves.
(Asbestos containing gloves may not be purchased or used in labs since asbestos is a known carcinogen.)
When working with extremely corrosive material, wear thick gloves. Take extra precaution in checking for holes, punctures, and tears. Care should be taken when removing gloves. Peel the glove off the hand, starting at the wrist and working toward the fingers. Keep the working surface of the glove from contacting skin during removal. Contaminated disposable gloves should be discarded in designated containers (e.g., radioactive or biohazardous waste containers).
Wash hands as soon as possible after removing protective gloves.

HANDLING LIQUID CHEMICALS.

Take an appropriate container to the reagent shelf. Avoid measuring volumes of strong acids and alkaline solutions with your graduated cylinder held at eye level. Support your graduated cylinder on your bench. Add hazardous liquids a little at a time, inspecting after each addition.
Reagent in dropper bottle.
If the general supply bottle is equipped with a dropper, use it, but be sure that the dropper never touches your container or the contents in it. Never put it down on the bench top, but return it immediately the right reagent bottle.
Reagent in a stopper bottle.
If the general supply bottle is equipped with a stopper, the stopper should either be held during the transfer or placed on its flat top. Do not lay the stopper on its side on the bench top. Pour chemicals from the general supply bottle into your container. Be sure that the proper stopper is returned to the supply bottle; do not interchange stoppers.
Mixing.
If liquid chemicals are to be mixed with water, always add the concentrated chemical to water rather than water to chemical. This keeps the new solution dilute at all times and avoids many accidents. Usually addition should be done slowly, using small quantities. It is especially important to add acid to water because of the heat generated.
Pipetting.
Liquids are drawn into the pipet by applying a slight vacuum at the top, using a small rubber suction bulb but NEVER THE MOUTH.Use pipette fillers.
Heating.
Liquids in beakers and flasks can be heated by placing them on a ring or tripod stand on wire gauze with the container preferably supported by a clamp. Liquid should never be heated in a graduated cylinder or in other columetric glassware.
Disposal.
Check with your laboratory instructor before disposing of any chemicals down the drain. If the liquid chemical can be disposed of in the sink, dispose of it by rinsing it down the sink with large quantities of water. Avoid unnecessary splashing during this process by pouring the chemical directly down the drain while the water is running vigorously.

HANDLING SOLID CHEMICALS.

Take an appropriate container to the reagent shelf where the general supply is kept. Solids are somewhat more difficult to transfer than are liquids, so a wide-mouthed container such as a beaker is preferable.
During the transfer, hold the stopper or lay it on the bench without contaminating the stopper. Solid chemicals are most easily poured by tipping the general supply bottle and slowly rotating it back and forth. Mere tipping of the bottle alone often causes large chunks to come out very suddenly which leads to spills. If you use your own spatula, be sure that it is absolutely clean. Return the proper stopper to the general supply bottle; do not interchange stoppers.
Mixing.
If the solid is to be mixed with a liquid, add the solid to the liquid. Additions should be made in small quantities except in special circumstances.
Disposal.
If the laboratory instructor directs you to dispose of any solid chemicals in the sink, flush it down the drain with copious amounts of running water. All other solids should be disposed of in special containers provided for this purpose.

CHEMICAL SPILLS IN THE LABORATORY

In all cases, immediately alert your neighbours and laboratory instructor of the spill.
Locate spill cleanup materials. Laboratories should be equipped with spill cleanup kits.
Wear the appropriate personal protective equipment (e.g., gloves, goggles) when cleaning up spills.
Non volatile and non flammable materials
If the material is not particularly volatile, nor toxic, and poses no fire hazard the liquid can be cleaned up by using an absorbent material which neutralizes them, for example, sodium bicarbonate solution or powder for acids, or sodium thiosulfate solution for bromine. Rubber or plastic gloves should be worn while using absorbent materials. A dustpan and brush should be used to remove the absorbent material. Then, the contaminated area should be cleaned with detergent and water and the area mopped dry.
Volatile, flammable and toxic spill materials
Alert everyone in the laboratory to extinguish flames, disconnect spark-producing equipment, shut down all experiments, and evacuate the laboratory. The laboratory instructor and safety personnel will handle the clean up.
Acid Spills
Apply neutralizer (or sodium bicarbonate) to perimeter of spill. Mix thoroughly until fizzing and evolution of gas ceases. NOTE: It may be necessary to add water to the mixture to complete the reaction. Neutralizer has a tendency to absorb acid before fully neutralizing it. Check mixture with pH indicator paper to assure that the acid has been neutralized.
Transfer the mixture to a plastic bag, tie shut, fill out a waste label, and place in the fume hood. Notify supervisor.
Caustic Spills
Apply neutralizer to perimeter of spill. Mix thoroughly until fizzing and evolution of gas ceases. Check mixture with pH indicator paper to assure that the material has been completely neutralized.
Transfer the mixture to a plastic bag, tie shut, fill out a waste label, and place in the fume hood. Notify supervisor.
Solvent Spills
Apply activated charcoal to the perimeter of the spill. Mix thoroughly until material is dry and no evidence of liquid solvent remains.
Transfer absorbed solvent to a plastic bag (if compatible), tie shut, fill out and attach a waste label, and place in the fume hood. Notify supervisor.
Mercury Spills
Using a mercury vacuum, vacuum all areas where mercury was spilled with particular attention to corners, cracks, depressions and creases in flooring or table tops.
To clean up small spills with a mercury spill kit, dampen the mercury sponge with water, then wipe the contaminated area. Do this procedure slowly to allow for complete absorption of all free mercury. A silvery surface will form on the sponge.
Place the contaminated sponge in its plastic bag, tie shut, fill out and attach a waste label, and place in the fume hood.

CHEMICAL SPILLS ON A PERSON.

Over the body
Within seconds, quickly remove all contaminated clothing while person is under safety shower. Flood the affected body area with cold water for at least fifteen minutes. If pain continues or resumes, flood with more water. Wash off chemicals with a mild detergent solution. Do not apply any materials such as neutralizing agents or salves, to the area. Obtain medial assistance immediately.
On small area of body
Immediately flush area thoroughly with cold water. Wash with a mild detergent solution. If there is no visible burn, wash out the area with warm water and soap.
In the eyes
You will need to assist the person who has chemicals spattered in the eyes. Immediately drench the eyes at the nearest emergency eyewash station. Force the eye or eyes open to get water into them. The speed of your response to this emergency is extremely important. Notify the laboratory instructor of the accident immediately.

SWALLOWING CHEMICALS.

The laboratory instructor should determine what specific substance is ingested.
The individual should be forced to drink copious amounts of water while en route to medical assistance. The Health Center or Hospital should be notified while the individual is in transit as to what chemicals are involved.

BURNS.

For burns by hot objects, flames or chemical, flush the affected area with cold water for several minutes. Notify the laboratory instructor of the burn and he will arrange transportation to the infirmary if necessary.

FIRE.

Give assistance to people first. If the person clothes are on fire, guide him/her without running to the fire blanked station or to the safety shower and drench him. Do not hesitate because of such insignificant things as shrinking sweater, ruined hairstyles, or soggy discomfort. While the victims are being cared for, other available people should try to shut off or reduce the fuel supply to the fire. Get a fire extinguisher and direct its spray toward the base of the fire. If the fire is too big to extinguish, have the laboratory instructor call the fire department and sound the fire alarm.When the fire is out, be sure all extinguishers used are tagged as empty and are replaced.

INJURY OR ILLNESS.

Render assistance if necessary. For minor cuts, wash them thoroughly, apply a good antiseptic, and a band-aid. For major cuts, severe bleeding or serious illness, send someone for help and administer first aid. Only a physician is trained to treat serious injury or illness. Notify the instructor immediately.

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IDLH GUIDE

Amar Giri <goswami248@gmail.com>	11/27/14
to Laboratory IDLH GUIDE IDLH GUIDE  Substance Original IDLH Value Revised IDLH Value Acetaldehyde 10,000 ppm 2,000 ppm Acetic acid 1,000 ppm 50 ppm Acetic anhydride 1,000 ppm 200 ppm Acetone 20,000 ppm 2,500 ppm [LEL] Acetonitrile 4,000 ppm 500 ppm Acetylene tetrabromide 10 ppm 8 ppm Acrolein 5 ppm 2 ppm Acrylamide Unknown 60 mg/m3 Acrylonitrile 500 ppm 85 ppm Aldrin 100 mg/m3 25 mg/m3 Allyl alcohol 150 ppm 20 ppm Allyl chloride 300 ppm 250 ppm Allyl glycidyl ether 270 ppm 50 ppm 2 Aminopyridine 5 ppm 5 ppm [Unch] Ammonia 500 ppm 300 ppm Ammonium sulfamate 5,000 mg/m3 1,500 mg/m3 n-Amyl acetate 4,000 ppm 1,000 ppm sec-Amyl acetate 9,000 ppm 1,000 ppm Aniline 100 ppm 100 ppm [Unch] o-Anisidine 50 mg/m3 50 mg/m3 [Unch] p-Anisidine 50 mg/m3 50 mg/m3 [Unch] Antimony compounds (as Sb) 80 mg Sb/m3 50 mg Sb/m3 ANTU 100 mg/m3 100 mg/m3 [Unch] Arsenic (inorganic compounds, as As) 100 mg As/m3 5 mg As/m3 Arsine 6 ppm 3 ppm Azinphosmethyl 20 mg/m3 10 mg/m3 Barium (soluble compounds, as Ba) 1,100 mg Ba/m3 50 mg Ba/m3 Benzene 3,000 ppm 500 ppm Benzoyl peroxide 7,000 mg/m3 1,500 mg/m3 Benzyl chloride 10 ppm 10 ppm [Unch] Beryllium compounds (as Be) 10 mg Be/m3 4 mg Be/m3 Boron oxide N.E. 2,000 mg/m3 Boron trifluoride 100 ppm 25 ppm Bromine 10 ppm 3 ppm Bromoform Unknown 850 ppm 1,3-Butadiene 20,000 ppm [LEL] 2,000 ppm [LEL] 2-Butanone 3,000 ppm 3,000 ppm [Unch] 2-Butoxyethanol 700 ppm 700 ppm [Unch] n-Butyl acetate 10,000 ppm 1,700 ppm [LEL] sec-Butyl acetate 10,000 ppm 1,700 ppm [LEL] tert-Butyl acetate 10,000 ppm 1,500 ppm [LEL] n-Butyl alcohol 8,000 ppm 1,400 ppm [LEL] sec-Butyl alcohol 10,000 ppm 2,000 ppm tert-Butyl alcohol 8,000 ppm 1,600 ppm n-Butylamine 2,000 ppm 300 ppm tert-Butyl chromate 30 mg/m3 (as CrO3) 15 mg Cr(VI)/m3 n-Butyl glycidyl ether 3,500 ppm 250 ppm n-Butyl mercaptan 2,500 ppm 500 ppm p-tert-Butyltoluene 1,000 ppm 100 ppm Cadmium dust (as Cd) 50 mg Cd/m3 9 mg Cd/m3 Cadmium fume (as Cd) 9 mg Cd/m3 9 mg Cd/m3[Unc h] Calcium arsenate (as As) 100 mg As/m3 5 mg As/m3 Calcium oxide Unknown 25 mg/m3 Camphor (synthetic) 200 mg/m3 200 mg/m3 [Unch] Carbaryl 600 mg/m3 100 mg/m3 Carbon black N.E. 1,750 mg/m3 Carbon dioxide 50,000 ppm 40,000 ppm Carbon disulfide 500 ppm 500 ppm [Unch] Carbon monoxide 1,500 ppm 1,200 ppm Carbon tetrachloride 300 ppm 200 ppm Chlordane 500 mg/m3 100 mg/m3 Chlorinated camphene 200 mg/m3 200 mg/m3 [Unch] Chlorinated diphenyl oxide Unknown 5 mg/m3 Chlorine 30 ppm 10 ppm Chlorine dioxide 10 ppm 5 ppm Chlorine trifluoride 20 ppm 20 ppm [Unch] Chloroacetaldehyde 100 ppm 45 ppm alpha-Chloroacetophenone 100 mg/m3 15 mg/m3 Chlorobenzene 2,400 ppm 1,000 ppm o-Chlorobenzylidene malononitrile 2 mg/m3 2 mg/m3 [Unch] Chlorobromomethane 5,000 ppm 2,000 ppm Chlorodiphenyl (42% chlorine) 10 mg/m3 5 mg/m3 Chlorodiphenyl (54% chlorine) 5 mg/m3 5 mg/m3 [Unch] Chloroform 1,000 ppm 500 ppm 1-Chloro-1-nitropropane 2,000 ppm 100 ppm Chloropicrin 4 ppm 2 ppm beta-Chloroprene 400 ppm 300 ppm Chromic acid and chromates 30 mg/m3 (as CrO3) 15 mg Cr(VI)/m3 Chromium (II) compounds [as Cr(II)] N.E. 250 mg Cr(II)/m3 Chromium (III) compounds [as Cr(III)] N.E. 25 mg Cr(III)/m3 Chromium metal (as Cr) N.E. 250 mg Cr/m3 Coal tar pitch volatiles 700 mg/m3 80 mg/m3 Cobalt metal, dust and fume (as Co) 20 mg Co/m3 20 mg Co/m3 [Unch] Copper (dusts and mists, as Cu) N.E. 100 mg Cu/m3 Copper fume (as Cu) N.E. 100 mg Cu/m3 Cotton dust (raw) N.E. 100 mg/m3 Crag (r) herbicide 5,000 mg/m3 500 mg/m3 Cresol (o, m, p isomers) 250 ppm 250 ppm [Unch] Crotonaldehyde 400 ppm 50 ppm Cumene 8,000 ppm 900 ppm [LEL] Cyanides (as CN) 50 mg/m3 (as CN) 25 mg/m3 (as CN) Cyclohexane 10,000 ppm 1,300 ppm [LEL] Cyclohexanol 3,500 ppm 400 ppm Cyclohexanone 5,000 ppm 700 ppm Cyclohexene 10,000 ppm 2,000 ppm Cyclopentadiene 2,000 ppm 750 ppm 2,4-D 500 mg/m3 100 mg/m3 DDT N.E. 500 mg/m3 Decaborane 100 mg/m3 15 mg/m3 Demeton 20 mg/m3 10 mg/m3 Diacetone alcohol 2,100 ppm 1,800 ppm [LEL] Diazomethane 2 ppm 2 ppm [Unch] Diborane 40 ppm 15 ppm Dibutyl phosphate 125 ppm 30 ppm Dibutyl phthalate 9,300 mg/m3 4,000 mg/m3 o-Dichlorobenzene 1,000 ppm 200 ppm p-Dichlorobenzene 1,000 ppm 150 ppm Dichlorodifluoromethane 50,000 ppm 15,000 ppm 1,3-Dichloro 5,5-dimethylhydantoin Unknown 5 mg/m3 1,1-Dichloroethane 4,000 ppm 3,000 ppm 1,2-Dichloroethylene 4,000 ppm 1,000 ppm Dichloroethyl ether 250 ppm 100 ppm Dichloromonofluoromethane 50,000 ppm 5,000 ppm 1,1-Dichloro 1-nitroethane 150 ppm 25 ppm Dichlorotetrafluoroethane 50,000 ppm 15,000 ppm Dichlorvos 200 mg/m3 100 mg/m3 Dieldrin 450 mg/m3 50 mg/m3 Diethylamine 2,000 ppm 200 ppm 2-Diethylaminoethanol 500 ppm 100 ppm Difluorodibromomethane 2,500 ppm 2,000 ppm Diglycidyl ether 25 ppm 10 ppm Diisobutyl ketone 2,000 ppm 500 ppm Diisopropylamine 1,000 ppm 200 ppm Dimethyl acetamide 400 ppm 300 ppm Dimethylamine 2,000 ppm 500 ppm N,N-Dimethylaniline 100 ppm 100 ppm [Unch] Dimethyl 1,2-dibromo 2,2-dichlorethyl phosphate 1,800 mg/m3 200 mg/m3 Dimethylformamide 3,500 ppm 500 ppm 1,1-Dimethylhydrazine 50 ppm 15 ppm Dimethylphthalate 9,300 mg/m3 2,000 mg/m3 Dimethyl sulfate 10 ppm 7 ppm Dinitrobenzene (o, m, p isomers) 200 mg/m3 50 mg/m3 Dinitroocresol 5 mg/m3 5 mg/m3 [Unch] Dinitrotoluene 200 mg/m3 50 mg/m3 Di sec-octyl phthalate Unknown 5,000 mg/m3 Dioxane 2,000 ppm 500 ppm Diphenyl 300 mg/m3 100 mg/m3 Dipropylene glycol methyl ether Unknown 600 ppm Endrin 2,000 mg/m3 2 mg/m3 Epichlorohydrin 250 ppm 75 ppm EPN 50 mg/m3 5 mg/m3 Ethanolamine 1,000 ppm 30 ppm 2-Ethoxyethanol 6,000 ppm 500 ppm 2-Ethoxyethyl acetate 2,500 ppm 500 ppm Ethyl acetate 10,000 ppm 2,000 ppm [LEL] Ethyl acrylate 2,000 ppm 300 ppm Ethyl alcohol 15,000 ppm 3,300 ppm [LEL] Ethylamine 4,000 ppm 600 ppm Ethyl benzene 2,000 ppm 800 ppm [LEL] Ethyl bromide 3,500 ppm 2,000 ppm Ethyl butyl ketone 3,000 ppm 1,000 ppm Ethyl chloride 20,000 ppm 3,800 ppm [LEL] Ethylene chlorohydrin 10 ppm 7 ppm Ethylenediamine 2,000 ppm 1,000 ppm Ethylene dibromide 400 ppm 100 ppm Ethylene dichloride 1,000 ppm 50 ppm Ethylene glycol dinitrate 500 mg/m3 75 mg/m3 Ethyleneimine 100 ppm 100 ppm [Unch] Ethylene oxide 800 ppm 800 ppm [Unch] Ethyl ether 19,000 ppm [LEL] 1,900 ppm [LEL] Ethyl formate 8,000 ppm 1,500 ppm Ethyl mercaptan 2,500 ppm 500 ppm N-Ethylmorpholine 2,000 ppm 100 ppm Ethyl silicate 1,000 ppm 700 ppm Ferbam N.E. 800 mg/m3 Ferrovanadium dust N.E. 500 mg/m3 Fluorides (as F) 500 mg F/m3 250 mg F/m3 Fluorine 25 ppm 25 ppm [Unch] Fluorotrichloromethane 10,000 ppm 2,000 ppm Formaldehyde 30 ppm 20 ppm Formic acid 30 ppm 30 ppm [Unch] Furfural 250 ppm 100 ppm Furfuryl alcohol 250 ppm 75 ppm Glycidol 500 ppm 150 ppm Graphite (natural) N.E. 1,250 mg/m3 Hafnium compounds (as Hf) Unknown 50 mg Hf/m3 Heptachlor 700 mg/m3 35 mg/m3 n-Heptane 5,000 ppm 750 ppm Hexachloroethane 300 ppm 300 ppm [Unch] Hexachloronaphthalene 2 mg/m3 2 mg/m3 [Unch] n-Hexane 5,000 ppm 1,100 ppm [LEL] 2-Hexanone 5,000 ppm 1,600 ppm Hexone 3,000 ppm 500 ppm sec Hexyl acetate 4,000 ppm 500 ppm Hydrazine 80 ppm 50 ppm Hydrogen bromide 50 ppm 30 ppm Hydrogen chloride 100 ppm 50 ppm Hydrogen cyanide 50 ppm 50 ppm [Unch] Hydrogen fluoride (as F) 30 ppm 30 ppm [Unch] Hydrogen peroxide 75 ppm 75 ppm [Unch] Hydrogen selenide (as Se) 2 ppm 1 ppm Hydrogen sulfide 300 ppm 100 ppm Hydroquinone Unknown 50 mg/m3 Iodine 10 ppm 2 ppm Iron oxide dust and fume (as Fe) N.E. 2,500 mg Fe/m3 Isoamyl acetate 3,000 ppm 1,000 ppm Isoamyl alcohol (primary and secondary) 0,000 ppm 500 ppm Isobutyl acetate 7,500 ppm 1,300 ppm [LEL] Isobutyl alcohol 8,000 ppm 1,600 ppm Isophorone 800 ppm 200 ppm Isopropyl acetate 16,000 ppm 1,800 ppm Isopropyl alcohol 12,000 ppm 2,000 ppm [LEL] Isopropylamine 4,000 ppm 750 ppm Isopropyl ether 10,000 ppm 1,400 ppm [LEL] Isopropyl glycidyl ether 1,000 ppm 400 ppm Ketene Unknown 5 ppm Lead compounds (as Pb) 700 mg Pb/m3 100 mg Pb/m3 Lindane 1,000 mg/m3 50 mg/m3 Lithium hydride 55 mg/m3 0.5 mg/m3 L.P.G. 19,000 ppm [LEL] 2,000 ppm [LEL] Magnesium oxide fume N.E. 750 mg/m3 Malathion 5,000 mg/m3 250 mg/m3 Maleic anhydride Unknown 10 mg/m3 Manganese compounds (as Mn) N.E. 500 mg Mn/m3 Mercury compounds [except (organo) alkyls, as Hg] 28 mg Hg/m3 10 mg Hg/m3 Mercury (organo) alkyl compounds(as Hg) 10 mg Hg/m3 2 mg Hg/m3 Mesityl oxide 5,000 ppm 1,400 ppm [LEL] Methoxychlor N.E. 5,000 mg/m3 Methyl acetate 10,000 ppm 3,100 ppm [LEL] Methyl acetylene 15,000 ppm [LEL] 1,700 ppm [LEL] Methyl acetylenepropadiene mixture 15,000 ppm 3,400 ppm [LEL] Methyl acrylate 1,000 ppm 250 ppm Methylal 15,000 ppm [LEL] 2,200 ppm [LEL] Methyl alcohol 25,000 ppm 6,000 ppm Methylamine 100 ppm 100 ppm [Unch] Methyl (namyl) ketone 4,000 ppm 800 ppm Methyl bromide 2,000 ppm 250 ppm Methyl Cellosolve (r) 2,000 ppm 200 ppm Methyl Cellosolve (r) acetate 4,000 ppm 200 ppm Methyl chloride 10,000 ppm 2,000 ppm Methyl chloroform 1,000 ppm 700 ppm Methylcyclohexane 10,000 ppm 1,200 ppm [LEL] Methylcyclohexanol 10,000 ppm 500 ppm o-Methylcyclohexanone 2,500 ppm 600 ppm Methylene bisphenyl isocyanate 100 mg/m3 75 mg/m3 Methylene chloride 5,000 ppm 2,300 ppm Methyl formate 5,000 ppm 4,500 ppm 5-Methyl 3-heptanone 3,000 ppm 100 ppm Methyl hydrazine 50 ppm 20 ppm Methyl iodide 800 ppm 100 ppm Methyl isobutyl carbinol 2,000 ppm 400 ppm Methyl isocyanate 20 ppm 3 ppm Methyl mercaptan 400 ppm 150 ppm Methyl methacrylate 4,000 ppm 1,000 ppm Methyl styrene 5,000 ppm 700 ppm Mica N.E. 1,500 mg/m3 Molybdenum (insoluble compounds, as Mo) N.E. 5,000 mg Mo/m3 Molybdenum (soluble compounds, as Mo) N.E. 1,000 mg Mo/m3 Monomethyl aniline 100 ppm 100 ppm [Unch] Morpholine 8,000 ppm 1,400 ppm [LEL] Naphtha (coal tar) 10,000 ppm [LEL] 1,000 ppm [LEL] Naphthalene 500 ppm 250 ppm Nickel carbonyl (as Ni) 7 ppm 2 ppm Nickel metal and other compounds (as Ni) N.E. 10 mg Ni/m3 Nicotine 35 mg/m3 5 mg/m3 Nitric acid 100 ppm 25 ppm Nitric oxide 100 ppm 100 ppm [Unch] p-Nitroaniline 300 mg/m3 300 mg/m3 [Unch] Nitrobenzene 200 ppm 200 ppm [Unch] p-Nitrochlorobenzene 1,000 mg/m3 100 mg/m3 Nitroethane 1,000 ppm 1,000 ppm [Unch] Nitrogen dioxide 50 ppm 20 ppm Nitrogen trifluoride 2,000 ppm 1,000 ppm Nitroglycerine 500 mg/m3 75 mg/m3 Nitromethane 1,000 ppm 750 ppm 1-Nitropropane 2,300 ppm 1,000 ppm 2-Nitropropane 2,300 ppm 100 ppm Nitrotoluene (o, m, p isomers) 200 ppm 200 ppm [Unch] Octachloronaphthalene Unknown Unknown [Unch] Octane 5,000 ppm 1,000 ppm [LEL] Oil mist (mineral) N.E. 2,500 mg/m3 Osmium tetroxide (as Os) 1 mg Os/m3 1 mg Os/m3 [Unch] Oxalic acid 500 mg/m3 500 mg/m3 [Unch] Oxygen difluoride 0.5 ppm 0.5 ppm [Unch] Ozone 10 ppm 5 ppm Paraquat 1.5 mg/m3 1 mg/m3 Parathion 20 mg/m3 10 mg/m3 Pentaborane 3 ppm 1 ppm Pentachloronaphthalene Unknown Unknown [Unch] Pentachlorophenol 150 mg/m3 2.5 mg/m3 n-Pentane 15,000 ppm [LEL] 1,500 ppm [LEL] 2-Pentanone 5,000 ppm 1,500 ppm Perchloromethyl mercaptan 10 ppm 10 ppm [Unch] Perchloryl fluoride 385 ppm 100 ppm Petroleum distillates (naphtha) 10,000 ppm 1,100 ppm [LEL] Phenol 250 ppm 250 ppm [Unch] p-Phenylene diamine Unknown 25 mg/m3 Phenyl ether (vapor) N.E. 100 ppm Phenyl etherbiphenyl mixture (vapor) N.E. 10 ppm Phenyl glycidyl ether Unknown 100 ppm Phenylhydrazine 295 ppm 15 ppm Phosdrin 4 ppm 4 ppm [Unch] Phosgene 2 ppm 2 ppm [Unch] Phosphine 200 ppm 50 ppm Phosphoric acid 10,000 mg/m3 1,000 mg/m3 Phosphorus (yellow) N.E. 5 mg/m3 Phosphorus pentachloride 200 mg/m3 70 mg/m3 Phosphorus pentasulfide 750 mg/m3 250 mg/m3 Phosphorus trichloride 50 ppm 25 ppm Phthalic anhydride 10,000 mg/m3 60 mg/m3 Picric acid 100 mg/m3 75 mg/m3 Pindone 200 mg/m3 100 mg/m3 Platinum (soluble salts, as Pt) N.E. 4 mg Pt/m3 Portland cement N.E. 5,000 mg/m3 Propane 20,000 ppm [LEL] 2,100 ppm [LEL] n-Propyl acetate 8,000 ppm 1,700 ppm n-Propyl alcohol 4,000 ppm 800 ppm Propylene dichloride 2,000 ppm 400 ppm Propylene imine 500 ppm 100 ppm Propylene oxide 2,000 ppm 400 ppm n-Propyl nitrate 2,000 ppm 500 ppm Pyrethrum 5,000 mg/m3 5,000 mg/m3 [Unch] Pyridine 3,600 ppm 1,000 ppm Quinone 300 mg/m3 100 mg/m3 Rhodium (metal fume and insoluble compounds, as Rh) N.E. 100 mg Rh/m3 Rhodium (soluble compounds, as Rh) N.E. 2 mg Rh/m3 Ronnel 5,000 mg/m3 300 mg/m3 Rotenone Unknown 2,500 mg/m3 Selenium compounds (as Se) Unknown 1 mg Se/m3 Selenium hexafluoride 5 ppm 2 ppm Silica, amorphous N.E. 3,000 mg/m3 Silica, crystalline (respirable dust) N.E. cristobalite/tridymite: 25 mg/m3 quartz/tripoli: 50 mg/m3 Silver (metal dust and soluble compounds, as Ag) N.E. 10 mg Ag/m3 Soapstone N.E. 3,000 mg/m3 Sodium fluoroacetate 5 mg/m3 2.5 mg/m3 Sodium hydroxide 250 mg/m3 10 mg/m3 Stibine 40 ppm 5 ppm Stoddard solvent 29,500 mg/m3 20,000 mg/m3 Strychnine 3 mg/m3 3 mg/m3 [Unch] Styrene 5,000 ppm 700 ppm Sulfur dioxide 100 ppm 100 ppm [Unch] Sulfuric acid 80 mg/m3 15 mg/m3 Sulfur monochloride 10 ppm 5 ppm Sulfur pentafluoride 1 ppm 1 ppm [Unch] Sulfuryl fluoride 1,000 ppm 200 ppm 2,4,5-T Unknown 250 mg/m3 Talc N.E. 1,000 mg/m3 Tantalum (metal and oxide dust, as Ta) N.E. 2,500 mg Ta/m3 TEDP 35 mg/m3 10 mg/m3 Tellurium compounds (as Te) N.E. 25 mg Te/m3 Tellurium hexafluoride 1 ppm 1 ppm [Unch] TEPP 10 mg/m3 5 mg/m3 Terphenyl (o, m, p isomers) Unknown 500 mg/m3 1,1,1,2-Tetrachloro 2,2-difluoroethane 15,000 ppm 2,000 ppm 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloro 1,2-difluoroethane 15,000 ppm 2,000 ppm 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane 150 ppm 100 ppm Tetrachloroethylene 500 ppm 150 ppm Tetrachloronaphthalene Unknown Unknown [Unch] Tetraethyl lead (as Pb) 40 mg Pb/m3 40 mg Pb/m3 [Unch] Tetrahydrofuran 20,000 ppm [LEL] 2,000 ppm [LEL] Tetramethyl lead (as Pb) 40 mg Pb/m3 40 mg Pb/m3 [Unch] Tetramethyl succinonitrile 5 ppm 5 ppm [Unch] Tetranitromethane 5 ppm 4 ppm Tetryl N.E. 750 mg/m3 Thallium (soluble compounds, as Tl) 20 mg Tl/m3 15 mg Tl/m3 Thiram 1,500 mg/m3 100 mg/m3 Tin (inorganic compounds, as Sn) 400 mg Sn/m3 100 mg Sn/m3 Tin (organic compounds, as Sn) Unknown 25 mg Sn/m3 Titanium dioxide N.E. 5,000 mg/m3 Toluene 2,000 ppm 500 ppm Toluene 2,4-diisocyanate 10 ppm 2.5 ppm o-Toluidine 100 ppm 50 ppm Tributyl phosphate 125 ppm 30 ppm 1,1,2-Trichloroethane 500 ppm 100 ppm Trichloroethylene 1,000 ppm 1,000 ppm [Unch] Trichloronaphthalene Unknown Unknown [Unch] 1,2,3-Trichloropropane 1,000 ppm 100 ppm 1,1,2-Trichloro 1,2,2-trifluoroethane 4,500 ppm 2,000 ppm Triethylamine 1,000 ppm 200 ppm Trifluorobromomethane 50,000 ppm 40,000 ppm 2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene 1,000 mg/m3 500 mg/m3 Triorthocresyl phosphate 40 mg/m3 40 mg/m3 [Unch] Triphenyl phosphate N.E. 1,000 mg/m3 Turpentine 1,500 ppm 800 ppm Uranium (insoluble compounds, as U) 30 mg U/m3 10 mg U/m3 Uranium (soluble compounds, as U) 20 mg U/m3 10 mg U/m3 Vanadium dust 70 mg/m3 (as V2O5) 35 mg V/m3 Vanadium fume 70 mg/m3 (as V2O5) 35 mg V/m3 Vinyl toluene 5,000 ppm 400 ppm Warfarin 350 mg/m3 100 mg/m3 Xylene (o, m, p isomers) 1,000 ppm 900 ppm Xylidine 150 ppm 50 ppm Yttrium compounds (as Y) N.E. 500 mg Y/m3 Zinc chloride fume 4,800 mg/m3 50 mg/m3 Zinc oxide 2,500 mg/m3 500 mg/m3 Zirconium compounds (as Zr) 500 mg Zr/m3 25 mg Zr/m3 Promote Safet   Posted 29th April 2012 by Dr. Amar Nath Giri-NAGARJUNA-GROUP-NFCL 0 Add a comment With best regards, (2014) Dr. AMAR NATH GIRI EHSQ , NFCL M.Sc.,Ph.D & DIPLOMA AS - P.G.D.E.P.L,CES, DCA, EX IIM LUCKNOW FELLOW, EX RESEARCH SCIENTIST IGIDR-MUMBAI  9912511918 amarnathgiri@nagarjunagroup.com http://www.nagarjunagroup.com http://www.nagarjunafertilizers.com  EHSQ BLOG : http://dramarnathgiri.blogspot.in/?view=magazine Click here to Reply or Forward 8.11 GB (54%) of 15 GB used Manage Terms - Privacy Last account activity: 1 hour ago Details