Vedkal Yajurved, Rugved, Upnishads etc. Old concept
of science and safety in nation. Our ancient heritage.
BC 3500 Medhatithi
of Bharat discovered decimal system.
BC 3000 The Ebers Papyrys and the Edwin Smith Papyrus,
the first written document on health and safety.
BC 2000 Chanakya Kautilya's Arthshastra dealing many
subjects including safety. See Part-5.1 of Chapter-1.
BC 2000 Babylonian code of Hammurabi of some 280
paragraphs covering bodily injuries and workers' compensation laws.
BC 1500 Ramses III hired Physicians to care for mine
and quarry workers.
BC 1000 Acharya Dhanvantari invented 'Pharmacy' and
Sushrut 'surgery'. Bhrugu shilp Sahitya
on many branches of Engineering.
BC 800 Bodhayan's Shalvasutra - Principle of right
angle.
BC 680 Invention
of 'atom' by Kanad muni.
BC 427-347 Pleto's
teaching of mathematics and globe shapes of all planets.
BC 400 Hippocrates, known as the
father of medicine described tetanus.
BC 384-322 Philosophy
of science by Aristotle.
BC 320 Indian sword gifted to
Alexander.
BC 287-212 Displacement
of water, buoyancy and specific gravity by Archimedes.
BC 200 The effects of lead poisoning were described
by the Greek poet and physician Nicander.
BC 100 to 2nd Various Roman writers described the
plague of Athens, the ill effects of their
Century environment on mine workers and unhealthful
effects of lead for water piping and wine containers.
100-178 Ptolemy who told that the Sun moves around the
earth. His book, 'The Great Treatise
of Astronomy'. He
gave mathematical models.
650 Aryabhatttoid thatSun'shines themoon
and earth rotates. This results in day and night;
Fifth Aryabhatt's contribution in Mathematics.
Century His discovery of D (22/7), sine, cosine etc.
Eight Nagarjun's book 'Ras ratnakar' on
Chemistry.
Century
700-800 In Lombardy, King Rothari codified the laws in
388 chapters on principles of compensation for injury. Bhaskaracharya's
'Lilavati Ganit' i.e. Algebra and Law of Gravitation.
1456 First
printing press in Germany by
Gutenberg.
1473-1543 Nicolas Copernicus told that the Sun is the centre
and the Earth and other planets move around it. This was told by Aryabhatta
many years ago in 650. .
1473 Ulrich Ellen bag, an Austrian physician
warned about hazards of metal burning.
1561 George Agricola's book described air
venting in mines and use of gloves, leggings and masks.
1564-1642 Galileo who discovered equal speed of falling
bodies, telescope and reaffirmed Copernicus' Sun-centered principle.
1567 Paracelsus published On the 'Miners'
Sickness and other
Miners' Diseases, distinguishing
acute and chronic poisoning.
1571-1630 Kepler who stated the elliptical motion of planets
around the Sun.
1642-1727 Issac
Newton. Principles of gravity, rules of light, optics, calculus etc.
1701-1800 Industrialisation (Mills) started in Britain and spread to the Continent and USA.
1732 First spinning
machine by Richard Arcright. Pioneer of industrial
revolution.
1749-1838 John
Stevance, Father of American Railways.
1761-1828 Nicolas
Lui Rober, pioneer of paper industry.
1764 Discovery-
of spinning jenny.
1765 Steam
engine by James Watt.
1765-1825 Aley
Whitney produced sewing, washing and other machines.
1768-1835 Sernual Sletor, Father of
American cloth industry.
1771-1852 David Wilkinson, Father of
machine tools industries.
1784 Discovery of powerlooms.
1792 Discovery of cotton gins.
1796 Dr. Edward Janner, Small Pox vaccination.
1800-1860 Charls Goodyear, Father of rubber industry.
1801-1874 Gail Borden, Father of modern dairy technology.
1804 President Thomas Jefferson delivered his
safety message to Captain Merriwether Lewis.
1806-1873 John Stuart Mill, the great contributor in
philosophy of science.
1807 Steam ship by Robert Fulton.
1809-1884 Sirus
Hall McCormick, Father
of agriculture industry.
1813-1818 Sir
Henri Bessimer, Father
of steel industry.
1814 Locomotive engine by James Watt.
1819-1880 Edwin L. Derek, Father of Petroleum industry.
1825 Railway usage began.
1830-1850 First attempt to legislate the working hours of
women and children in Great Britain.
1831-1879 James Clerk Maxwell, Electromagnetic waves which
led us to Radio and TV.
1832-1891 Nicholas August Auto discovered internal
combustion engine. Father of automobile industry. Great contribution to
industrial revolution.
1833 England, Govt. Factory Inspectorate established.
George Stephenson suggested use of
a steam whistle on locomotives.
1834 England, law enacted to provide fencing for mill gears
and shafts. Lord Ashley's Great Factory Act.
1844-1929 Karl Benz made first motor car and called Father
of motor car industry.
1845-1923 Wilhelm Rontgen, discovery of X-ray. First Nobel
Prize winner in 1901.
1847-1922 Alexander Greham Bell discovered Telephone. Called
Father of telecommunication.
1847-1931 Thomas Alva Edison, Father of electrical industry.
1847-1937 Gugli Eimo Marconi discovered wireless telegraph
and called father of wireless telegraphy.
1855 Insurance
Protection against boiler explosions was afforded in England.
1858-1913 Rudolf Diesel discovered diesel fuel and called
father of diesel industry.
1858-1932 Dr Jagdish Chandra Bose. Sensation of plant.
Cresco graph to view enlargement of plant movement.
1863-1914 Charles Martin Hall obtained pure aluminum and
called father of aluminum industry.
1864 First accident insurance policy in North America.
1865 Benzene ring structure.
1866 National Board of Fire under-writers.
1867 Massachusetts had begun to use factory inspectors.
Boiler and machinery insurance,
started in USA.
1869 Germany-Acts passed providing that all
employers furnish necessary appliances to safeguard health and life of
employees. Massachusetts (USA) established, the first state bureau of labour
statistics in order to determine the kinds and causes of accidents.
Periodic Table of elements by
Mendelif.
1870 Westing
house airbrake adopted by the railroads.
1872 First electric automatic signal installed
on the Pennsylvania rail board.
1873-1961 Lee De' Forest discovered radio and called father of radio industry.
1874 France, Law enacted providing for special inspection
service of workshops.
1876-1920 Willis Havilland Carrier discovered
airconditioning and called father of airconditioning industry.
1877 Massachusetts. Law passed compelling guarding of dangerous
moving machinery.
1879-1955 Albert Einstein. Quantum theory and principles of
relativity.
1879 Electric bulb by Thomas Alva Edison.
1880 American Society of Mechanical Engineers.
1881 American National Red Cross.
First Indian Factories Act.
1885 Germany
Alabama, passed employers' liability law.
Germany, Bismarck prepared and enacted the first Compulsory Compensation Act
for workers. This Act covered only sickness.
1887 Massachusetts passed an employers' liability law.
Ervin Schrodinger - wave mechanics.
1890 First international conference in Berlin
of 15 European States
to draw up international conventions on labour
regulations.
Establishment of International Association for
the Legal Protection of Workers, the forerunner of the ILO which was
established in 1919.
1892 Safety Department of the Joliet Works of
the Illinois Steel Company formed. This has been called "The birthplace of
the American industrial accident prevention movement". The first safety
order was the inspection of all engine flywheels.
1893 Federal Safety Appliance Act required use
of standard safety equipment on railroad.
1896 National Fire Protection Association
(NFPA), USA.
Radioactive elements by Cury
couple.
1900 US Census of 1900 showed 1750178 working children
between 10 to 15 years. Quantum theory by Mex Planck. First safety periodical
'Safety Maintenance' published by Alfred M. Best company.
1901 National Bureau of Standards.
1903 First steel passenger car constructed.
Demands of industrial workers were considered in Russia.
1905 Extension of Quantum theory by Einsteine.
1907 Quarterly of the National Fire Protection
Association published by NFPA.
1908 Transportation of Dangerous Explosives
Act passed.
1909 Aeroplane by Orvil and Vilbar Right
brothers.
First National Conference on
Industrial Diseases held.
1910 The
oldest large Occupational Health Institute "The Clinica del Lavoro"
in Milan.
1911 New Jersey First State Workmen's
compensation law passed.
California passed the first American law for the
compulsory reporting of occupational diseases.
American Museum of Safety.
Ernest Rutherford - Concept of Nucleus and
electron in atom; alpha, beta and gamma rays and many inventions on atomic
energy.
1912 Discovery of Thorium, Polonium and Radium
by Madam Curry.
1913 Bureau of Labour Statistics.
'Safety' published by
the American Museum of Safety.
Atomic structure, Nuclear structure
and Atomic Model by Nisbohr.
National Safety Council was founded
in USA.
1914 The first World-War started accelerating
industrialization and need of safety.
The first safety of life at sea
convention held in London.
1915 American Society of Safety.
Elliptical motion
of electrons by Summerfield.
1918 Air Mail Service started.
1919 National Railroad
Accident Prevention Drive inaugurated.
National Safety News published by the National
Safety Council. Then many other publications-started in the subsequent years by
NSC (USA).
International Labour Organi-sation (ILO) was
established at Geneva, Switzerland. Hours of Work (Industry), ILO Con.l,
Unemployment Con.2, Recom 1, Maternity Protection Con.S, Night Work (Women)
Con:4, Minimum Age (Industry) Con.5, Night Work of Young Persons (Industry)
Con.6, Anthrax prevention Recom 3, Lead ' Poisoning Recom 4, .Labour Inspection
Recom 5, White Phosphorous Recom 6
1921 ILO at Geneva set up a safety service. White Lead, ILO Con.
13, Weekly Rest (Industry) Con. 14.
1922 Greenburg and Smith introduced the
impinger, a dust sampling device, which resulted in the impinger method
becoming the standard for the US Bureau of Mines and the Public Health Service.
1923 Labour Inspection ILO Recom 20
1925 Workmen's Compensation ILO Con. 17 to 19
and Recom 22 to 25.
1926 Bensol, Poisoning study.
4:1 accident cost ratio presented
by H.W. Heinrich.
First rocket fly.
1927 A study of the relation between safety
and production was made by the American Engineering Council in 1926 and 1927.
1928 First National Aromatic Safety Conference
held in America.
American Standards Association.
Functioning of International Commission on Radiological
Protection (ICRP).
1929 The US Load Line Act passed to prevent overloading of
cargo under various conditions.
The foundation of a major injury ratio 30029-1
indicated by H.W. Heinrich. Peniciline by Alexander Flemming.
Prevention of Industrial Accidents ILO Recom 31
Power driven machinery, ILO Recom 32
1930 First Greater New York Safety Conference
held in New
York city.
It was a one day session with 900 attendence.
1930-1934 The ILO published its first Encyclopedia
"Occupation and Health", the value of which was widely recognized.
1934 Bureau of Labour Standards.
Workmen's Compensation revised, ILO
1908 The Air Hygiene Foundation was created to
conduct scientific studies to prevent occupational diseases and industrial
health. 40 Hours Week, ILO Con. 47.
1936 Holidays
with Pay, ILO Con. 52, Recom 47.
1937 Automotive Safety Foundation.
National Committee on Films for Safety. Safety
Provisions (Building), ILO Con.62, Recom 53 to 56.
1938 Centre for Safety Education.
Nuclear Fission of Uranium by Farmy
and Han.
1939 American Industrial Hygiene Association.
Labour Inspectorates, ILO Recom 59.
1940-150 Inclusion of Modern Defense Equipment viz..
Radar, jet aircraft, missiles, atom
bomb, computer etc.
1941 Industrial Hygiene Departments set up in
33 States (USA).
The Accident Cause Code was completed by USA. This code introduced an era of accident cause standardization in USA overcoming a weakness in industrial accident
prevention that had long existed. National Bureau for Industrial Protection (USA).
1944 Medical Care, ILO Recom 69.
1945 Solid State Transistor by Bell Telephone Laboratories of America. Ultimately this solid state electronics has now
come upto the stage of microelectronics using silicon chips and integrated
circuits.
America threw atom bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki of Japan causing @ 1,20,000 deaths
and more injuries in Aug 1945.
Tata Institute of Fundamental Research in atomic
energy at Bombay.
DGFASLT. i.e. Directorate General. Factory Advice
Service and Labour Institute was set up at Delhi. It was shifted toBomba) (the CLI building) in
1966.
Foundation of International Air
Transport Association (IATA) in Switzerland.
1946 Medical Examination of young person?
(Industry & Non-industry), ILO Con.77-79 and Recom 79.
The oldest Occupational Health
Service ii France. Then in Japan in 1947.
1947 Establishment, of
International Organisation for Standardi-sation (ISO) by ILO on 24-2-1947. ISO, work is carried out through some 2000
technical bodies and 100000 experts from all over the world More than 4000
International Standard have been published in some 30000 pages Labour
Inspection, ILO Con. 81,85, Recom 81, 82.
ILO
conference adopted the
first International Standards Concerning the organisation of labour
inspection. Atomic Energy Commission (USA).
1948 Declaration of Industrial Policy for
small scale industries and public sectors on 6-41948.
Atomic Energy Commission.
1949 The first national Ergonomics Research
Society in UK.
The ILO published a model code of Safety
Regulations for Industrial Establishments for the guidance of Governments and
Industry.
1950-60 Establishment of Indian Institutes of
Technology at Kharagpur, Bombay, Madras, Delhi and Kanpur, Defense organization. Council of Scientific and Industrial
Research and Department of Technology in our country.
1952 Pesticides manufacturing started in India. Social Security (Minimum Standards) ILO Con.102
1953 Protection of workers health, ILO Recom
97 (It includes technical as well as medical measures and compulsory
notification of occupational diseases).
1954 Atomic battery (giving crores of
electrons per second on transistor wafer) by USA. Atomic Energy Centre was established at Trombay
in Bombay. This was renamed as Bhabha Atomic Research
Centre in 1967.
1955 Dr. Bhabha was selected as President of
the conference on the Peaceful Uses of Atomic Energy at Geneva.
1956 Our first nuclear reactor 'Apsara', the
first in Asia also.
Welfare facilities, ILO Recom 102
1957 Sputnic
the first satellite in the sk/ by Russia.
Formation of International Committee for Lifts
Regulations (CIRA) in Switzerland. International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) came
into existence on 29-7-1957 by the statute of United Nations.
1958 Defense Research and Development
Organisation. Approval of National Policy on Scientific Research and
Development by the Parliament on 4-3-58.
1959 Occupational Health Service, ILO Recom
112.
Birth of International Ergonomics Association
(IEA) on 6-4-1959 in Oxford. International Occupational Safety and Health Information
Centre (CIS) was set up by the ILO Office in May 1959 to collect, disseminate,
co-ordinate and distribute world-wide information on occupational safety and
health. The service was computerised since 1974. Direct access to CIS data via
display terminals and variety of publications are available.
1960 The
Regional Labou" Institute (RLI), Madras was set up.
Radiation Protection, ILO Con.llS,
Recom 114.
1961 The Central Labour Institute (CLI) started
in a rented building in 1961 and shifted to its Sion-Bombay premises in
1966.
1962 The Regional Labour Institute (RLI), Kanpur was set up.
1963 Guarding of Machinery, ILO Con.ll9, Recom
118.
1964 Hygiene (Commerce & Offices) ILO
Con.l20, Recom 120. Employment Injury Benefit
ILO Con. 121 Recom 121.
1965 The Regional Labour Institute (RLI), Calcutta was set up. Formation of International Agency
for Research on Cancer by WHO.
Medical examination of young persons (underground
work) ILO Con. 124.
1966 The National Safety Council (NSC) was
established on 4th March 1966, at CLI Building, Sion,
Bombay-22. In this remembrance, 4th March is celebrated as
the National Safety Day in our country.
Electronics Committee at the Chairmanship of Dr.
Vikram Sarabhai.
First tidal electric plant in France giving 5000 Kwh electricity per year.
Foundation of the International Radiation 1978 Protection Asso-ciation (IRPA) in France.
1967 Maximum
Weight, ILO Con.l27, Recom 128.
1968 Two
conventions on Road Traffic and Road Signs and Signals in Vienna.
Agreement on the International Transport of
Dangerous Goods by Road (ADR) came into force on 29-1-1968 at Geneva.
1969 Atomic Power Station at Tarapur in Maharashtra.
Apollo - II landed on the moon with
three scientists, on 21-7-69..
DAE-NASA Satellite - I TV experiment. Report of
the National Commission of Labour, India, 1969.
Medical care and Sickness benefits, ILO Con. 130,
Recom 134.
A meeting of editors and users of occupational
safety and health periodicals from 21 countries at Geneva on 7-8 July 1969.
1970 Establishment of International Nuclear
Information System (INIS) by the IAEA started in 1957.
1971 Electronics Commission
under the President ship of Dr.
Menon.
The Division of Nuclear Safety and Environment
Protection started as a division of IAEA.
Starting of programme of evaluation of chemical
carcinogenic risk to humans. Starting of Science and Technology Department by
the Central Government. Benzene, ILO Con.l36, Recom 144.
1972 Foundation of International Association
of Labour Inspection (IALI) in Switzerland.
1974 Atomic explosion (experiment) in the desert of Rajasthan.
Occupational Cancer, ILO Con.139,
Recom 147.
1975 Combination of two space shuttles Apollo
(USA) and Soyuz (USSR) in the sky.
1976 Landing of Viking-1 & 2 (USA) on the Mars. Launching of PIACT (International
Programme for the Improvement of working conditions and environments).
Legislation - The Toxic Substances Control Act 1976 (TSCA) in USA.
International Occupational Safety and Health
Hazard Alert System was adopted by the International Labour conference.
1977 Gujarat
Safety Council was registered on 52-1977 at Vadodara.
Working Environment (Air pollution, Noise and Vibration)
ILO , Con.148, Recom 156.
1978 International conference on primary
health care sponsored by WHO & UNICEF on 129-78.
Labour Administration, ILO Con.150, Recom 158.
Identification
of 4039907 chemical compounds by the American Chemical
Society's Chemical Abstract Service (CAS).
1979 Occupational Safety & Health, Dock
Work, ILO Con.l52, Recom 160, Hours of Work & Rest Periods (Road Transport)
ILO Con.l53, Recom 161.
Publication of Initial Chemical substances
inventory listing 44000 chemicals, by USA.
1980 The International Programme on Chemical
Safety (IPCS) became operational in June 1980, at WHO Head quarters. It is a
cooperative venture by UNEP (United Nations Environment Programme), ILO and
WHO.
1981 Occupational Safety & Health, ILO,
Con.l55, Recom 164.
1982 Maintenance of Social Security Rights,
ILO Con.l57. Recom 167.
1985 Labour statistics, ILO, Con.l60. Recom
170. 1996 Occupational Health
Services, ILO Con. 161, Recom 171, World Environment (1985), a brochure
published by Loksabha, warned about environmental problems. 'Tlie State of India's Environment 1984-85, i.e. the Second Citizen's
Report' also threw light on tremendous loss of environment and 1997 human health in our country (see
Chap-1).
1986 Asbestos, ILO Con.l62, Recom 172. The
Environment (Protection) Act, 1986.
1987 Vital amendments in the Factories Act,
1948 owing to Bhopal disaster.
1988 Safety and Health in Construction, ILO
Con.l67, Recom 175.
1990 The Chemicals, ILO Con.l70, Recom 177.
Night Work, ILO Con. 171, Recom 178.
1993 Prevention of Major Industrial Accident,
ILO Con.l74, Recom 181.
1995 Safety & Health in Mines, ILO Con.l76
Recom 183. Vital amendments in the
Gujarat Factories Rules,
1963, in consequence to the 1987
amendment in the Factories Act.
1996 'Down to Earth' report of 15-10-96, warned about environmental losses, air and
water pollution and danger to human health (see Chap-1).
'Greenpeace international' report of 10-12-96 threw light on unsafe conditions of our
industries and dangers due to chemicals. 3
1997 Landing of arobotic spacecraft.
Pathfinder on 4-7-1997, on the red planet Mars by the NASA, USA.
Launching of a Satellite IRS-ID by
ISRO on 29-9-1997.
1998 IS:14489
- Code of
Practice on Occupational Safety
and Health Audit.
1999 Launching of a Commercial Telecom
Satellite INSET-2E by ISRO on 3-4-1999.
2001 Safety and Health in Agriculture Con.
184, Recom 192.
2002 List of Occupational Diseases, Recom 194.
2004 HRD Recom 195.
2006 IS : 15656 Hazard Identification and Risk
Analysis.
Reference
and Recommended Reading
1. Industrial
Accident Prevention. H.W. Heinrich,
2. Encyclopedia
of Occupational Health and Safety, ILO, Geneva, Switzerland.
3. Accident
Prevention Manual for Industrial Operations, NSC, USA.
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