Sunday 8 April 2012

SAFETY MOVEMENT HISTORY

Vedkal                         Yajurved, Rugved, Upnishads etc. Old concept of science and safety in nation. Our ancient heritage.
BC 3500                      Medhatithi of Bharat discovered decimal system.
BC 3000                      The Ebers Papyrys and the Edwin Smith Papyrus, the first written document on health and safety.
BC 2000                      Chanakya Kautilya's Arthshastra dealing many subjects including safety. See Part-5.1 of Chapter-1.
BC 2000                      Babylonian code of Hammurabi of some 280 paragraphs covering bodily injuries and workers' compensation laws.
BC 1500                      Ramses III hired Physicians to care for mine and quarry workers.
BC 1000                      Acharya Dhanvantari invented 'Pharmacy' and Sushrut  'surgery'. Bhrugu shilp Sahitya on many branches of Engineering.
BC 800                        Bodhayan's Shalvasutra - Principle of right angle.
BC 680                        Invention of 'atom' by Kanad muni.
BC 427-347                Pleto's teaching of mathematics and globe shapes of all planets.
BC 400                        Hippocrates, known as the father of medicine described tetanus.
BC 384-322                Philosophy of science by Aristotle.
BC 320                        Indian sword gifted to Alexander.
BC 287-212                Displacement of water, buoyancy and specific gravity by Archimedes.
BC 200                        The effects of lead poisoning were described by the Greek poet and physician Nicander.
BC 100 to 2nd             Various Roman writers described the plague of Athens, the ill effects of their
Century                        environment on mine workers and unhealthful effects of lead for water piping and wine containers.
100-178                       Ptolemy who told that the Sun moves around the earth. His book, 'The Great Treatise  of  Astronomy'.  He  gave mathematical models.
650                              Aryabhatttoid thatSun'shines themoon and earth rotates. This results in day and night;
Fifth                             Aryabhatt's contribution in Mathematics.
Century                        His discovery of D (22/7), sine, cosine etc.
Eight                             Nagarjun's book 'Ras ratnakar' on Chemistry.
Century
700-800                       In Lombardy, King Rothari codified the laws in 388 chapters on principles of compensation for injury. Bhaskaracharya's 'Lilavati Ganit' i.e. Algebra and Law of Gravitation.
1456                            First printing press in Germany  by Gutenberg.
1473-1543                   Nicolas Copernicus told that the Sun is the centre and the Earth and other planets move around it. This was told by Aryabhatta many years ago in 650. .
1473                            Ulrich Ellen bag, an Austrian physician warned about hazards of metal burning.
1561                            George Agricola's book described air venting in mines and use of gloves, leggings and masks.
1564-1642                   Galileo who discovered equal speed of falling bodies, telescope and reaffirmed Copernicus' Sun-centered principle.
1567                            Paracelsus published On the 'Miners' Sickness  and  other  Miners'  Diseases, distinguishing acute and chronic poisoning.
1571-1630                   Kepler who stated the elliptical motion of planets around the Sun.
1642-1727                   Issac Newton. Principles of gravity, rules of light, optics, calculus etc.
1701-1800                   Industrialisation (Mills) started in Britain and spread to the Continent and USA.
1732                            First  spinning  machine  by  Richard Arcright. Pioneer of industrial revolution.
1749-1838                   John Stevance, Father of American Railways.
1761-1828                   Nicolas Lui Rober, pioneer of paper industry.
1764                            Discovery- of spinning jenny.
1765                            Steam engine by James Watt.
1765-1825                   Aley Whitney produced sewing, washing and other machines.
1768-1835                   Sernual Sletor, Father of American cloth industry.
1771-1852                   David Wilkinson, Father of machine tools industries.
1784                            Discovery of powerlooms.
1792                            Discovery of cotton gins.
1796                            Dr. Edward Janner, Small Pox vaccination.
1800-1860                   Charls Goodyear, Father of rubber industry.
1801-1874                   Gail Borden, Father of modern dairy technology.
1804                            President Thomas Jefferson delivered his safety message to Captain Merriwether Lewis.
1806-1873                   John Stuart Mill, the great contributor in philosophy of science.
1807                            Steam ship by Robert Fulton.
1809-1884                   Sirus  Hall  McCormick,  Father  of agriculture industry.
1813-1818                   Sir  Henri  Bessimer,  Father  of steel industry.
1814                            Locomotive engine by James Watt.
1819-1880                   Edwin L. Derek, Father of Petroleum industry.
1825                            Railway usage began.
1830-1850                   First attempt to legislate the working hours of women and children in Great Britain.
1831-1879                   James Clerk Maxwell, Electromagnetic waves which led us to Radio and TV.
1832-1891                   Nicholas August Auto discovered internal combustion engine. Father of automobile industry. Great contribution to industrial revolution.
1833                            England, Govt. Factory Inspectorate established.
George Stephenson suggested use of a steam whistle on locomotives.
1834                            England, law enacted to provide fencing for mill gears and shafts. Lord Ashley's Great Factory Act.
1844-1929                   Karl Benz made first motor car and called Father of motor car industry.
1845-1923                   Wilhelm Rontgen, discovery of X-ray. First Nobel Prize winner in 1901.
1847-1922                   Alexander Greham Bell discovered Telephone.    Called    Father    of telecommunication.
1847-1931                   Thomas Alva Edison, Father of electrical industry.
1847-1937                   Gugli Eimo Marconi discovered wireless telegraph and called father of wireless telegraphy.
1855                            Insurance  Protection against boiler explosions was afforded in England.
1858-1913                   Rudolf Diesel discovered diesel fuel and called father of diesel industry.
1858-1932                   Dr Jagdish Chandra Bose. Sensation of plant. Cresco graph to view enlargement of plant movement.
1863-1914                   Charles Martin Hall obtained pure aluminum and called father of aluminum industry.
1864                            First accident insurance policy in North America.
1865                            Benzene ring structure.
1866                            National Board of Fire under-writers.
1867                            Massachusetts had begun to use factory inspectors.
Boiler and machinery insurance, started in USA.
1869                            Germany-Acts passed providing that all employers furnish necessary appliances to safeguard health and life of employees. Massachusetts (USA) established, the first state bureau of labour statistics in order to determine the kinds and causes of accidents.
Periodic Table of elements by Mendelif.
1870                            Westing house airbrake adopted by the railroads.
1872                            First electric automatic signal installed on the Pennsylvania rail board.
1873-1961                   Lee De' Forest discovered radio and called father of radio industry.
1874                            France, Law enacted providing for special inspection service of workshops.
1876-1920                   Willis Havilland Carrier discovered airconditioning and called father of airconditioning industry.
1877                            Massachusetts. Law passed compelling guarding of dangerous moving machinery.
1879-1955                   Albert Einstein. Quantum theory and principles of relativity.
1879                            Electric bulb by Thomas Alva Edison.
1880                            American Society of Mechanical Engineers.
1881                            American National Red Cross.
First Indian Factories Act.
1885                            Germany Alabama, passed employers' liability law.
Germany, Bismarck prepared and enacted the first Compulsory Compensation Act for workers. This Act covered only sickness.
1887                            Massachusetts passed an employers' liability law.
Ervin Schrodinger - wave mechanics.
1890                            First international conference in Berlin of 15  European  States  to  draw  up international conventions on labour regulations.
Establishment of International Association for the Legal Protection of Workers, the forerunner of the ILO which was established in 1919.
1892                            Safety Department of the Joliet Works of the Illinois Steel Company formed. This has been called "The birthplace of the American industrial accident prevention movement". The first safety order was the inspection of all engine flywheels.
1893                            Federal Safety Appliance Act required use of standard safety equipment on railroad.
1896                            National Fire Protection Association (NFPA), USA.
Radioactive elements by Cury couple.
1900                            US Census of 1900 showed 1750178 working children between 10 to 15 years. Quantum theory by Mex Planck. First safety periodical 'Safety Maintenance' published by Alfred M. Best company.
1901                            National Bureau of Standards.
1903                            First steel passenger car constructed. Demands of industrial workers were considered in Russia.
1905                            Extension of Quantum theory by Einsteine.
1907                            Quarterly of the National Fire Protection Association published by NFPA.
1908                            Transportation of Dangerous Explosives Act passed.
1909                            Aeroplane by Orvil and Vilbar Right brothers.
First National Conference on Industrial Diseases held.
1910                            The oldest large Occupational Health Institute "The Clinica del Lavoro" in Milan.
1911                            New Jersey First State Workmen's compensation law passed.
California passed the first American law for   the  compulsory   reporting  of occupational diseases.
American Museum of Safety.
Ernest Rutherford - Concept of Nucleus and electron in atom; alpha, beta and gamma rays and many inventions on atomic energy.
1912                            Discovery of Thorium, Polonium and Radium by Madam Curry.
1913                            Bureau of Labour Statistics.
'Safety'  published by  the  American Museum of Safety.
Atomic structure, Nuclear structure and Atomic Model by Nisbohr.
National Safety Council was founded in USA.
1914                            The first World-War started accelerating industrialization and need of safety.
The first safety of life at sea convention held in London.
1915                            American Society of Safety.
Elliptical  motion  of  electrons  by Summerfield.
1918                            Air Mail Service started.
1919                            National Railroad Accident Prevention Drive inaugurated.
National Safety News published by the National Safety Council. Then many other publications-started in the subsequent years by NSC (USA).
International Labour Organi-sation (ILO) was established at Geneva, Switzerland. Hours of Work (Industry), ILO Con.l, Unemployment Con.2, Recom 1, Maternity Protection Con.S, Night Work (Women) Con:4, Minimum Age (Industry) Con.5, Night Work of Young Persons (Industry) Con.6, Anthrax prevention Recom 3, Lead ' Poisoning Recom 4, .Labour Inspection Recom 5, White Phosphorous Recom 6
1921                            ILO at Geneva set up a safety service. White Lead, ILO Con. 13, Weekly Rest (Industry) Con. 14.
1922                            Greenburg and Smith introduced the impinger, a dust sampling device, which resulted in the impinger method becoming the standard for the US Bureau of Mines and the Public Health Service.
1923                            Labour Inspection ILO Recom 20
1925                            Workmen's Compensation ILO Con. 17 to 19 and Recom 22 to 25.
1926                            Bensol, Poisoning study.
4:1 accident cost ratio presented by H.W. Heinrich.
First rocket fly.
1927                            A study of the relation between safety and production was made by the American Engineering Council in 1926 and 1927.
1928                            First National Aromatic Safety Conference held in America.
American Standards Association.
Functioning of International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP).
1929                            The US Load Line Act passed to prevent overloading of cargo under various conditions.
The foundation of a major injury ratio 30029-1 indicated by H.W. Heinrich. Peniciline by Alexander Flemming.
Prevention of Industrial Accidents ILO Recom 31
Power driven machinery, ILO Recom 32
1930                            First Greater New York Safety Conference held in New York city. It was a one day session with 900 attendence.
1930-1934                   The ILO published its first Encyclopedia "Occupation and Health", the value of which was widely recognized.
1934                            Bureau of Labour Standards.
Workmen's Compensation revised, ILO
1908                            The Air Hygiene Foundation was created to conduct scientific studies to prevent occupational diseases and industrial health. 40 Hours Week, ILO Con. 47.
1936                            Holidays with Pay, ILO Con. 52, Recom 47.
1937                            Automotive Safety Foundation.             
National Committee on Films for Safety. Safety Provisions (Building), ILO Con.62, Recom 53 to 56.
1938                            Centre for Safety Education.                 
Nuclear Fission of Uranium by Farmy and Han.                       
1939                            American Industrial Hygiene Association. Labour Inspectorates, ILO Recom 59.
1940-150                     Inclusion of Modern Defense Equipment viz.. Radar, jet aircraft, missiles, atom      bomb, computer etc.
1941                            Industrial Hygiene Departments set up in 33 States (USA).
The Accident Cause Code was completed by USA. This code introduced an era of    accident cause standardization in USA overcoming a weakness in industrial accident prevention that had long existed. National Bureau for Industrial Protection (USA).
1944                            Medical Care, ILO Recom 69.
1945                            Solid State Transistor by Bell Telephone Laboratories of America. Ultimately this solid state electronics has now come upto the stage of microelectronics using silicon chips and integrated circuits.
America threw atom bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki of Japan causing @ 1,20,000 deaths and more injuries in Aug 1945.
Tata Institute of Fundamental Research in atomic energy at Bombay.
DGFASLT. i.e. Directorate General. Factory Advice Service and Labour Institute was set up at Delhi. It was shifted toBomba) (the CLI building) in 1966.
Foundation of International Air Transport Association (IATA) in Switzerland.
1946                            Medical Examination of young person? (Industry & Non-industry), ILO Con.77-79 and Recom 79.
The oldest Occupational Health Service ii France. Then in Japan in 1947.
1947                            Establishment,    of    International Organisation for Standardi-sation (ISO) by ILO on 24-2-1947. ISO, work is carried out through some 2000 technical bodies and 100000 experts from all over the world More than 4000 International Standard have been published in some 30000 pages Labour Inspection, ILO Con. 81,85, Recom 81, 82.
ILO  conference  adopted  the  first International Standards Concerning the organisation of labour inspection. Atomic Energy Commission (USA).
1948                            Declaration of Industrial Policy for small scale industries and public sectors on 6-41948.
Atomic Energy Commission.
1949                            The first national Ergonomics Research Society in UK.
The ILO published a model code of Safety Regulations for Industrial Establishments for the guidance of Governments and Industry.
1950-60                       Establishment of Indian Institutes of Technology at Kharagpur, Bombay, Madras, Delhi and Kanpur, Defense organization. Council of Scientific and Industrial Research and Department of Technology in our country.
1952                            Pesticides manufacturing started in India. Social Security (Minimum Standards) ILO Con.102
1953                            Protection of workers health, ILO Recom 97 (It includes technical as well as medical measures and compulsory notification of occupational diseases).
1954                            Atomic battery (giving crores of electrons per second on transistor wafer) by USA. Atomic Energy Centre was established at Trombay in Bombay. This was renamed as Bhabha Atomic Research Centre in 1967.
1955                            Dr. Bhabha was selected as President of the conference on the Peaceful Uses of Atomic Energy at Geneva.
1956                            Our first nuclear reactor 'Apsara', the first in Asia also.
Welfare facilities, ILO Recom 102
1957                            Sputnic the first satellite in the sk/ by Russia.
Formation of International Committee for Lifts Regulations (CIRA) in Switzerland. International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) came into existence on 29-7-1957 by the statute of United Nations.
1958                            Defense Research and Development Organisation. Approval of National Policy on Scientific Research and Development by the Parliament on 4-3-58.
1959                            Occupational Health Service, ILO Recom 112.
Birth of International Ergonomics Association (IEA) on  6-4-1959 in Oxford. International Occupational Safety and Health Information Centre (CIS) was set up by the ILO Office in May 1959 to collect, disseminate, co-ordinate and distribute world-wide information on occupational safety and health. The service was computerised since 1974. Direct access to CIS data via display terminals and variety of publications are available.
1960                            The Regional Labou" Institute (RLI), Madras was set up.
Radiation Protection, ILO Con.llS, Recom 114.
1961                            The Central Labour Institute (CLI) started in a rented building in 1961 and shifted to its Sion-Bombay premises in 1966.                
1962                            The Regional Labour Institute (RLI), Kanpur was set up.                      
1963                            Guarding of Machinery, ILO Con.ll9, Recom 118.
1964                            Hygiene (Commerce & Offices) ILO Con.l20, Recom 120. Employment Injury    Benefit ILO Con. 121 Recom 121.
1965                            The Regional Labour Institute (RLI), Calcutta was set up. Formation of International Agency for Research on Cancer by WHO.
Medical examination of young persons (underground work) ILO Con. 124.
1966                            The National Safety Council (NSC) was established on 4th March 1966, at CLI Building, Sion,  Bombay-22.  In  this remembrance, 4th March is celebrated as the National Safety Day in our country.       
Electronics Committee at the Chairmanship of Dr. Vikram Sarabhai.
First tidal electric plant in France giving 5000 Kwh electricity per year. 
Foundation of the International Radiation    1978 Protection Asso-ciation (IRPA) in France.
1967                            Maximum Weight, ILO Con.l27, Recom 128.
1968                            Two conventions on Road Traffic and Road Signs and Signals in Vienna.
Agreement on the International Transport of Dangerous Goods by Road (ADR) came into force on 29-1-1968 at Geneva.
1969                            Atomic Power Station at Tarapur in Maharashtra.
Apollo - II landed on the moon with three scientists, on 21-7-69..
DAE-NASA Satellite - I TV experiment. Report of the National Commission of    Labour, India, 1969.
Medical care and Sickness benefits, ILO Con. 130, Recom 134.
A meeting of editors and users of occupational safety and health periodicals from 21 countries at Geneva on 7-8 July 1969.
1970                            Establishment of International Nuclear Information System (INIS) by the IAEA started in 1957.
1971                            Electronics  Commission  under  the President ship of Dr. Menon.
The Division of Nuclear Safety and Environment Protection started as a division of IAEA.
Starting of programme of evaluation of chemical carcinogenic risk to humans. Starting of Science and Technology Department by the Central Government. Benzene, ILO Con.l36, Recom 144.
1972                            Foundation of International Association of Labour Inspection (IALI) in Switzerland.
1974                            Atomic explosion (experiment) in the desert of Rajasthan.
Occupational Cancer, ILO Con.139, Recom 147.
1975                            Combination of two space shuttles Apollo (USA) and Soyuz (USSR) in the sky.
1976                            Landing of Viking-1 & 2 (USA) on the Mars. Launching of PIACT (International Programme for the Improvement of working conditions and environments). Legislation - The Toxic Substances Control Act 1976 (TSCA) in USA.
International Occupational Safety and Health Hazard Alert System was adopted by the International Labour conference.
1977                            Gujarat Safety Council was registered on 52-1977 at Vadodara.
Working Environment (Air pollution, Noise and Vibration) ILO , Con.148, Recom 156.
1978                            International conference on primary health care sponsored by WHO & UNICEF on 129-78.
Labour Administration, ILO  Con.150, Recom 158.
Identification  of  4039907  chemical compounds by the American Chemical Society's Chemical Abstract Service (CAS).
1979                            Occupational Safety & Health, Dock Work, ILO Con.l52, Recom 160, Hours of Work & Rest Periods (Road Transport) ILO Con.l53, Recom 161.
Publication of Initial Chemical substances inventory listing 44000 chemicals, by USA.
1980                            The International Programme on Chemical Safety (IPCS) became operational in June 1980, at WHO Head quarters. It is a cooperative venture by UNEP (United Nations Environment Programme), ILO and WHO.
1981                            Occupational Safety & Health, ILO, Con.l55, Recom 164.
1982                            Maintenance of Social Security Rights, ILO Con.l57. Recom 167.
1985                            Labour statistics, ILO, Con.l60. Recom 170.    1996 Occupational Health Services, ILO Con. 161, Recom 171, World Environment (1985), a brochure published by Loksabha, warned about environmental problems. 'Tlie State of India's Environment 1984-85, i.e. the Second Citizen's Report' also threw light on tremendous loss of environment and    1997 human health in our country (see Chap-1).
1986                            Asbestos, ILO Con.l62, Recom 172. The Environment (Protection) Act, 1986.
1987                            Vital amendments in the Factories Act, 1948 owing to Bhopal disaster.             
1988                            Safety and Health in Construction, ILO Con.l67, Recom 175.                         
1990                            The Chemicals, ILO Con.l70, Recom 177. Night Work, ILO Con. 171, Recom 178.     
1993                            Prevention of Major Industrial Accident, ILO Con.l74, Recom 181.                 
1995                            Safety & Health in Mines, ILO Con.l76 Recom 183. Vital amendments in the   Gujarat  Factories  Rules,  1963,  in consequence to the 1987 amendment in the Factories Act.
1996                            'Down to Earth' report of 15-10-96, warned about environmental losses, air and water pollution and danger to human health (see Chap-1).
'Greenpeace international' report of 10-12-96 threw light on unsafe conditions of our industries and dangers due to chemicals. 3
1997                            Landing of arobotic spacecraft. Pathfinder on 4-7-1997, on the red planet Mars by the NASA, USA.
Launching of a Satellite IRS-ID by ISRO on 29-9-1997.
1998                            IS:14489  -  Code  of  Practice  on Occupational Safety and Health Audit.
1999                            Launching of a Commercial Telecom Satellite INSET-2E by ISRO on 3-4-1999.
2001                            Safety and Health in Agriculture Con. 184, Recom 192.
2002                            List of Occupational Diseases, Recom 194.
2004                            HRD Recom 195.
2006                            IS : 15656 Hazard Identification and Risk Analysis.

Reference and Recommended Reading

1.         Industrial Accident Prevention. H.W. Heinrich,    
2.         Encyclopedia of Occupational Health and Safety, ILO, Geneva, Switzerland.
3.         Accident Prevention Manual for Industrial Operations, NSC, USA.

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