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John Cockerill is world’s largest electrolyser manufacturer.

John Cockerill differentiator – Only manufacturer with pressurised 5MW single stack; driving down both capex and opex compared to others.

Alkaline electrolyser is the way to go for large scale applications; PEM will be

50% more expensive than alkaline by 2025; John Cockerill driving innovation to

bring down electricity consumption.

Higher stack size translates to lower capex less maintenance costs and spare parts requirement.

Pressurised system avoids first 3 stages of compression reducing capex andopex associated with BOP (cooling system etc.)

30 bar available pressure for direct feed into refining or ammonia synthesis process.

Differences between PEM and ALK are trivial: ALK is suited for large applications -Bloomberg NEF.

Announced partnership with John Cockerill, a Belgium-based designer and manufacturer of high-capacity alkaline electrolysers for developing hydrogen electrolysers in India.

The partnership would accelerate the deployment of the green hydrogen ecosystem in India and enable building 1 GW electrolyser manufacturing plant with a target to ramp up to 2 GW.

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Mass flow, molar flow, and volume flow are all related to the rate at which a substance passes through a specific area over a period of time

 Mass flow, molar flow, and volume flow are all related to the rate at which a substance passes through a specific area over a period of time: 

Mass flow

The amount of mass of a substance that passes through a given area per unit of time. It's measured in units like kilograms per second (kg/s) or grams per minute (g/min). Mass flow is important in applications like chemical reactions and combustion processes. 

Volumetric flow

The volume of a substance that passes through a given area per unit of time. It's measured in units like cubic meters per second (m³/s) or gallons per minute (GPM). Volumetric flow is important in applications like industrial hygiene and ambient air monitoring. 

Molar flow

The rate at which moles of a substance pass through a given area per unit of time. Molar mass is used to convert between mass and moles. 

Factors that influence the measurement of mass flow and volumetric flow include:

Mass flow: The density of the fluid

Volumetric flow: The compressibility of the fluid, as well as changes in temperature and pressure 

Mass flow meters and volumetric flow meters are used to measure mass flow and volumetric flow, respectively

Thermax offers a variety of resins for demineralization (DM) water treatment, including:

 Thermax offers a variety of resins for demineralization (DM) water treatment, including:

Tulsion® T-42 H: A strong acid cation exchange resin

Tulsion® T-52 H: A strong acid cation exchange resin

Tulsion® T 53 H: A strong acid cation exchange resin

Tulsion® T-42 MP: A strong acid cation exchange resin

Tulsion® CXO-9: A weak acid cation exchange resin

Tulsion® CXO-12: A weak acid cation exchange resin

Tulsion® CXO-12 MP: A weak acid cation exchange resin

Tulsion® A-23: A strong base anion exchange resin

Tulsion® A-27: A strong base anion exchange resin

Tulsion® A-27 MP: A strong base anion exchange resin

Tulsion® A-21: A strong base anion exchange resin

Tulsion® A-32: A type 2 strong base anion exchange resin

Tulsion® A-36: A type 2 strong base anion exchange resin

Tulsion® A-36 MP: A type 2 strong base anion exchange resin

Tulsion® A-72 MP: A scavenger resin 

Thermax also offers other resins for special applications, such as: Polymeric adsorbent resins, Polymeric catalyst resins, Ion exchange resins for biotechnology, Chelating resins for metal recovery, and Resins for 

ultrapure water. 

Thermax DM water resins are ion exchange resins that are used in demineralization (DM) plants to remove dissolved solids (TDS) from water:

 Thermax DM water resins are ion exchange resins that are used in demineralization (DM) plants to remove dissolved solids (TDS) from water: 

What are DM water resins?

Thermax DM water resins are used in demineralization plants to remove TDS from water. 

How do they work?

In a DM plant, water passes through an ion exchange resin column that adsorbs positively charged ions. The water then passes through an anion resin column that adsorbs negatively charged ions. The water that emerges from the system is free of total ions. 

What are the benefits of DM water?

DM water is used in many industries, including power generation, chemical processing, food and beverage, pharmaceuticals, textiles, automotive, and mining. 

What are the specifications for DM water?

DM water should meet the following specifications:

Total mass concentration of salt or specific electric conductivity: 1 mg/dm3 or less than 1.5 us/cm 

Mass concentration of chloride ions: 0.05 mg/dm3 or less 

PH: 6.5–7.0 

Total dry residue: Less than 2 mg/dm3 

Thermax is a leader in water treatment plant design, construction, and management. They have over 50 years of experience and have installed water treatment plants in many industries. 

 

Deionization (DI) resins typically last 5–10 years, but the frequency of replacement depends on several factors, including the quality and flow of the water supply:

 Deionization (DI) resins typically last 5–10 years, but the frequency of replacement depends on several factors, including the quality and flow of the water supply:

Water quality: Water with high levels of chlorine, chloramines, iron, or debris can cause DI resin to foul prematurely.

Regeneration frequency: Frequent regeneration can cause DI resin to foul.

Mixing resins: Mixing resins together can cause them to foul. 

To determine when to replace DI resin, you can use a water quality monitoring system, such as a digital meter or a water quality light system. You can also contact a water treatment service. 

DI resins are active until their beads are physically and chemically damaged. To maintain their lifespan, DI resins must be handled carefully. 

The types of resins used in water demineralization include

 The types of resins used in water demineralization include

Strong acid cation resins

These resins can function at any pH level and are often used in water softeners and as the first deionization column in demineralizers. They can remove cations like calcium, magnesium, and sodium from water. 

Anion resins

These resins can be either strongly or weakly acidic. Strongly basic anion resins maintain their negative charge across a wide pH range, while weakly basic anion resins are neutralized at higher pH levels. 

SBA (strong base anion) resins

These resins can neutralize strong acids and convert neutral salts into their corresponding bases. They are used in most softening and full demineralization applications. 

Chelating resins

These resins are used to remove heavy metals from water. 

What Is Water Demineralization and How Does It Work?-NEWater

Ion exchange resins are small plastic beads that are made of organic polymer chains with charged functional groups. The combination of cation and anion resins can demineralize water by exchanging all cations with H+ ions and all anions with OH-. This results in chemically pure water.

There are many types of resin, including natural and synthetic resins, and resins with specific properties:

 There are many types of resin, including natural and synthetic resins, and resins with specific properties: 

Epoxy resin

A versatile resin with high strength and durability, often used in adhesives, coatings, and electronics. Epoxy is also self-leveling and easy for beginners to use.

Polyurethane resin

A flexible and tough resin that resists abrasion and impact, often used in adhesives, coatings, and elastomers.

Polyester resin

A thermosetting resin with good mechanical properties and chemical resistance, often used in fiberglass composites, boatbuilding, and automotive parts. 

Silicone resin

A heat-resistant resin with excellent electrical insulation properties, often used in electronics, coatings, and mold-making. 

Acrylic resin

A transparent and rigid resin that is weather resistant and optically clear, often used in automotive parts, lighting fixtures, and as a coating material. 

Polycarbonate resin

A thermoplastic polymer that is transparent, impact-resistant, stain-resistant, and heat-resistant. 

Resins can also be classified as thermoplastic or thermosetting. Thermoplastic resins remain plastic after heat treatment, while heat-setting resins become insoluble and heat-infusible. 

 

Polymer resins

 Polymer resins are a type of polymer, which is a large molecule made up of smaller units called monomers that link together in a chain-like structure. The structure of a polymer can be linear, branched, or a network. 

Here are some details about polymer resins:

Types

There are two main types of resin: thermoplastic and thermosetting. Thermoplastic resins can be repeatedly heated and cooled without damaging their properties. 

Structure

Polymer structures can be classified as homochain or heterochain. Homochain polymers contain only carbon atoms in the main chain, while heterochain polymers may have other atoms. 

Examples

Examples of polymers include proteins, cellulose, nucleic acids, concrete, glass, paper, plastics, and rubbers. 

Uses

Polymer resins are used in many products, including cars, construction, packaging, cosmetics, textiles, and more. 

Curing

To create a solid resin, a catalyst or hardening agent is added to trigger a chemical reaction that causes the monomers to bond together. This process is called curing or hardening. 

The swelling behavior of resin beads in a bed can be influenced by several factors, including:

 The swelling behavior of resin beads in a bed can be influenced by several factors, including:

Chemical composition: The chemical composition of the resin affects its swelling behavior. 

Polymer structure: The polymer structure of the resin affects its swelling behavior. 

Cross-linking: The degree of cross-linking in the resin affects its swelling behavior. Resins with a higher degree of cross-linking tend to swell less than those with lower cross-linking. 

Temperature: The temperature of the water affects the expansion rate of the resin beads during regeneration. 

Backwash rate: The backwash rate affects the expansion rate of the resin beads during regeneration. 

Here are some other things to know about resin beads:

Reversible swelling: Resin beads swell and contract as they exchange ionic forms. For example, strong-acid cation resins swell when they change from sodium to hydrogen. 

Dehydration: If resin beads dry out, they can crack and break. To prevent this, you can immerse the resin in a saturated saline solution. 

Bed volume: The bed volume (BV) is the amount of resin that needs to be treated. 

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Polyaluminum chloride (PAC) can be used to treat algae in water:

 Polyaluminum chloride (PAC) can be used to treat algae in water: 

Algae removal

PAC can be used to remove cyanobacteria and phosphorus from fresh water. 

Chemical algicide

PAC can be combined with copper sulfate to create a chemical algicide for ground surface eutrophic water algae. 

Coagulant

PAC can be used as a coagulant to remove algae and other organic matter from water. 

Water treatment

PAC has been used to treat water in Danish lakes and the Swedish lake Brunnsviken. 

However, the toxicity of PAC can vary depending on the type of water and the conductivity of the water. Before using PAC to treat water, it's important to test it on non-target species, such as invertebrates, to understand how it will affect the ecosystem. 

Aluminum chloride can also be hazardous:

It can ignite combustibles like wood, paper, and oil.

It can react violently with water and moist air to create toxic hydrogen chlor

ide gas and heat. 

Alum, also known as aluminum sulfate, doesn't kill algae, but it can help reduce the growth of algae by removing phosphorus

 Alum, also known as aluminum sulfate, doesn't kill algae, but it can help reduce the growth of algae by removing phosphorus: 

How it works

Alum turns into a flaky floc that coats the bottom of a body of water, binding phosphorus and preventing it from re-entering the water. This starves the algae, which needs phosphorus as a food source. 

How long it takes

After an alum treatment, the algae will eventually settle to the bottom of the water, but it can take weeks. 

Other considerations

The pH of the water affects how alum works. When the pH is between 4 and 5, alum is usually in the form of positive ions. 

Other ways to remove algae include:

Physical harvesting: Methods like centrifugation, sedimentation, filtration, and flotation can be used to remove algae. However, these methods can be expensive and energy-intensive.

Chemical methods: Organic, inorganic, and electroflocculation are chemical methods that can be used to remove algae.

Bioflocculation: Microalgae or bacteria can be used to bioflocculate algae.

Flocculation by pH adjustment: Adjusting the pH of the water can be used to flocculate algae.

Magnetic nanocomposite based microalgal harvesting: This is a state-of-the-art harvesting technique that uses magnetic nanocomposites to harvest algae. 

 

Alum and polyelectrolytes can be used to remove algae from water:

 Alum and polyelectrolytes can be used to remove algae from water: 

Alum: A chemical coagulant that can be used to remove algae from water. The effectiveness of alum depends on the amount of alum added, the initial concentration of algae, and the type of algae. 

Polyaluminum chloride (PAC): A coagulant that can be used with alum to remove algae from water. 

Acid alum: A formulation of aluminum sulfate with 1–15% free sulfuric acid. 

Cationic polyelectrolyte: A coagulant aid that can be used with alum to remove algae from water. 

Other methods for removing algae include:

Flotation: A technique that uses dissolved air flotation (DAF) or dispersed air flotation (DiAF). 

Ultrasound: Ultrasonic sound waves can damage algae, causing them to sink and die. 

Copper sulfate: A chemical that can be used as an algaecide, fungicide, root killer, and antimicrobial. 

Algae can reduce the performance of a rapid sand filter:

 Algae can reduce the performance of a rapid sand filter: 

Filter blockage: Algae can accumulate in the filter medium, which can lead to clogged filters and decreased performance. 

Shorter backwashing cycles: Algae can make it necessary to backwash the filter more often. 

Increased treatment costs: Algae can increase the cost of water treatment. 

Deteriorated water quality: Algae can produce odor-causing substances that can affect the taste of drinking water. 

Membrane fouling: Algal organic matter (AOM) can cause membrane fouling. AOM is made up of biopolymers and low molecular weight organic compounds. 

To improve the performance of a rapid sand filter, you can clean the filter bed by backwashing. Backwashing involves reversing the flow of water so that treated water flows backwards through the filter. This re-suspends the sand and separates solid matter in the surface water. 

Tapid sand filter's performance can be affected by a number of factors

 A rapid sand filter's performance can be affected by a number of factors, including:

Filter media

The size of the filter media can affect how far suspended material penetrates into the filter. In a high rate filter, the top layers are coarser, allowing suspended material to penetrate deeper. 

Water quality

The quality of the raw water can affect the filter media that is best to use. 

Chemical treatment

The chemical treatment used can affect the filter media that is best to use. 

Coagulation

For rapid sand filtration to be effective, viruses and bacteria in the water need to be coagulated first. 

Temperature

Temperature can affect the effectiveness of the filtration process. For example, poliovirus was decreased by 99.8% in 15 days at 15–16°C, but it took 9 weeks to decrease by a similar amount at 5–6°C. 

Rapid sand filters are commonly used in water treatment plants after the sedimentation process. In optimal conditions, they can remove more than 99.5% of turbidity, but in poor conditions, they can remove less than 50%. 

 

Four Key Reports on Global Solar Growth, Investment Trends, Technological Advancements, and Africa’s Green Hydrogen Potential were released

Ministry of New and Renewable Energy

azadi ka amrit mahotsav

ISA releases World Solar Report series

Four Key Reports on Global Solar Growth, Investment Trends, Technological Advancements, and Africa’s Green Hydrogen Potential were released

Posted On: 05 NOV 2024 5:50PM by PIB Delhi

The 3rd edition of the World Solar Report series was released at the 7th Assembly of the International Solar Alliance focusing on global solar growth, investment trends, technological advancements, and Africa's green hydrogen potential were released. The newly launched 4 reports namely World Solar Market Report, World Investment Report, World Technology Report, and Green Hydrogen Readiness Assessment for African Countries each highlight a crucial area in the global shift towards sustainable energy.

The World Solar report series was released by President of the ISA Assembly and India’s Minister for New and Renewable Energy, Pralhad Joshi. First introduced in 2022, this report series provides a concise and comprehensive overview of global progress in solar technology, key challenges, and investment trends in the sector. The latest edition emphasizes the vital role of solar energy in advancing sustainable energy solutions worldwide, offering stakeholders valuable insights into the industry's rapid evolution.

The World Solar Market Report reveals exceptional solar growth, with global capacity soaring from 1.22 GW in 2000 to 1,418.97 GW in 2023. Manufacturing is set to exceed demand, making solar more affordable. Solar jobs have surged to 7.1 million, and global capacity may reach 7,203 GW by 2030.

The latest World Investment Report highlights a global shift toward sustainable energy, with energy investments rising from $2.4 trillion in 2018 to $3.1 trillion by 2024. Solar leads renewable energy investments, accounting for 59% of the total, driven by lower costs, with APAC emerging as the top investing region.

The World Technology Report showcases advancements in solar technology, emphasising breakthroughs in efficiency, sustainability, and affordability. Highlights include record-setting 24.9% efficiency in solar PV modules, an 88% reduction in silicon usage since 2004, and a 90% drop in utility-scale solar PV costs, fostering resilient, cost-effective energy solutions.

Readiness Assessment of Green Hydrogen African Countries highlights green hydrogen's potential to decarbonise industries heavily reliant on fossil fuels, such as steel and fertilizer production. Produced via renewable-powered electrolysis, green hydrogen offers a viable alternative to coal, oil, and gas, supporting Africa’s transition to cleaner energy.

Here are more details of each report

World Solar Market Report Highlights Unprecedented Growth and Future Projections

The World Solar Market Report highlights a remarkable growth trajectory in the solar power sector.

Rise in Solar Capacity: In just two decades, global solar capacity has exploded from 1.22 GW in 2000 to an astounding 1,418.97 GW in 2023—a staggering 40% annual growth rate. In 2023 alone, 345.83 GW of solar power was added, accounting for three-quarters of all new renewable capacity worldwide. Solar generation has surged similarly, rocketing from 1.03 TWh in 2000 to 1,628.27 TWh in 2023.

Solar Manufacturing to Exceed Demand with Over 1,100 GW by 2024: By the close of 2024, the capacity for global solar manufacturing is projected to exceed 1,100 GW, which is more than twice the anticipated demand for PV panels. Solar cell prices have reached $0.037/watt, while advanced mono TOPCon and mono PERC module prices have fallen below $0.10/watt, indicating a trend towards greater affordability in solar technology.

Solar Industry Employment Boom: The clean energy industry now fuels 16.2 million jobs, with solar leading the charge at 7.1 million—up 44% from 2022’s 4.9 million. And a striking 86% of these jobs are concentrated in just ten countries.

Future Forecasts: Global solar capacity is set to skyrocket to between 5457 and 7203 GW by 2030, driven by Paris Agreement commitments. This surge underscores the massive infrastructure push needed to meet climate goals.

World Investment Report Unveils a Dynamic Shift in Global Energy Investments

The latest World Investment Report has significantly transformed global energy investments, highlighting a steadfast march towards sustainable energy solutions. Here are the key findings:

Exponential Growth in Energy Investments: Global energy investments are set to soar from $2.4 trillion in 2018 to a projected $3.1 trillion in 2024—a steady climb at nearly 5% annually. Global clean energy investment now nearly doubles that of fossil fuels, set to leap from $1.2 trillion in 2018 to $2 trillion by 2024—marking a bold pivot toward renewables.

The Solar Investment Surge: Investments in solar represented ~ 59% (USD 393 billion) of all RE investments (USD 673 billion), driven largely by drop in solar panel costs

APAC leads global solar investments: Region-wise, APAC is at the forefront of solar investments pouring USD 223 billion into solar in 2023. EMEA has experienced modest solar investment growth, with USD 91 billion in 2023, followed by AMER region with solar investments of USD 78 billion

World Technology Report Highlights Breakthroughs in Solar PV Efficiency and Material Innovation

The World Technology Report highlights the rapid progress being made in the field of solar technology. These innovations are not only enhancing the efficiency and accessibility of solar power but are also paving the way for a more resilient and cost-effective power infrastructure. Key highlights from the report include:

Record-Breaking Solar PV Panel Efficiency: Solar PV monocrystalline modules have hit a new high with record-breaking 24.9% efficiency—a major leap in maximizing solar energy potential. Multijunction perovskite cells are set to disrupt the solar panel industry, promising higher efficiency, lower production costs, and seamless integration with diverse surfaces—leaving traditional silicon panels in the dust.

Solar Manufacturing Now Uses 88% Less Silicon per Watt Peak than in 2004- The manufacturing process has undergone significant improvements, resulting in a drastic reduction in silicon usage- from consuming 16 gm/Wp in 2004 to 2 gm/Wp in 2023. This 88% decrease in silicon consumption not only reflects the strides made in optimizing material efficiency but also underscores the potential for further cost reductions and environmental benefits.

Utility-Scale PV Costs Hitting New Low- The global weighted average LCOE for utility-scale Solar PV dropped by 90%- falling from USD 0.460/kWh in 2010 to USD 0.044/kWh in 2023. At country level, the drop ranges from 76%-93% over the same period.

Ministerial delegations of the ISA Member Countries, policymakers, experts, and industry leaders attended the Conference proceedings. The Conference was introduced in 2022 to drive real-world change and make significant progress toward achieving global climate goals by fostering collaboration and sharing knowledge among concerned stakeholders and key players

Readiness Assessment of Green Hydrogen in African Countries’ report by ISA and Denmark:

Direct electrification cannot solve the decarbonisation requirements of industries that still rely on fossil fuels like coal, oil, or natural gas as feedstocks to produce commodities like steel, fertilisers, refined gasoline, and diesel fuel. Hence, green hydrogen, produced through the electrolysis of water powered by renewable electricity sources like wind, solar, and geothermal, emerges as a suitable replacement for fossil fuel-based energy sources.

High-level Conference on New Technologies for Clean Energy Transition

The International Solar Alliance, in a global collaboration with the Ministry of New & Renewable Energy, the Government of India, the Asian Development Bank, and the International Solar Energy Society, also organised the third edition of the High-level Conference on New Technologies for Clean Energy Transition. This event took place on the sidelines of the Seventh Session of the ISA Assembly in New Delhi today, uniting stakeholders worldwide.

The conference’s overarching goal is to translate dialogue into action. Deep-dive sessions focusing on new-age solar technologies, emerging storage technologies, and unleashing solar's role in accelerating equitable economic, social, and environmental development formed the crux of the discussions.

In his opening remarks, Dr Ajay Mathur, Director General, ISA said, “Today’s Conference and discussions are very timely. In a week, the world leaders will convene in Azerbaijan under the aegis of COP29 with two guiding goals: agreed to transition away from fossil fuels, triple renewable power and double energy efficiency by 2030. Both of these goals can be built on the foundations of efficient and clean technologies, hence underlining the importance of today’s proceedings.”

Mr Pralhad Joshi, Hon’ble Minister, New and Renewable Energy, India & President of the ISA Assembly, in his inaugural address, noted, “As the President of the International Solar Alliance, I would like to acknowledge that today the world stands united like never before, combining the global efforts towards the energy transition. The significance of advancing solar technology cannot be overstated as we move towards the clean energy transition. With the challenges posed by climate change, our collective efforts to innovate and implement this sustainable solution are more important than ever.” He further added, “At the International Solar Alliance, we believe that together we can harness the power of the sun to drive the change and create a more sustainable future. I am happy that at a platform like this, important technological advancements are being deliberated. This conference has brought together policymakers, experts, industry leaders, highlighting our global awareness. Our goal is to drive real-world change and make significant progress toward achieving the climate targets through collaboration, innovation and knowledge sharing.”

Mr Prashant Kumar Singh, Secretary, Ministry of New and Renewable Energy, Government of India stated, “Government of India (GoI) has committed to translating the ISA vision into action. GOI is actively supporting through financial and technical means to assist developing countries in expanding their solar power grids to meet their energy needs. Solar energy has had a visible impact on the Indian energy scenario during the last few years. In addition to large-scale solar power plants, solar energy-based decentralised and distributed applications have benefited millions of people in Indian villages by meeting their energy needs in an environmentally friendly manner. With the increased support of the Government of India policies and improved economics, the solar energy sector has become attractive from an investor's perspective.”

Ms Mio Oka, Country Director, India Resident Mission, Asian Development Bank, noted, “We must ensure that growth is green, and it's our ADB's responsibility to facilitate emerging economies' access to technologies and finance to attain green growth. The good news is that the cost of clean energy has rapidly declined, and the share of renewable energy has increased. The cost of solar PV has declined by over 80% in the last decade to about $0.05 per kilowatt hour.”

Ms Viktoria Martin, President, the International Solar Energy Society, leaving a lead for the discussions to follow during the day said, “And I think this is the send-off idea for your discussion today, to think integrated planning in technology, to think about the diverse mix of storage that is needed to connect, for example, electricity generation to the other types of energy services, heating and cooling and transport, that are needed in our green and clean energy systems.”

Mr Emil S. Lauritsen, Head of Strategic Sector Cooperation, Embassy of Denmark, New Delhi, sharing his insights on the report, said, “This report is the first project under the umbrella of the memorandum of understanding for the green hydrogen partnership, which the Embassy of Denmark has inked with the International Solar Alliance. The objective is to conduct a readiness assessment of the target countries: Egypt, Morocco, Namibia, and Egypt. The report focuses on three categories: country-specific parameters, financing requirements and possible financing methods. It also includes assessing risks and preparing plans to develop a green hydrogen economy in these countries. Under the partnership, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Denmark will also support ISA with three years of content, focusing on green hydrogen policy, regulation, and other components of the green hydrogen value chain.”

Green hydrogen provides a great avenue to monetise a country’s rich renewable resources (wherever available), aid the country in achieving industry decarbonisation, and generate sustainable jobs in the process. Countries have been identified based on their vast renewable energy potential and thus can potentially contribute significantly to developing the green hydrogen ecosystem.

About the International Solar Alliance

The International Solar Alliance is an international organisation with 120 Member and Signatory countries. It works with governments to improve energy access and security worldwide and promote solar power as a sustainable transition to a carbon-neutral future. ISA’s mission is to unlock US$1 trillion of investments in solar by 2030 while reducing the cost of the technology and its financing. It promotes the use of solar energy in the agriculture, health, transport, and power generation sectors.

ISA Member Countries are driving change by enacting policies and regulations, sharing best practices, agreeing on common standards, and mobilising investments. Through this work, ISA has identified, designed and tested new business models for solar projects; supported governments to make their energy legislation and policies solar-friendly through Ease of Doing Solar analytics and advisory; pooled demand for solar technology from different countries; and drove down costs; improved access to finance by reducing the risks and making the sector more attractive to private investment; increased access to solar training, data and insights for solar engineers and energy policymakers. With advocacy for solar-powered solutions, ISA aims to transform lives, bring clean, reliable, and affordable energy to communities worldwide, fuel sustainable growth, and improve quality of life.

With the signing and ratification of the ISA Framework Agreement by 15 countries on 6 December 2017, ISA became the first international intergovernmental organisation to be headquartered in India. ISA is partnering with multilateral development banks (MDBs), development financial institutions (DFIs), private and public sector organisations, civil society, and other international institutions to deploy cost-effective and transformational solutions through solar energy, especially in the least Developed Countries (LDCs) and the Small Island Developing States (SIDS).

Launch of the World Solar Reports on Markets, Investments & Technology during the High-Level Conference held on the sidelines of the Seventh ISA Assembl

Launch of the Readiness Assessment of Green Hydrogen African Countries during the High-Level Conference held on the sidelines of the Seventh ISA Assembly

Jal Utsav aims to celebrate water as a vital element for life through cultivating a sense of responsibility among the people from all walks of life

NITI Aayog

azadi ka amrit mahotsav

15 DAYS JAL UTSAV BEGINS TOMORROW

A CELEBRATION OF WATER BY NITI AAYOG IN PATNERSHIP WITH DDWS, JAL SHAKTI

JAL UTSAV TO BE CELEBRATED IN 20 ASPIRATIONAL DISTRICTS/BLOCKS IN 20 STATES

Posted On: 05 NOV 2024 2:49PM by PIB Delhi

NITI Aayog will be launching 15 day ‘Jal Utsav’ starting tomorrow to create awareness and sensitivity towards water management, conservation and sustainability. The campaign follows the vision of Hon’ble Prime Minister, Shri Narendra Modi who mooted the idea of ‘Jal Utsav’ on the lines of ‘Nadi Utsav’ during the 3rd Chief Secretaries Conference held in December, 2023.

Jal Utsav is being implemented in 20 Aspirational Districts/Blocks between November 6-24, 2024 in partnership with National Jal Jeevan Mission, Department of Drinking Water and Sanitation, Ministry of Jal Shakti. The Festival being launched across 20 states, envisages community participation in preservation and protection of water resources. It seeks to instil a sense of responsibility towards efficient water use among households and water management among utilities and agencies. In this initiative, school students are being enrolled in water management activities, empowering them to act as catalysts for change within their families and communities.

The fortnight long festival will be launched with ‘Jal Bandhan’ – the symbolic tying of sacred thread on water assets by eminent personalities and local leaders. They would also launch “Fact Sheet on Jal Sampada (water assets)” of their respective blocks and districts. Besides, discussing the plan for the departmental activities in the fortnight, people would also take the ‘Jal Utsav Oath’ resolving to maintain and protect the water resources ensuring judicious and sustainable use. Through this pledge, communities are being encouraged to abide by the 5Rs: Respect, Reduce, Reuse, Recycle and Recharge while using water.

The subsequent days of the Jal Utsav fortnight will include cleaning of Jal Sampada assets; celebrating Jal Sanchay Diwas; encouraging teachers to lead through creating water management awareness through stories, experiments and visits to water bodies and also by training the students on water quality testing using field test kits (FTKs). Students will be given exposure visits to water supply and treatment plants for greater awareness about water management; organizing Jal Utsav Run or marathon; planting of trees under Ek Ped Maa Ke Naam at Jal Sampada premises are also the activities planned for the fortnight. People for skill development under Nal Jal Mitra initiative of Department of Drinking Water and Sanitation will also be enrolled during the Jal Utsav. Self-help Groups and ASHA workers are also being included in this festival for sensitization and capacity building.

Jal Utsav aims to celebrate water as a vital element for life through cultivating a sense of responsibility among the people from all walks of life including students, households and local communities in preserving water resource

Role of water in human body

 Water plays many roles in human physiology, including:

Lubrication: Water lubricates joints and saliva. 

Temperature regulation: Water helps regulate body temperature through perspiration. 

Nutrient and oxygen transport: Water carries nutrients and oxygen to cells throughout the body. 

Waste removal: Water helps remove waste through urination, perspiration, and bowel movements. 

Food conversion: Water helps convert food into energy. 

Constipation relief: Water helps prevent and relieve constipation by moving food through the intestines. 

Skin hydration: Water intake can improve skin thickness, density, and hydration. 

Water is vital to human health, and humans can only survive for about a week without it. The amount of water a person should drink each day depends on factors like age, sex, and activity level. The Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics recommends that women drink 11.5 cups of water per day, men drink 15.5 cups, and children drink 5–11 cups.

Dehydration can cause a number of health issues, including unclear thinking, mood changes, overheating, constipation, and kidney stones.

There are several reasons why process equipment may fail, including

 There are several reasons why process equipment may fail, including:

Lack of maintenance

Not performing regular maintenance, such as cleaning, lubrication, and inspections, can lead to equipment failure. 

Wear and tear

Repeated use of equipment can cause wear and tear, also known as metal fatigue. 

Environmental factors

Poor storage conditions or insufficient airflow and cooling can lead to equipment overheating and failure. 

Corrosion

Corrosion can cause premature equipment failure, especially for valves and actuators. 

Aging equipment

Equipment can deteriorate over time due to exposure to normal operating conditions and occasional upsets. 

Lack of operator training

Operators who aren't trained properly may cause equipment to wear out faster, fail, or even cause injuries. 

Reliability culture

A lack of emphasis on reliability can lead to organizations neglecting necessa

ry maintenance practices. 

Ammonia plants can experience emergencies due to a number of reasons, including:

 Ammonia plants can experience emergencies due to a number of reasons, including:

Equipment failures

These can include catalyst degradation, tube rupture, corrosion, and piping failures 

Process equipment failures

These can include failures in machines, control systems, and other process equipment 

Overfilling

Overfilling a tank can lead to overpressure and cracks, which can cause fatalities and injuries 

Fire

Heat from a fire can cause a rapid pressure build-up in cylinders, which can lead to explosive rupture 

Incompatible materials

Ammonia can react with oxidizing agents, strong acids, halogens, and salts of heavy metals, which can increase the risk of fire and explosion 

Some safety tips for ammonia plants include:

Ensuring fans and rooftop units are properly grounded

Securing drive sheaves with rope or strap before working on a fan

Protecting flammable materials when welding or flame cutting

Having a fire extinguisher ready

Never pressurizing equipment beyond specified test pressures

Never wearing loose clothing around a

ir handling equipment 

Energy Efficiency Improvement of Alkaline WaterElectrolysis by using 3D Ni Cathodes Fabricated via a Double-Template Electrochemical Process

Energy Efficiency Improvement of Alkaline WaterElectrolysis by using 3D Ni Cathodes Fabricated via a Double-Template Electrochemical Process

Alkaline water electrolysis is one of the easiest methods for hydrogen production, offering the advantage ofs implicity. Moreover, it represents an environmentally friendly technology for production of high purityh ydrogen. Nevertheless, the elevated production costs due to low conversion efficiency and electricalp ower expenses can be named as the main drawbacks of electrochemical hydrogen production.

This work is focused on the development and characterization of 3D porous Ni cathodes for alkalinee Electrolyzers. The electrodes were synthesized by nickel electrodeposition on copper foams obtained fromh ydrogen bubbles dynamic templates (double-template electrochemical process). The developed electrodes were characterized by SEM, confocal laser scanning microscopy, and EDX. The electrocatalytic performance of the developed electrodes for hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) was evaluated in 30 wt.%

KOH solution by using hydrogen discharge curves and galvanostatic tests. Results show that the use oft he developed electrodes as cathodes in electrolysis systems makes possible an energy saving of ca. 25% in conditions at which industrial alkaline water electrolysis is carried out, in comparison with the smooth commercial Ni electrodes.

1. Introduction

Hydrogen is considered an ideal energy carrier that can be an alternative to fossil fuels due to the fact that hydrogen is a clean and fully recyclable substance with a practically unlimited supply (Kunzru, 2008). The electrochemical production of hydrogen by alkaline water electrolysis is one of the most promising methods with great potential of using renewable energy sources (Miltner et al., 2009). Furthermore, it represents an environmentally friendly technology for production of high purity hydrogen (Veziroglu et al.,1992). However, the high energy consumption of alkaline water electrolyzers retrains its large-scaleapplication at present.

Although platinum shows the highest activity for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), new electrode materials have been investigated, aiming at the reduction of the cost associated with the electrocatalyst

development. Among these materials, nickel and its alloys show a high initial electrocatalytic activity

toward the HER. The electrode activity can be enlarged by increasing the real surface area and/or the

intrinsic activity of the electrode material (Lasia, 2003).

The increase of the real surface area can be achieved by several methods: depositing Ni together with an

active metal like Al or Zn (i.e. by electrodeposition, thermal spray, etc.) followed by the dissolution of the

secondary component (Raney type electrodes); electrodeposition of Ni at large current densities,

electrodeposition of Ni on metallic opals (made of silica or polystyrene) with proper porosities and

layer/thickness, followed by a selective removal of the opal. As a result, a porous, three-dimensional (3D)

structure is obtained, characterized by a high surface roughness factor, Rf.

In our previous work (Herraiz-Cardona et al., 2012), different electrode materials were prepared by means

of a double electrochemical template technique, consisting of the nickel coating of metallic foams obtained 

The degradation of potassium hydroxide (KOH) in an alkaline electrolyzer can be caused by a number of factors, including:

 The degradation of potassium hydroxide (KOH) in an alkaline electrolyzer can be caused by a number of factors, including:

High pH: The high pH environment of an alkaline electrolyzer can cause carbon fibers in the carbon paper to degrade over time. This can negatively impact the electrolyzer's performance and durability. 

Temperature: Temperatures above 80 °C can cause high degradation rates. 

Electrode material: The dissolution of electrode material in alkaline electrolytes can reduce cyclic life and capacitance. 

Irreversible formation of oxide and hydroxide: This can cause activity degradation. 

 Temperature

Temperatures above 80°C can cause high degradation rates. To prevent this, a cooling system can be used. 

Electrode degradation

Operating at low temperatures can help reduce electrode degradation, but it requires very active electrocatalysts to achieve sufficient efficiency. 

Diaphragm failure

At temperatures above 85°C, the silica component of chrysotile (asbestos) dissolves, forming soluble potassium silicates and poorly soluble brucite. This can lead to diaphragm failure. 

Alkaline electrolyzers are made up of electrodes, a microporous separator, and an alkaline electrolyte. The electrolyte is usually a 25–30% KOH solution. During electrolysis, water is introduced to the cathode, where it breaks down into hydrogen and hydroxide anions. The hydroxide anions then pass through the diaphragm and recombine at the anode to form oxygen. 

OER stands for oxygen evolution reaction, which is a half-reaction that occurs during the electrolysis of water to produce oxygen

 OER stands for oxygen evolution reaction, which is a half-reaction that occurs during the electrolysis of water to produce oxygen: 

Explanation

During electrolysis, water is split into hydrogen and oxygen using electricity. The oxygen evolution reaction (OER) is the reaction that occurs at the anode to produce oxygen. 

Importance

OER is a limiting reaction in the process of generating molecular oxygen. It plays a crucial role in processes like water oxidation in photosynthesis and electrocatalytic oxygen evolution. 

Electrocatalysts

OER catalysts are based on Ru- or Ir-oxides. Ir oxide-based catalysts are highly active and stable, but iridium is a scarce and expensive metal. Co-based catalysts are also attractive for OER because they are low cost and have high OER activity. 

Strategies for improving OER catalysts

Strategies for improving OER catalysts include:

Optimizing factors that influence stability 

Forming a protection layer 

Cathodic treatment 

Self-healing 

Dynamic stabilization 

Constructing superaerophobic nanoarray 

 

The hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) is a chemical reaction that occurs in an electrolyzer during water electrolysis to produce hydrogen gas:

 The hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) is a chemical reaction that occurs in an electrolyzer during water electrolysis to produce hydrogen gas: 

 

• Explanation

  The HER is a half-cell reaction that takes place at the cathode of an electrolyzer, where water is reduced to produce hydrogen. The other half-cell reaction is the oxygen evolution reaction (OER), which takes place at the anode to produce oxygen. 

   
• Importance

  The HER is a clean and efficient way to produce hydrogen fuel. Hydrogen is considered a renewable resource and a potential alternative to fossil fuels. 

   
• Catalysts

  The HER typically requires a catalyst to convert protons to hydrogen. In commercial electrolyzers, supported platinum is often used as the catalyst at the anode. 

   
• Challenges

  The HER can be sluggish due to high overpotentials, which are a measure of kinetic energy barriers. To achieve large-scale hydrogen production, it's important to develop active, stable, and low-cost electrocatalysts. 

   

To test if a gas is hydrogen, you can bring a burning match to the mouth of the tube where the gas is evolving. If the match catches fire and makes a "pop" sound, then the gas is hydrogen