Ion Exchange calculator 

This calculator is under construction. This calculator is based on theoretical calculations and explains how to use selectivity coefficients, separation factors and how to determine the maximum volume of water that can be treated with a resin before breakthrough happens. The calculator also shows some calculations that are needed for the sizing of an ion exchange installation. But again be careful, the calculations are based on theoretical formulas and are not corrected with results from real ion exchange water treatment plants. There is an example under the calculation tables to show how the calculations are made by the calculator. Table 1: Input table for anion concentrations Anions MW g/mol Concentration unit converted concentration unit NO3- 62.00  eq/L meq/L g/L mg/L mol/L mmol/L   eq/L meq/L g/L mg/L mol/L mmol/L  NO2- 46.01  eq/L meq/L g/L mg/L mol/L mmol/L   eq/L meq/L g/L mg/L mol/L mmol/L  Cl- 35.45  eq/L meq/L g/L mg/L mol/L mmol/L   eq/L meq/L g/L mg/L mol/L mmol/L  SO42- 96.06  eq/L meq/L g/L mg/L mol/L mmol/L   eq/L meq/L g/L mg/L mol/L mmol/L  HCO3- 61.02  eq/L meq/L g/L mg/L mol/L mmol/L   eq/L meq/L g/L mg/L mol/L mmol/L  F- 19.00  eq/L meq/L g/L mg/L mol/L mmol/L   eq/L meq/L g/L mg/L mol/L mmol/L  TOTAL eq/L Table 2: Input table for cation concentrations Cations MW g/mol Concentration unit converted concentration unit Na+ 22.99  eq/L meq/L g/L mg/L mol/L mmol/L   eq/L meq/L g/L mg/L mol/L mmol/L  K+ 39.10  eq/L meq/L g/L mg/L mol/L mmol/L   eq/L meq/L g/L mg/L mol/L mmol/L  Ca2+ 40.08  eq/L meq/L g/L mg/L mol/L mmol/L   eq/L meq/L g/L mg/L mol/L mmol/L  Mg2+ 24.31  eq/L meq/L g/L mg/L mol/L mmol/L   eq/L meq/L g/L mg/L mol/L mmol/L  NH4+ 18.04  eq/L meq/L g/L mg/L mol/L mmol/L   eq/L meq/L g/L mg/L mol/L mmol/L  Mn2+ 54.94  eq/L meq/L g/L mg/L mol/L mmol/L   eq/L meq/L g/L mg/L mol/L mmol/L  TOTAL eq/L Table 3: Table for some sizing parameters for an ion exchange installation Anion removal Cation removal Exchange capacity  eq/L meq/L  Density Resin  kg/L kg/m3  service flow  m3/h l/h m3/day l/day  time between 2 regenerations (1 cycle)  hour(s) day(s)  Ions in water (1 cycle) eq/cycle required-resin volume theoretical L/cycle calculated mass of resin kg/cycle Total required surface area m2 Diameter Column m Table 4: Output table for equilibrium composition and percentile distributions for occupied sites on the resin Anions (eq/L) Lwater/Lresin NO3- NO2- Cl- SO42- HCO3- F- total Cations (eq/L) Lwater/Lresin Na+ K+ Ca2+ Mg2+ NH4+ Mn2+ total You can send the values in the calculator to Lenntech to determine the best resin for your application. Please fill in the fields in the table Contact Information. You cannot send data if you don't give your name, country, Phone and Email. Contact information Name * Company country * Email * Phone * Fax Comment Example calculation to illustrate the equations used by the calculator: The following points are treated in the example: Determine the separation factor for an ion with respect to the other ions in the water. Determine the equilibrium composition of the resin, thus calculating how much of the Exchange capacity is used by the different ions. Determine the maximum amount of water that can be treated per liter of resin before breakthrough occurs. Determine the percentile distribution of the occupied sites in the resin by the different ions. Lets take water with the following composition: Table 5: Composition of the water used in this example Anion Concentration in meq/L Cl- 1 SO42- 2 NO3- 1.8 We want to eliminate anions from the water so we have to use an anionic resin. The resin has a standard exchange capacity of 1,4 eq/L and a density of 0,7 kg/L. In the Literature1 you can find the following values for selectivity coefficients and separation factors (Table 6). Table 6: Selectivity coefficient and separation factor for a strong base anionic resin Anion Selectivity Factor Separation Factor Cl- 1.0 1 NO3- 4 3.2 SO42- 0.15 9.1 Explanation of the selectivity coefficient and separation factor notation: selectivity coefficient for anion i exchanging with Cl- onto resin separation factor for anion i exchanging with Cl- onto resin The resin has different preferences for the ions in the water. So at equilibrium the ions do not occupy the same amount of resin. The resin prefers much more ions with a high valence. Relation (1) can be written regarding the selectivity of the resin for the different ions in our water sample: (1) The different separation factors for an ion with respect to the other are calculated with formula (2): (2) separation factor for counterion i with respect to ion k separation factor for counterion i with respect to ion j separation factor for ion j with respect to ion k Calculation separation factor for Nitrate NO3- with respect to the 2 other ions using formula (2): example formula used to calculate So by putting the write parameters in formula (2) the following separation factors can be calculated for nitrate with respect to the 2 other ions: The calculated separation factors for SO42- with respect to the 2 other ions are: With these separation factors calculated above you can determine the equilibrium capacity of the resin for the different ions. eq/L eq/L eq/L To control if the result is coherent you can add the equilibrium capacities used by the different ions to see if it is equal to the total exchange capacity of the resin which is 1,4 eq/L. eq/L So you can see that the sum of the equilibrium capacities occupied by the different ions is equal to the total exchange capacity of the resin. Calculation of the maximum volume of water that can be treated per liter of resin before breakthrough occurs: Lwater/Lresin Lwater/Lresin Lwater/Lresin As you can see from the calculations of Vmax saturation occurs first for Chloride when 60 L of water has been treated. So if you don't want to have chloride in your water you have to stop the ion exchange system or if you have a duplex system you can switch to the other column available and regenerate the column that is saturated with the absorbed ions. If the presence of chloride ions in water in not an issue you can than treat 178 L of water per liter of resin before the breakthrough for Nitrates occurs. Calculation of the percentile repartition of the occupied sites in the resin: Lets calculate the percentile distribution for the different concentrations of ions in our water sample (table 5) As you can see the percentile distribution for concentrations is not the same as the percentile distribution for the occupied sites in the resin at equilibrium. This is due to the fact that the resin is more selective for certain ions. The results for the calculation above are placed in the comparative table 7. Anion 20,8 % 4,3 % 41,7 % 72,9 % 37,5 % 22,8 % For every different application of water conditioning specific ion exchange resins (Rohm & Haas / Purolite) are available. Lenntech can advise you which is most appropriate.

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