Environmental Monitoring Stations/ Monitoring of Indian National Aquatic Resource

Environmental Monitoring Stations/ Monitoring of Indian National Aquatic Resource
Introduction CPCB in collaboration with concerned SPCBs/PCCs established a nationwide network of water quality monitoring comprising 2500 stations in 28 States and 6 Union Territories. The monitoring is done on monthly or quarterly basis in surface waters and on half yearly basis in case of ground water. The monitoring network covers 445 Rivers, 154 Lakes, 12 Tanks, 78 Ponds, 41 Creeks/Seawater, 25 Canals, 45 Drains, 10 Water Treatment Plant (Raw Water) and 807 Wells. Among the 2500 stations, 1275 are on rivers, 190 on lakes, 45 on drains, 41 on canals, 12 on tanks, 41 on  creeks/seawater, 79 on ponds, 10 Water Treatment Plant (Raw Water) and 807 are groundwater stations National Water Quality Monitoring Network. Presently the inland water quality-monitoring network is operated under a three-tier programme i.e. Global Environment Monitoring System (GEMS), Monitoring of Indian National Aquatic Resources System (MINARS) and Yamuna Action Plan (YAP). Water samples are being analysed for 28 parameters consisting of 9 core parameters, 19 other physico-chemical and bacteriological parameters apart from the field observations. Besides this, 9 trace metals and 15 pesticides are also analysed in selected samples. Biomonitoring is also carried out on specific locations. In view of limited resources, limited numbers of organic pollution related parameters are monitored i.e. micro pollutants (Toxic Metals & POPs) are analysed once in a year to assess the water quality. The water quality data are reported in Water Quality Status Year Book. National Water Quality at a Glance  The water quality data on rivers, lakes, ponds, tanks and groundwater locations being monitored under the network is evaluated against the water quality criteria and the monitoring locations in exceedence with respect to one or more parameters are identified as polluted, which requires action for restoration of water quality. The locations on rivers, lakes, ponds, tanks and groundwater not meeting the criteria are summarized ahead. The comparative assessment of rivers exceeding BOD levels are compared with the observations of 2010. The BOD concentration level has increasing trend in 64 rivers and decreasing trend in 59 rivers however River Purna (Tapi) has seen no change in BOD level (Table - I).                              Table-I: Comparative Assessment of BOD levels in River River B.O.D. (mg/l) Trend River B.O.D. (mg/l) Trend 2011 2010 2011 2010 Kala Amb 535.0 1025.0 Decreasing Ghaggar 68.0 70.0 Decreasing Kundalika 12.0 250 Decreasing Amravati (Tapi) 10.0 12.0 Derecasing Hindon 50.0 278 Decreasing Girna 10.0 12.0 Decreasing Khan 1.3 120 Decreasing Gomai 8.0 10.0 Decreasing Bhavani 6.2 93.0 Decreasing Wena 12.0 13.6 Decreasing Mula 19.5 88.5 Decreasing Gomti 10.5 12.0 Decreasing Mula-Mutha 21.5 79.0 Decreasing Hiwara 8.0 9.0 Decreasing Mutha 23.5 68.0 Decreasing Kalisot 5.4 6.4 Decreasing Yamuna 41.0 84.0 Decreasing Nira (Godavari) 8.5 9.2 Decreasing Pawana 19.5 58.0 Decreasing Kharkhla 7.5 7.8 Decreasing Indrayani 13.0 46.0 Decreasing Purna (Tapi) 14.0 14.0 Same Varuna 27.6 54.0 Decreasing Umtrew 8.8 8.5 Increasing Godavari 37.0 60 Decreasing Bindusar 7.4 7.0 Increasing Urmodi 7.5 28.7 Decreasing Bichia 8.5 8 Increasing Venna 10.0 30.0 Decreasing Mahananda 6.6 5.5 Increasing Cauvery 7.2 27.0 Decreasing Kansi 6.1 4.9 Increasing Kathajodi 3.9 22.5 Decreasing Brahmani 6.8 5.6 Increasing Bhima 22.0 38.5 Decreasing Chandrabhaga 10.5 9.2 Increasing Wainganga 12.0 28.0 Decreasing Koyna 9.0 7.5 Increasing Nira (Krishna) 13.0 28.0 Decreasing Kuakhai 6.5 5 Increasing Morna 6.6 20.0 Decreasing Sonai 6.0 4.5 Increasing Mahanadi 3.6 14.3 Decreasing Pennar 6.0 4.4 Increasing Rapti 7.5 18.0 Decreasing Teesta 6.2 4.4 Increasing Kolar 8.0 18.0 Decreasing Darna 12.0 10.0 Increasing Bharalu 50.0 58 Decreasing Waghur 10.0 8.0 Increasing Satluj 32.0 40.0 Decreasing Damodar 7.8 5.8 Increasing Panzara 10.0 18.0 Decreasing Burhidihing 9.8 7.8 Increasing Mor 7.0 14.0 Decreasing Surya 7.0 4.4 Increasing Manjira 7.6 14.0 Decreasing Digboi 7.0 4.3 Increasing Purna (Godavari) 7.7 14.0 Decreasing Brahmaputra 9.2 6.3 Increasing Chambal 42.0 48 Decreasing Kshipra 28.0 25 Increasing Kan 10.0 16.0 Decreasing Nakkavagu 18.0 15.0 Increasing Tapi 10.0 16.0 Decreasing Vel 14.0 11.0 Increasing Malei 1.2 6 Decreasing Karola 6.1 3.1 Increasing Assonora 2.3 7.0 Decreasing Disang 6.3 3.2 Increasing Bicholim 3.9 8.1 Decreasing Chuntkol 7.0 3.8 Increasing Kali (M&M) 4.3 8.4 Decreasing Maner 9.5 6.0 Increasing Ganga 11.0 15.0 Decreasing Sina 12.2 8.4 Increasing Titur 10.0 14.0 Decreasing Ramganga 12.4 8.6 Increasing Bori 8.0 12.0 Decreasing Rihand 7.2 2.9 Increasing Burai 8.0 12.0 Decreasing Dhansiri 6.8 2.4 Increasing Deepar Bill 6.4 10.4 Decreasing Tambiraparani 8.0 3.1 Increasing Mindhola 4.0 8 Decreasing Patalganga 16.0 11.0 Increasing Dwarka 12.2 15.4 Decreasing Tungabhadra 8.2 3.0 Increasing Dhadar 19.0 22 Decreasing Krishna 16.0 10.0 Increasing Kanhan 11.0 14.0 Decreasing Penganga 15.0 9.0 Increasing Ghod 10.5 13.5 Decreasing Kadambayar 9.4 3.4 Increasing Shivna 4.0 7 Decreasing Vaitarna 10.0 3.5 Increasing Karmana 18.0 20.4 Decreasing Bhatsa 10.0 3.4 Increasing Sirsa 15.0 8.0 Increasing Pedhi 46.0 16.4 Increasing Tansa 11.0 4.0 Increasing Thirumanimuthar 83.7 54.0 Increasing Manusmar 10.0 2.7 Increasing Musi 145.0 110.0 Increasing Suswa 38.0 30.0 Increasing Panchaganga 67.5 28.0 Increasing Harbora 12.0 3.5 Increasing Churni 64.0 3.7 Increasing Kalu 15.0 4.0 Increasing Sarabanga 85.0 5.6 Increasing Nambul 30.5 19 Increasing Kali (W) 369.0 287 Increasing Ram Rekha 15.0 3.5 Increasing Matha Bhanga 90.0 5.4 Increasing Kalinadi (E) 161.0 146 Increasing Wardha 110.0 25.0 Increasing Budhabalanga 22.0 2.2 Increasing Mithi 175.0 75.0 Increasing Vindyadhari 26.8 6.6 Increasing Damanganga 354.0 32 Increasing Betwa 104.0 78 Increasing Vasista 340.0 5.0 Increasing Jalangi 28.0 1.9 Increasing Savitri 525.0 5.4 Increasing Water Quality Trend The water quality monitoring results obtained during 1995 to 2011 indicate that the organic and bacterial contamination are continued to be critical in water bodies. This is mainly due to discharge of domestic wastewater mostly in untreated form from the urban centres of the country. The municipal corporations at large are not able to treat increasing the load of municipal sewage flowing into water bodies without treatment. Secondly the receiving water bodies also do not have adequate water for dilution. Therefore, the oxygen demand and bacterial pollution is increasing day by day. This is mainly responsible for water borne diseases. The water quality monitoring results were analysed with respect to indicator of oxygen consuming substances (Bio-chemical demand) and indicator of pathogenic bacteria (total colliform and faecal colliform). The result of such analysis shows that there is gradual degradation in water quality. The number of observations having BOD and coliform density has increased during 1995 to 2011. The water quality status for the period 1995 to 2011 in terms of number of observations having values of parameters in different ranges are given in the figure 2 to figure 4. Figure 2: Water Quality Trend (BOD, mg/l) Figure 3: Water Quality Trend (Total Coliform, MPN/100 ml) Figure 4: Water Quality Trend (Faecal Coliform, MPN/100 ml) The numbers of observed BOD values less than 3 mg/l were between 57-69% during year 1995 to 2011. The maximum value of 69% was observed during 2007. It was observed that there was a gradual decrease in number of observations having BOD < 3. The number of observed BOD values ranges from 3-6 mg/l was between 17-28% during year 1995 to 2011, the maximum value of 28% was observed in the year 1998. It was observed that there was a gradual decrease in number of observations having BOD between 3-6 mg/l. The numbers of observed BOD value> 6 mg/l were between 13 and 19% during year 1995-2011 and the maximum value of 19% was observed in the year 2001 and 2002. It was observed that there was a gradual decrease and in 2011 the percentage observation was 18 % having BOD >6. The numbers of observed TC values < 500 MPN/100 ml were between 44-63% during 1995-2011. The highest percentage of observations was observed as 63% in year 1999 which decreases to 50% during 2011. The numbers of observed TC values ranges from 500-5000 were between 28-39% during year 1995-2011 the maximum value of 39% was observed in 2010. The numbers of observed TC values > 5000 were between 9-24% during year 1995-2011. Minimum value of 9% was observed during the year 1999. The maximum value of 24% was observed in the year 2006. During 2011 it was observed as 14% indicating decreasing trend. The numbers of observed FC values <500 MPN/100 ml was between 48-70% during year 1995-2011. The maximum value of 70% was observed in the year 2009. The numbers of observed FC values ranges from 500-5000 MPN/100 ml was between 20-35% during year 1995 to 2011.  The maximum value of 35% was observed in the year 1999, which decreases to 21% in the year 2011. The numbers of observed FC values > 5000 MPN/100 ml was between 7-21% during year 1995-2011.  The maximum value of 21% was observed in 2006, which decreases to 10% in the year 2011. Water Quality trend of BOD in Rivers The Water Quality trend of BOD in River Ganga, Yamuna, Sabarmati, Mahi, Tapi, Narmada, Godavari, Krishna, Cauvery, Mahanadi, Brahmani, Baitarni, Subarnarekha, Brahmaputra, Satluj, Beas, Pennar and Ghaggar depicting the data from 2002 to 2011 is presented in figure 5 to 21. Figure 5: Water Quality Trend of BOD in River Ganga Figure 6: Water Quality Trend of BOD in River Yamuna Figure 7: Water Quality Trend of BOD in River Sabarmati Figure 8: Water Quality Trend of BOD in River Mahi Figure 9: Water Quality Trend of BOD in River Tapi Figure 10: Water Quality Trend of BOD in River Narmada Figure 11: Water Quality Trend of BOD in River Godavari Figure 12: Water Quality Trend of BOD in River Krishna Figure 13: Water Quality Trend of BOD in River Cauvery Figure 14:  Water Quality Trend of BOD in River Mahanadi Figure 15: Water Quality Trend of BOD in River Brahmani Figure 16:  Water Quality Trend of BOD in River Baitarni Figure 17:  Water Quality Trend of BOD in River Subarnarekha        Figure 18:  Water Quality Trend of BOD in River Brahmaputra Figure 19: Water Quality Trend of BOD in River Satluj Figure 20: Water Quality Trend of BOD in River Beas Figure 21: Water Quality Trend of BOD in River Pennar