Personal
Protective Equipment
U.S. Department of Labor
Occupational Safety and Health
Administration
OSHA 3151-12R
2003
2003
Contents
- Introduction
- The Requirement for PPE
- The Hazard Assessment
- Selecting PPE
- Training Employees in the Proper Use of PPE
- Eye and Face Protection
- Prescription Lenses
- Eye Protection for Exposed Workers
- Types of Eye Protection
- Welding Operations
- Laser Operations
- Head Protection
- Types of Hard Hats
- Size and Care Considerations
- Foot and Leg Protection
- Special Purpose Shoes
- Foundry Shoes
- Care of Protective Footwear
- Hand and Arm Protection
- Types of Protective Gloves
- Leather, Canvas or Metal Mesh Gloves
- Fabric and Coated Fabric Gloves
- Chemical- and Liquid-Resistant Gloves
- Care of Protective Gloves
- Body Protection
- Hearing Protection
- OSHA Assistance
- Safety and Health Program Management Guidelines
- State Programs
- Consultation Services
- Voluntary Protection Programs (VPP)
- Strategic Partnership Program
- Alliance Programs
- OSHA Training and Education
- Information Available Electronically
- OSHA Publications
- Contacting OSHA
- OSHA Regional Offices
- List of Tables
- Table 1: Filter Lenses for Protection Against Radiant Energy
- Table 2: Construction Industry Requirements for Filter Lens Shade Numbers for Protection Against Radiant Energy
- Table 3: Selecting Laser Safety Glass
- Table 4: Chemical Resistance Selection Chart for Protective Gloves
- Table 5: Permissible Noise Exposures
- Appendix A: OSHA Standards that Require PPE
Introduction
Hazards exist in every workplace in
many different forms: sharp edges, falling objects, flying sparks, chemicals,
noise and a myriad of other potentially dangerous situations. The Occupational
Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) requires that employers protect their
employees from workplace hazards that can cause injury.
Controlling a hazard at its source
is the best way to protect employees. Depending on the hazard or workplace
conditions, OSHA recommends the use of engineering or work practice controls to
manage or eliminate hazards to the greatest extent possible. For example,
building a barrier between the hazard and the employees is an engineering
control; changing the way in which employees perform their work is a work
practice control.
When engineering, work practice and
administrative controls are not feasible or do not provide sufficient
protection, employers must provide personal protective equipment (PPE) to their
employees and ensure its use. Personal protective equipment, commonly referred to
as "PPE", is equipment worn to minimize exposure to a variety of
hazards. Examples of PPE include such items as gloves, foot and eye protection,
protective hearing devices (earplugs, muffs) hard hats, respirators and full
body suits.
This guide will help both employers
and employees do the following:
- Understand the types of PPE
- Know the basics of conducting a "hazard assessment" of the workplace.
- Select appropriate PPE for a variety of circumstances.
- Understand what kind of training is needed in the proper use and care of PPE.
The information in this guide is
general in nature and does not address all workplace hazards or PPE
requirements. The information, methods and procedures in this guide are based
on the OSHA requirements for PPE as set forth in the Code of Federal Regulations
(CFR) at 29 CFR 1910.132 (General requirements); 29 CFR 1910.133 (Eye and face
protection); 29 CFR 1910.135 (Head protection); 29 CFR 1910.136 (Foot
protection); 29 CFR 1910. 137 (Electrical protective equipment); 29 CFR
1910.138 (Hand protection); and regulations that cover the construction
industry, at 29 CFR 1926.95 (Criteria for personal protective equipment); 29
CFR 1926.96 (Occupational foot protection); 29 CFR 1926.100 (Head protection);
29 CFR 1926.101 (Hearing protection); and 29 CFR 1926.102 (Eye and face
protection); and for the maritime industry at 29 CFR 1915.152 (General
requirements); 29 CFR 1915.153 (Eye and face protection); 29 CFR 1915.155 (Head
protection); 29 CFR 1915.156 (Foot protection); and 29 CFR 1915.157 (Hand and
body protection).
This guide does not address PPE
requirements related to respiratory protection (29 CFR 1910.134) as this
information is covered in detail in OSHA Publication 3079, "Respiratory
Protection". There is a brief discussion of hearing protection in this publication
but users should refer to OSHA Publication 3074, "Hearing
Conservation" for more detailed information on the requirements to protect
employees' hearing in the workplace.
The
Requirement for PPE
To ensure the greatest possible
protection for employees in the workplace, the cooperative efforts of both
employers and employees will help in establishing and maintaining a safe and
healthful work environment.
In general, employers are
responsible for:
- Performing a "hazard assessment" of the workplace to identify and control physical and health hazards.
- Identifying and providing appropriate PPE for employees.
- Training employees in the use and care of the PPE.
- Maintaining PPE, including replacing worn or damaged PPE.
- Periodically reviewing, updating and evaluating the effectiveness of the PPE program.
In general, employees should:
- Properly wear PPE,
- Attend training sessions on PPE,
- Care for, clean and maintain PPE, and
- Inform a supervisor of the need to repair or replace PPE.
Specific requirements for PPE are
presented in many different OSHA standards, published in 29 CFR. Some standards
require that employers provide PPE at no cost to the employee while others
simply state that the employer must provide PPE. Appendix A at page 40 lists
those standards that require the employer to provide PPE and those that require
the employer to provide PPE at no cost to the employee.
The
Hazard Assessment
Specific requirements for PPE are
presented in many different OSHA standards, published in 29 CFR. Some standards
require that employers provide PPE at no cost to the employee while others
simply state that the employer must provide PPE. Appendix A at page 40 lists
those standards that require the employer to provide PPE and those that require
the employer to provide PPE at no cost to the employee.
The hazard assessment should begin
with a walk-through survey of the facility to develop a list of potential
hazards in the following basic hazard categories:
- Impact,
- Penetration,
- Compression (roll-over),
- Chemical,
- Heat/cold,
- Harmful dust,
- Light (optical) radiation, and
- Biologic.
In addition to noting the basic
layout of the facility and reviewing any history of occupational illnesses or
injuries, things to look for during the walk-through survey include:
- Sources of electricity.
- Sources of motion such as machines or processes where movement may exist that could result in an impact between personnel and equipment.
- Sources of high temperatures that could result in burns, eye injuries or fire.
- Types of chemicals used in the workplace.
- Sources of harmful dusts.
- Sources of light radiation, such as welding, brazing, cutting, furnaces, heat treating, high intensity lights, etc.
- The potential for falling or dropping objects.
- Sharp objects that could poke, cut, stab or puncture.
- Biologic hazards such as blood or other potentially infected material.
When the walk-through is complete,
the employer should organize and analyze the data so that it may be efficiently
used in determining the proper types of PPE required at the worksite. The employer
should become aware of the different types of PPE available and the levels of
protection offered. It is definitely a good idea to select PPE that will
provide a level of protection greater than the minimum required to protect
employees from hazards.
The workplace should be periodically
reassessed for any changes in conditions, equipment or operating procedures
that could affect occupational hazards. This periodic reassessment should also
include a review of injury and illness records to spot any trends or areas of
concern and taking appropriate corrective action. The suitability of existing
PPE, including an evaluation of its condition and age, should be included in
the reassessment.
Documentation of the hazard
assessment is required through a written certification that includes the
following information:
- Identification of the workplace evaluated;
- Name of the person conducting the assessment;
- Date of the assessment; and
- Identification of the document certifying completion of the hazard assessment.
Selecting
PPE
All PPE clothing and equipment
should be of safe design and construction, and should be maintained in a clean
and reliable fashion. Employers should take the fit and comfort of PPE into
consideration when selecting appropriate items for their workplace. PPE that
fits well and is comfortable to wear will encourage employee use of PPE. Most
protective devices are available in multiple sizes and care should be taken to
select the proper size for each employee. If several different types of PPE are
worn together, make sure they are compatible. If PPE does not fit properly, it
can make the difference between being safely covered or dangerously exposed. It
may not provide the level of protection desired and may discourage employee
use.
OSHA requires that many categories
of PPE meet or be equivalent to standards developed by the American National
Standards Institute (ANSI). ANSI has been preparing safety standards since the
1920s, when the first safety standard was approved to protect the heads and eyes
of industrial workers. Employers who need to provide PPE in the categories
listed below must make certain that any new equipment procured meets the cited
ANSI standard. Existing PPE stocks must meet the ANSI standard in effect at the
time of its manufacture or provide protection equivalent to PPE manufactured to
the ANSI criteria. Employers should inform employees who provide their own PPE
of the employer's selection decisions and ensure that any employee-owned PPE
used in the workplace conforms to the employer's criteria, based on the hazard
assessment, OSHA requirements and ANSI standards. OSHA requires PPE to meet the
following ANSI standards:
- Eye and Face Protection: ANSI Z87.1-1989 (USA Standard for Occupational and Educational Eye and Face Protection).
- Head Protection: ANSI Z89.1-1986.
- Foot Protection: ANSI Z41.1-1991.
For hand protection, there is no
ANSI standard for gloves but OSHA recommends that selection be based upon the
tasks to be performed and the performance and construction characteristics of
the glove material. For protection against chemicals, glove selection must be
based on the chemicals encountered, the chemical resistance and the physical
properties of the glove material.
Training
Employees in the Proper Use of PPE
Employers are required to train each
employee who must use PPE. Employees must be trained to know at least the
following:
- When PPE is necessary.
- What PPE is necessary.
- How to properly put on, take off, adjust and wear the PPE.
- The limitations of the PPE.
- Proper care, maintenance, useful life and disposal of PPE.
Employers should make sure that each
employee demonstrates an understanding of the PPE training as well as the
ability to properly wear and use PPE before they are allowed to perform work
requiring the use of the PPE. If an employer believes that a previously trained
employee is not demonstrating the proper understanding and skill level in the
use of PPE, that employee should receive retraining. Other situations that
require additional or retraining of employees include the following
circumstances: changes in the workplace or in the type of required PPE that
make prior training obsolete.
The employer must document the
training of each employee required to wear or use PPE by preparing a
certification containing the name of each employee trained, the date of
training and a clear identification of the subject of the certification.
Eye
and Face Protection
Employees can be exposed to a large
number of hazards that pose danger to their eyes and face. OSHA requires
employers to ensure that employees have appropriate eye or face protection if
they are exposed to eye or face hazards from flying particles, molten metal,
liquid chemicals, acids or caustic liquids, chemical gases or vapors,
potentially infected material or potentially harmful light radiation.
Many occupational eye injuries occur
because workers are not wearing any eye protection while others result from
wearing improper or poorly fitting eye protection. Employers must be sure that
their employees wear appropriate eye and face protection and that the selected
form of protection is appropriate to the work being performed and properly fits
each worker exposed to the hazard.
Prescription
Lenses
Everyday use of prescription
corrective lenses will not provide adequate protection against most
occupational eye and face hazards, so employers must make sure that employees
with corrective lenses either wear eye protection that incorporates the
prescription into the design or wear additional eye protection over their
prescription lenses. It is important to ensure that the protective eyewear does
not disturb the proper positioning of the prescription lenses so that the
employee's vision will not be inhibited or limited. Also, employees who wear
contact lenses must wear eye or face PPE when working in hazardous conditions.
Eye
Protection for Exposed Workers
OSHA suggests that eye protection be
routinely considered for use by carpenters, electricians, machinists,
mechanics, millwrights, plumbers and pipefitters, sheetmetal workers and
tinsmiths, assemblers, sanders, grinding machine operators, sawyers, welders,
laborers, chemical process operators and handlers, and timber cutting and
logging workers. Employers of workers in other job categories should decide
whether there is a need for eye and face PPE through a hazard assessment.
Examples of potential eye or face
injuries include:
- Dust, dirt, metal or wood chips entering the eye from activities such as chipping, grinding, sawing, hammering, the use of power tools or even strong wind forces.
- Chemical splashes from corrosive substances, hot liquids, solvents or other hazardous solutions.
- Objects swinging into the eye or face, such as tree limbs, chains, tools or ropes.
- Radiant energy from welding, harmful rays from the use of lasers or other radiant light (as well as heat, glare, sparks, splash and flying particles).
Types
of Eye Protection
Selecting the most suitable eye and
face protection for employees should take into consideration the following
elements:
- Ability to protect against specific workplace hazards.
- Should fit properly and be reasonably comfortable to wear.
- Should provide unrestricted vision and movement.
- Should be durable and cleanable.
- Should allow unrestricted functioning of any other required PPE.
The eye and face protection selected
for employee use must clearly identify the manufacturer. Any new eye and face
protective devices must comply with ANSI Z87.1-1989 or be at least as effective
as this standard requires. Any equipment purchased before this requirement took
effect on July 5, 1994, must comply with the earlier ANSI Standard (ANSI
Z87.1-1968) or be shown to be equally effective.
An employer may choose to provide
one pair of protective eyewear for each position rather than individual eyewear
for each employee. If this is done, the employer must make sure that employees
disinfect shared protective eyewear after each use. Protective eyewear with
corrective lenses may only be used by the employee for whom the corrective
prescription was issued and may not be shared among employees.
Some of the most common types of eye
and face protection include the following:
- Safety spectacles. These protective eyeglasses have safety frames constructed of metal or plastic and impact-resistant lenses. Side shields are available on some models.
- Goggles. These are tight-fitting eye protection that completely cover the eyes, eye sockets and the facial area immediately surrounding the eyes and provide protection from impact, dust and splashes. Some goggles will fit over corrective lenses.
- Welding shields. Constructed of vulcanized fiber or fiberglass and fitted with a filtered lens, welding shields protect eyes from burns caused by infrared or intense radiant light; they also protect both the eyes and face from flying sparks, metal spatter and slag chips produced during welding, brazing, soldering and cutting operations. OSHA requires filter lenses to have a shade number appropriate to protect against the specific hazards of the work being performed in order to protect against harmful light radiation.
- Laser safety goggles. These specialty goggles protect against intense concentrations of light produced by lasers. The type of laser safety goggles an employer chooses will depend upon the equipment and operating conditions in the workplace.
- Face shields. These transparent sheets of plastic extend from the eyebrows to below the chin and across the entire width of the employee's head. Some are polarized for glare protection. Face shields protect against nuisance dusts and potential splashes or sprays of hazardous liquids but will not provide adequate protection against impact hazards. Face shields used in combination with goggles or safety spectacles will provide additional protection against impact hazards.
Each type of protective eyewear is
designed to protect against specific hazards. Employers can identify the
specific workplace hazards that threaten employees' eyes and faces by
completing a hazard assessment as outlined in the earlier section.
Welding
Operations
The intense light associated with
welding operations can cause serious and sometimes permanent eye damage if
operators do not wear proper eye protection. The intensity of light or radiant
energy produced by welding, cutting or brazing operations varies according to a
number of factors including the task producing the light, the electrode size
and the arc current. The following table shows the minimum protective shades
for a variety of welding, cutting and brazing operations in general industry
and in the shipbuilding industry.
Table 1
Filter Lenses for Protection Against Radiant Energy
Filter Lenses for Protection Against Radiant Energy
Operations
|
Electrode
size in 1/32" (0.8mm)
|
Arc
current
|
Minimum*
protective shade
|
Shielded metal arc welding
|
<
3
3 - 5 5 - 8 > 8 |
<
60
60 - 160 160 - 250 250 - 550 |
7
8 10 11 |
Gas metal arc welding
and flux cored arc welding |
<
60
60 - 160 160 - 250 250 - 500 |
7
10 10 10 |
|
Gas tungsten
arc welding |
<
50
50 - 150 150 - 500 |
8
8 10 |
|
Air carbon
|
(light)
|
<
500
|
10
|
Arc cutting
|
(heavy)
|
500
- 1,000
|
11
|
Plasma arc welding
|
<
20
20 - 100 100 - 400 400 - 800 |
6
8 10 11 |
|
Plasma arc cutting
|
(light)**
(medium)** (heavy)** |
<
300
300 - 400 400 - 800 |
8
9 10 |
Torch brazing
|
3
|
||
Torch soldering
|
2
|
||
Carbon arc welding
|
14
|
||
Gas welding:
Light |
<
1/8
|
<
3.2
|
4
|
Gas welding:
Medium |
1/8
- 1/2
|
3.2
- 12.7
|
5
|
Gas welding:
Heavy |
>
1/2
|
>
12.7
|
6
|
Oxygen cutting:
Light |
<
1
|
<
25
|
3
|
Oxygen cutting: Medium
|
1
- 6
|
25
- 150
|
4
|
Oxygen cutting:
Heavy |
>
6
|
>
150
|
5
|
Source: 29 CFR 1910.133(a)(5).
* As a rule of thumb, start with a
shade that is too dark to see the weld zone. Then go to a lighter shade which
gives sufficient view of the weld zone without going below the minimum. In
oxyfuel gas welding or cutting where the torch produces a high yellow light, it
is desirable to use a filter lens that absorbs the yellow or sodium line in the
visible light of the (spectrum) operation.
** These values apply where the
actual arc is clearly seen. Experience has shown that lighter filters may be
used when the arc is hidden by the workpiece.
The construction industry has
separate requirements for filter lens protective levels for specific types of
welding operations, as indicated in the table below:
Table 2
Construction Industry Requirements for Filter Lens Shade
Numbers for Protection Against Radiant Energy
Construction Industry Requirements for Filter Lens Shade
Numbers for Protection Against Radiant Energy
Welding Operation
|
Shade
Number
|
Shielded metal-arc welding
1/16-, 3/32-, 1/8-, 5/32-inch diameter electrodes |
10
|
Gas-shielded arc welding
(nonferrous)
1/16-, 3/32-, 1/8-, 5/32-inch diameter electrodes |
11
|
Gas-shielded arc welding (ferrous)
1/16-, 3/32-, 1/8-, 5/32-inch diameter electrodes |
12
|
Shielded metal-arc welding
3/16-, 7/32-, 1/4-inch diameter electrodes |
12
|
5/16-, 3/8-inch diameter
electrodes
|
14
|
Atomic hydrogen welding
|
10
- 14
|
Carbon-arc welding
|
14
|
Soldering
|
2
|
Torch brazing
|
3
or 4
|
Light cutting, up to 1 inch
|
3
or 4
|
Medium cutting, 1 to 6 inches
|
4
or 5
|
Heavy cutting, more than 6 inches
|
5
or 6
|
Gas welding (light), up to
1/8-inch
|
4
or 5
|
Gas welding (medium), 1/8- to
1/2-inch
|
5
or 6
|
Gas welding (heavy), more than
1/2-inch
|
6
or 8
|
Source: 29 CFR 1926.102(b)(1).
Laser
Operations
Laser light radiation can be
extremely dangerous to the unprotected eye and direct or reflected beams can
cause permanent eye damage. Laser retinal burns can be painless, so it is
essential that all personnel in or around laser operations wear appropriate eye
protection.
Laser safety goggles should protect
for the specific wavelength of the laser and must be of sufficient optical
density for the energy involved. Safety goggles intended for use with laser
beams must be labeled with the laser wavelengths for which they are intended to
be used, the optical density of those wavelengths and the visible light
transmission.
The table below lists maximum power
or energy densities and appropriate protection levels for optical densities 5
through 8.
Table 3
Selecting Laser Safety Glass
Selecting Laser Safety Glass
Intensity,
CW maximum power density (watts/cm2)
|
Attenuation
|
|
Optical
density (O.D.)
|
Attenuation
factor
|
|
10-2
|
5
|
105
|
10-1
|
6
|
106
|
1.0
|
7
|
107
|
10.0
|
8
|
108
|
Source: 29 CFR 1926.102(b)(2).
Head
Protection
Protecting employees from potential
head injuries is a key element of any safety program. A head injury can impair
an employee for life or it can be fatal. Wearing a safety helmet or hard hat is
one of the easiest ways to protect an employee's head from injury. Hard hats
can protect employees from impact and penetration hazards as well as from
electrical shock and burn hazards.
Employers must ensure that their
employees wear head protection if any of the following apply:
- Objects might fall from above and strike them on the head;
- They might bump their heads against fixed objects, such as exposed pipes or beams; or
- There is a possibility of accidental head contact with electrical hazards.
Some examples of occupations in
which employees should be required to wear head protection include construction
workers, carpenters, electricians, linemen, plumbers and pipefitters, timber
and log cutters, welders, among many others. Whenever there is a danger of objects
falling from above, such as working below others who are using tools or working
under a conveyor belt, head protection must be worn. Hard hats must be worn
with the bill forward to protect employees properly.
In general, protective helmets or
hard hats should do the following:
- Resist penetration by objects.
- Absorb the shock of a blow.
- Be water-resistant and slow burning.
- Have clear instructions explaining proper adjustment and replacement of the suspension and headband.
Hard hats must have a hard outer
shell and a shock-absorbing lining that incorporates a headband and straps that
suspend the shell from 1 to 1 1/4 inches (2.54 cm to 3.18 cm) away from the
head. This type of design provides shock absorption during an impact and
ventilation during normal wear.
Protective headgear must meet ANSI
Standard Z89.1-1986 (Protective Headgear for Industrial Workers) or provide an
equivalent level of protection. Helmets purchased before July 5, 1994 must
comply with the earlier ANSI Standard (Z89.1-1969) or provide equivalent
protection.
Types
of Hard Hats
There are many types of hard hats
available in the marketplace today. In addition to selecting protective
headgear that meets ANSI standard requirements, employers should ensure that
employees wear hard hats that provide appropriate protection against potential
workplace hazards. It is important for employers to understand all potential
hazards when making this selection, including electrical hazards. This can be
done through a comprehensive hazard analysis and an awareness of the different
types of protective headgear available.
Hard hats are divided into three
industrial classes:
- Class A hard hats provide impact and penetration resistance along with limited voltage protection (up to 2,200 volts).
- Class B hard hats provide the highest level of protection against electrical hazards, with high-voltage shock and burn protection (up to 20,000 volts). They also provide protection from impact and penetration hazards by flying/falling objects.
- Class C hard hats provide lightweight comfort and impact protection but offer no protection from electrical hazards.
Another class of protective headgear
on the market is called a "bump hat," designed for use in areas with
low head clearance. They are recommended for areas where protection is needed
from head bumps and lacerations. These are not designed to protect against
falling or flying objects and are not ANSI approved. It is essential to check
the type of hard hat employees are using to ensure that the equipment provides
appropriate protection. Each hat should bear a label inside the shell that
lists the manufacturer, the ANSI designation and the class of the hat.
Size
and Care Considerations
Head protection that is either too
large or too small is inappropriate for use, even if it meets all other
requirements. Protective headgear must fit appropriately on the body and for
the head size of each individual. Most protective headgear comes in a variety
of sizes with adjustable headbands to ensure a proper fit (many adjust in
1/8-inch increments). A proper fit should allow sufficient clearance between
the shell and the suspension system for ventilation and distribution of an
impact. The hat should not bind, slip, fall off or irritate the skin.
Some protective headgear allows for
the use of various accessories to help employees deal with changing
environmental conditions, such as slots for earmuffs, safety glasses, face
shields and mounted lights. Optional brims may provide additional protection
from the sun and some hats have channels that guide rainwater away from the
face. Protective headgear accessories must not compromise the safety elements
of the equipment.
Periodic cleaning and inspection
will extend the useful life of protective headgear. A daily inspection of the
hard hat shell, suspension system and other accessories for holes, cracks,
tears or other damage that might compromise the protective value of the hat is
essential. Paints, paint thinners and some cleaning agents can weaken the
shells of hard hats and may eliminate electrical resistance. Consult the helmet
manufacturer for information on the effects of paint and cleaning materials on
their hard hats. Never drill holes, paint or apply labels to protective
headgear as this may reduce the integrity of the protection. Do not store
protective headgear in direct sunlight, such as on the rear window shelf of a
car, since sunlight and extreme heat can damage them.
Hard hats with any of the following
defects should be removed from service and replaced:
- Perforation, cracking, or deformity of the brim or shell;
- Indication of exposure of the brim or shell to heat, chemicals or ultraviolet light and other radiation (in addition to a loss of surface gloss, such signs include chalking or flaking).
Always replace a hard hat if it
sustains an impact, even if damage is not noticeable. Suspension systems are
offered as replacement parts and should be replaced when damaged or when
excessive wear is noticed. It is not necessary to replace the entire hard hat
when deterioration or tears of the suspension systems are noticed.
Foot
and Leg Protection
Employees who face possible foot or
leg injuries from falling or rolling objects or from crushing or penetrating
materials should wear protective footwear. Also, employees whose work involves
exposure to hot substances or corrosive or poisonous materials must have
protective gear to cover exposed body parts, including legs and feet. If an
employee's feet may be exposed to electrical hazards, non-conductive footwear
should be worn. On the other hand, workplace exposure to static electricity may
necessitate the use of conductive footwear
Examples of situations in which an
employee should wear foot and/or leg protection include:
- When heavy objects such as barrels or tools might roll onto or fall on the employee's feet;
- Working with sharp objects such as nails or spikes that could pierce the soles or uppers of ordinary shoes;
- Exposure to molten metal that might splash on feet or legs;
- Working on or around hot, wet or slippery surfaces; and
- Working when electrical hazards are present.
Safety footwear must meet ANSI
minimum compression and impact performance standards in ANSI Z41-1991 (American
National Standard for Personal Protection-Protective Footwear) or provide
equivalent protection. Footwear purchased before July 5, 1994, must meet or
provide equivalent protection to the earlier ANSI Standard (ANSI Z41.1-1967).
All ANSI approved footwear has a protective toe and offers impact and
compression protection. But the type and amount of protection is not always the
same. Different footwear protects in different ways. Check the product's
labeling or consult the manufacturer to make sure the footwear will protect the
user from the hazards they face.
Foot and leg protection choices
include the following:
- Leggings protect the lower legs and feet from heat hazards such as molten metal or welding sparks. Safety snaps allow leggings to be removed quickly.
- Metatarsal guards protect the instep area from impact and compression. Made of aluminum, steel, fiber or plastic, these guards may be strapped to the outside of shoes.
- Toe guards fit over the toes of regular shoes to protect the toes from impact and compression hazards. They may be made of steel, aluminum or plastic.
- Combination foot and shin guards protect the lower legs and feet, and may be used in combination with toe guards when greater protection is needed.
- Safety shoes have impact-resistant toes and heat-resistant soles that protect the feet against hot work surfaces common in roofing, paving and hot metal industries. The metal insoles of some safety shoes protect against puncture wounds. Safety shoes may also be designed to be electrically conductive to prevent the buildup of static electricity in areas with the potential for explosive atmospheres or nonconductive to protect workers from workplace electrical hazards.
Special
Purpose Shoes
Electrically conductive shoes provide protection against the buildup of static
electricity. Employees working in explosive and hazardous locations such as
explosives manufacturing facilities or grain elevators must wear conductive
shoes to reduce the risk of static electricity buildup on the body that could
produce a spark and cause an explosion or fire. Foot powder should not be used
in conjunction with protective conductive footwear because it provides
insulation, reducing the conductive ability of the shoes. Silk, wool and nylon
socks can produce static electricity and should not be worn with conductive
footwear. Conductive shoes must be removed when the task requiring their use is
completed. Note: Employees exposed to electrical hazards must never wear
conductive shoes.
Electrical hazard, safety-toe shoes are nonconductive and will prevent the wearers' feet from
completing an electrical circuit to the ground. These shoes can protect against
open circuits of up to 600 volts in dry conditions and should be used in
conjunction with other insulating equipment and additional precautions to
reduce the risk of a worker becoming a path for hazardous electrical energy.
The insulating protection of electrical hazard, safety-toe shoes may be
compromised if the shoes become wet, the soles are worn through, metal
particles become embedded in the sole or heel, or workers touch conductive,
grounded items. Note: Nonconductive footwear must not be used in explosive or
hazardous locations.
Foundry
Shoes
In addition to insulating the feet
from the extreme heat of molten metal, foundry shoes keep hot metal from
lodging in shoe eyelets, tongues or other shoe parts. These snug-fitting
leather or leather-substitute shoes have leather or rubber soles and rubber
heels. All foundry shoes must have built-in safety toes.
Care
of Protective Footwear
As with all protective equipment,
safety footwear should be inspected prior to each use. Shoes and leggings
should be checked for wear and tear at reasonable intervals. This includes
looking for cracks or holes, separation of materials, broken buckles or laces.
The soles of shoes should be checked for pieces of metal or other embedded
items that could present electrical or tripping hazards. Employees should
follow the manufacturers' recommendations for cleaning and maintenance of
protective footwear.
Hand
and Arm Protection
If a workplace hazard assessment
reveals that employees face potential injury to hands and arms that cannot be
eliminated through engineering and work practice controls, employers must
ensure that employees wear appropriate protection. Potential hazards include
skin absorption of harmful substances, chemical or thermal burns, electrical
dangers, bruises, abrasions, cuts, punctures, fractures and amputations.
Protective equipment includes gloves, finger guards and arm coverings or
elbow-length gloves.
Employers should explore all
possible engineering and work practice controls to eliminate hazards and use
PPE to provide additional protection against hazards that cannot be completely
eliminated through other means. For example, machine guards may eliminate a
hazard. Installing a barrier to prevent workers from placing their hands at the
point of contact between a table saw blade and the item being cut is another
method.
Types
of Protective Gloves
There are many types of gloves
available today to protect against a wide variety of hazards. The nature of the
hazard and the operation involved will affect the selection of gloves. The
variety of potential occupational hand injuries makes selecting the right pair of
gloves challenging. It is essential that employees use gloves specifically
designed for the hazards and tasks found in their workplace because gloves
designed for one function may not protect against a different function even
though they may appear to be an appropriate protective device.
The following are examples of some
factors that may influence the selection of protective gloves for a workplace.
- Type of chemicals handled.
- Nature of contact (total immersion, splash, etc.).
- Duration of contact.
- Area requiring protection (hand only, forearm, arm).
- Grip requirements (dry, wet, oily).
- Thermal protection.
- Size and comfort.
- Abrasion/resistance requirements.
Gloves made from a wide variety of
materials are designed for many types of workplace hazards. In general, gloves
fall into four groups:
- Gloves made of leather, canvas or metal mesh;
- Fabric and coated fabric gloves;
- Chemical- and liquid-resistant gloves;
- Insulating rubber gloves (See 29 CFR 1910.137 and the following section on electrical protective equipment for detailed requirements on the selection, use and care of insulating rubber gloves).
Leather,
Canvas or Metal Mesh Gloves
Sturdy gloves made from metal mesh,
leather or canvas provide protection against cuts and burns. Leather or canvass
gloves also protect against sustained heat.
- Leather gloves protect against sparks, moderate heat, blows, chips and rough objects.
- Aluminized gloves provide reflective and insulating protection against heat and require an insert made of synthetic materials to protect against heat and cold.
- Aramid fiber gloves protect against heat and cold, are cut - and abrasive - resistant and wear well.
- Synthetic gloves of various materials offer protection against heat and cold, are cut - and abrasive - resistant and may withstand some diluted acids. These materials do not stand up against alkalis and solvents.
Fabric
and Coated Fabric Gloves
Fabric and coated fabric gloves are
made of cotton or other fabric to provide varying degrees of protection.
- Fabric gloves protect against dirt, slivers, chafing and abrasions. They do not provide sufficient protection for use with rough, sharp or heavy materials. Adding a plastic coating will strengthen some fabric gloves.
- Coated fabric gloves are normally made from cotton flannel with napping on one side. By coating the unnapped side with plastic, fabric gloves are transformed into general-purpose hand protection offering slip-resistant qualities. These gloves are used for tasks ranging from handling bricks and wire to chemical laboratory containers. When selecting gloves to protect against chemical exposure hazards, always check with the manufacturer or review the manufacturer's product literature to determine the gloves' effectiveness against specific workplace chemicals and conditions.
Chemical
- and Liquid - Resistant Gloves
Chemical-resistant gloves are made
with different kinds of rubber: natural, butyl, neoprene, nitrile and
fluorocarbon (viton); or various kinds of plastic: polyvinyl chloride (PVC),
polyvinyl alcohol and polyethylene. These materials can be blended or laminated
for 24better performance. As a general rule, the thicker the glove material,
the greater the chemical resistance but thick gloves may impair grip and
dexterity, having a negative impact on safety.
Some examples of chemical-resistant
gloves include:
- Butyl gloves are made of a synthetic rubber and protect against a wide variety of chemicals, such as peroxide, rocket fuels, highly corrosive acids (nitric acid, sulfuric acid, hydrofluoric acid and red-fuming nitric acid), strong bases, alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, esters and nitrocompounds. Butyl gloves also resist oxidation, ozone corrosion and abrasion, and remain flexible at low temperatures. Butyl rubber does not perform well with aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons and halogenated solvents.
- Natural (latex) rubber gloves are comfortable to wear, which makes them a popular general-purpose glove. They feature outstanding tensile strength, elasticity and temperature resistance. In addition to resisting abrasions caused by grinding and polishing, these gloves protect workers' hands from most water solutions of acids, alkalis, salts and ketones. Latex gloves have caused allergic reactions in some individuals and may not be appropriate for all employees. Hypoallergenic gloves, glove liners and powderless gloves are possible alternatives for workers who are allergic to latex gloves.
- Neoprene gloves are made of synthetic rubber and offer good pliability, finger dexterity, high density and tear resistance. They protect against hydraulic fluids, gasoline, alcohols, organic acids and alkalis. They generally have chemical and wear resistance properties superior to those made of natural rubber.
- Nitrile gloves are made of a copolymer and provide protection from chlorinated solvents such as trichloroethylene and perchloroethylene. Although intended for jobs requiring dexterity and sensitivity, nitrile gloves stand up to heavy use even after prolonged exposure to substances that cause other gloves to deteriorate. They offer protection when working with oils, greases, acids, caustics and alcohols but are generally not recommended for use with strong oxidizing agents, aromatic solvents, ketones and acetates.
The following table from the U.S.
Department of Energy (Occupational Safety and Health Technical Reference
Manual) rates various gloves as being protective against specific chemicals and
will help you select the most appropriate gloves to protect your employees. The
ratings are abbreviated as follows: VG: Very Good; G: Good; F: Fair; P: Poor
(not recommended). Chemicals marked with an asterisk (*) are for limited
service.
Table 4
Chemical Resistance Selection Chart for Protective Gloves
Chemical Resistance Selection Chart for Protective Gloves
Chemical
|
Neoprene
|
Latex/Rubber
|
Butyl
|
Nitrile
|
Acetaldehyde*
|
VG
|
G
|
VG
|
G
|
Acetic acid
|
VG
|
VG
|
VG
|
VG
|
Acetone*
|
G
|
VG
|
VG
|
P
|
Ammonium hydroxide
|
VG
|
VG
|
VG
|
VG
|
Amy acetate*
|
F
|
P
|
F
|
P
|
Aniline
|
G
|
F
|
F
|
P
|
Benzaldehyde*
|
F
|
F
|
G
|
G
|
Benzene*
|
P
|
P
|
P
|
F
|
Butyl acetate
|
G
|
F
|
F
|
P
|
Butyl alcohol
|
VG
|
VG
|
VG
|
VG
|
Carbon disulfide
|
F
|
F
|
F
|
F
|
Carbon tetrachloride*
|
F
|
P
|
P
|
G
|
Castor oil
|
F
|
P
|
F
|
VG
|
Chlorobenzene*
|
F
|
P
|
F
|
P
|
Chloroform*
|
G
|
P
|
P
|
F
|
Chloronaphthalene
|
F
|
P
|
F
|
F
|
Chromic acid (50%)
|
F
|
P
|
F
|
F
|
Citric acid (10%)
|
VG
|
VG
|
VG
|
VG
|
Cyclohexanol
|
G
|
F
|
G
|
VG
|
Dibutyl phthalate*
|
G
|
P
|
G
|
G
|
Diesel fuel
|
G
|
P
|
P
|
VG
|
Diisobutyl ketone
|
P
|
F
|
G
|
P
|
Dimethylformamide
|
F
|
F
|
G
|
G
|
Dioctyl phthalate
|
G
|
P
|
F
|
VG
|
Dioxane
|
VG
|
G
|
G
|
G
|
Epoxy resins, dry
|
VG
|
VG
|
VG
|
VG
|
Ethyl acetate*
|
G
|
F
|
G
|
F
|
Ethyl alcohol
|
VG
|
VG
|
VG
|
VG
|
Ethyl ether*
|
VG
|
G
|
VG
|
G
|
Ethylene dichloride*
|
F
|
P
|
F
|
P
|
Ethylene glycol
|
VG
|
VG
|
VG
|
VG
|
Formaldehyde
|
VG
|
VG
|
VG
|
VG
|
Formic acid
|
VG
|
VG
|
VG
|
VG
|
Freon 11
|
G
|
P
|
F
|
G
|
Freon 12
|
G
|
P
|
F
|
G
|
Freon 21
|
G
|
P
|
F
|
G
|
Freon 22
|
G
|
P
|
F
|
G
|
Furfural*
|
G
|
G
|
G
|
G
|
Gasoline, leaded
|
G
|
P
|
F
|
VG
|
Gasoline, unleaded
|
G
|
P
|
F
|
VG
|
Glycerin
|
VG
|
VG
|
VG
|
VG
|
Hexane
|
F
|
P
|
P
|
G
|
Hydrazine (65%)
|
F
|
G
|
G
|
G
|
Hydrochloric acid
|
VG
|
G
|
G
|
G
|
Hydrofluoric acid (48%)
|
VG
|
G
|
G
|
G
|
Hydrogen peroxide (30%)
|
G
|
G
|
G
|
G
|
Hydroquinone
|
G
|
G
|
G
|
F
|
Isooctane
|
F
|
P
|
P
|
VG
|
Kerosene
|
VG
|
F
|
F
|
VG
|
Ketones
|
G
|
VG
|
VG
|
P
|
Lacquer thinners
|
G
|
F
|
F
|
P
|
Lactic acid (85%)
|
VG
|
VG
|
VG
|
VG
|
Lauric acid (36%)
|
VG
|
F
|
VG
|
VG
|
Lineolic acid
|
VG
|
P
|
F
|
G
|
Linseed oil
|
VG
|
P
|
F
|
VG
|
Maleic acid
|
VG
|
VG
|
VG
|
VG
|
Methyl alcohol
|
VG
|
VG
|
VG
|
VG
|
Methylamine
|
F
|
F
|
G
|
G
|
Methyl bromide
|
G
|
F
|
G
|
F
|
Methyl chloride*
|
P
|
P
|
P
|
P
|
Methyl ethyl ketone*
|
G
|
G
|
VG
|
P
|
Methyl isobutyl ketone*
|
F
|
F
|
VG
|
P
|
Methyl metharcrylate
|
G
|
G
|
VG
|
F
|
Monoethanolamine
|
VG
|
G
|
VG
|
VG
|
Morpholine
|
VG
|
VG
|
VG
|
G
|
Naphthalene
|
G
|
F
|
F
|
G
|
Napthas, aliphatic
|
VG
|
F
|
F
|
VG
|
Napthas, aromatic
|
G
|
P
|
P
|
G
|
Nitric acid*
|
G
|
F
|
F
|
F
|
Nitric acid, red and white fuming
|
P
|
P
|
P
|
P
|
Nitromethane (95.5%)*
|
F
|
P
|
F
|
F
|
Nitropropane (95.5%)
|
F
|
P
|
F
|
F
|
Octyl alcohol
|
VG
|
VG
|
VG
|
VG
|
Oleic acid
|
VG
|
F
|
G
|
VG
|
Oxalic acid
|
VG
|
VG
|
VG
|
VG
|
Palmitic acid
|
VG
|
VG
|
VG
|
VG
|
Perchloric acid (60%)
|
VG
|
F
|
G
|
G
|
Perchloroethylene
|
F
|
P
|
P
|
G
|
Petroleum distillates (naphtha)
|
G
|
P
|
P
|
VG
|
Phenol
|
VG
|
F
|
G
|
F
|
Phosphoric acid
|
VG
|
G
|
VG
|
VG
|
Potassium hydroxide
|
VG
|
VG
|
VG
|
VG
|
Propyl acetate
|
G
|
F
|
G
|
F
|
Propyl alcohol
|
VG
|
VG
|
VG
|
VG
|
Propyl alcohol (iso)
|
VG
|
VG
|
VG
|
VG
|
Sodium hydroxide
|
VG
|
VG
|
VG
|
VG
|
Styrene
|
P
|
P
|
P
|
F
|
Styrene (100%)
|
P
|
P
|
P
|
F
|
Sulfuric acid
|
G
|
G
|
G
|
G
|
Tannic acid (65)
|
VG
|
VG
|
VG
|
VG
|
Tetrahydrofuran
|
P
|
F
|
F
|
F
|
Toluene*
|
F
|
P
|
P
|
F
|
Toluene diisocyanate (TDI)
|
F
|
G
|
G
|
F
|
Trichloroethylene*
|
F
|
F
|
P
|
G
|
Triethanolamine (85%)
|
VG
|
G
|
G
|
VG
|
Tung oil
|
VG
|
P
|
F
|
VG
|
Turpentine
|
G
|
F
|
F
|
VG
|
Xylene*
|
P
|
P
|
P
|
F
|
Note: When selecting
chemical-resistant gloves be sure to consult the manufacturer's
recommendations, especially if the gloved hand(s) will be immersed in the
chemical.
Care
of Protective Gloves
Protective gloves should be
inspected before each use to ensure that they are not torn, punctured or made
ineffective in any way. A visual inspection will help detect cuts or tears but
a more thorough inspection by filling the gloves with water and tightly rolling
the cuff towards the fingers will help reveal any pinhole leaks. Gloves that
are discolored or stiff may also indicate deficiencies caused by excessive use
or degradation from chemical exposure.
Any gloves with impaired protective
ability should be discarded and replaced. Reuse of chemical-resistant gloves
should be evaluated carefully, taking into consideration the absorptive
qualities of the gloves. A decision to reuse chemically-exposed gloves should
take into consideration the toxicity of the chemicals involved and factors such
as duration of exposure, storage and temperature.
Body
Protection
Employees who face possible bodily
injury of any kind that cannot be eliminated through engineering, work practice
or administrative controls, must wear appropriate body protection while
performing their jobs. In addition to cuts and radiation, the following are
examples of workplace hazards that could cause bodily injury:
- Temperature extremes;
- Hot splashes from molten metals and other hot liquids;
- Potential impacts from tools, machinery and materials;
- Hazardous chemicals.
There are many varieties of
protective clothing available for specific hazards. Employers are required to
ensure that their employees wear personal protective equipment only for the
parts of the body exposed to possible injury. Examples of body protection
include laboratory coats, coveralls, vests, jackets, aprons, surgical gowns and
full body suits.
If a hazard assessment indicates a
need for full body protection against toxic substances or harmful physical
agents, the clothing should be carefully inspected before each use, it must fit
each worker properly and it must function properly and for the purpose for
which it is intended.
Protective clothing comes in a
variety of materials, each effective against particular hazards, such as:
- Paper-like fiber used for disposable suits provide protection against dust and splashes.
- Treated wool and cotton adapts well to changing temperatures, is comfortable, and fire-resistant and protects against dust, abrasions and rough and irritating surfaces.
- Duck is a closely woven cotton fabric that protects against cuts and bruises when handling heavy, sharp or rough materials.
- Leather is often used to protect against dry heat and flames.
- Rubber, rubberized fabrics, neoprene and plastics protect against certain chemicals and physical hazards. When chemical or physical hazards are present, check with the clothing manufacturer to ensure that the material selected will provide protection against the specific hazard.
Hearing
Protection
Determining the need to provide
hearing protection for employees can be challenging. Employee exposure to
excessive noise depends upon a number of factors, including:
- The loudness of the noise as measured in decibels (dB).
- The duration of each employee's exposure to the noise.
- Whether employees move between work areas with different noise levels.
- Whether noise is generated from one or multiple sources.
Generally, the louder the noise, the
shorter the exposure time before hearing protection is required. For instance,
employees may be exposed to a noise level of 90 dB for 8 hours per day (unless
they experience a Standard Threshold Shift) before hearing protection is
required. On the other hand, if the noise level reaches 115 dB hearing
protection is required if the anticipated exposure exceeds 15 minutes.
For a more detailed discussion of
the requirements for a comprehensive hearing conservation program, see OSHA
Publication 3074 (2002), “Hearing Conservation” or refer to the OSHA standard
at 29 CFR 1910.95, Occupational Noise Exposure, section (c).
Table 5, below, shows the
permissible noise exposures that require hearing protection for employees
exposed to occupational noise at specific decibel levels for specific time
periods. Noises are considered continuous if the interval between occurrences of
the maximum noise level is one second or less. Noises not meeting this
definition are considered impact or impulse noises (loud momentary explosions
of sound) and exposures to this type of noise must not exceed 140 dB. Examples
of situations or tools that may result in impact or impulse noises are
powder-actuated nail guns, a punch press or drop hammers.
Table 5
Permissible Noise Exposures 1/4 or less 115
Permissible Noise Exposures 1/4 or less 115
Duration
per day, in hours
|
Sound
level in dB*
|
8
|
90
|
6
|
92
|
4
|
95
|
3
|
97
|
2
|
100
|
11/2
5 |
102
|
1
|
105
|
1/2
|
110
|
1/4
or less
|
115
|
*When measured on the A scale of a
standard sound level meter at slow response.
Source: 29 CFR 1910.95, Table G-16.
Source: 29 CFR 1910.95, Table G-16.
If engineering and work practice
controls do not lower employee exposure to workplace noise to acceptable
levels, employees must wear appropriate hearing protection. It is important to
understand that hearing protectors reduce only the amount of noise that gets
through to the ears. The amount of this reduction is referred to as
attenuation, which differs according to the type of hearing protection used and
how well it fits. Hearing protectors worn by employees must reduce an
employee's noise exposure to within the acceptable limits noted in Table 5.
Refer to Appendix B of 29 CFR 1910.95, Occupational Noise Exposure, for
detailed information on methods to estimate the attenuation effectiveness of
hearing protectors based on the device's noise reduction rating (NRR).
Manufacturers of hearing protection devices must display the device's NRR on
the product packaging. If employees are exposed to occupational noise at or
above 85 dB averaged over an eight-hour period, the employer is required to
institute a hearing conservation program that includes regular testing of
employees' hearing by qualified professionals. Refer to 29 CFR 1910.95(c) for
adescription of the requirements for a hearing conservation program.
Some types of hearing protection
include:
- Single-use earplugs are made of waxed cotton, foam, silicone rubber or fiberglass wool. They are self-forming and, when properly inserted, they work as well as most molded earplugs.
- Pre-formed or molded earplugs must be individually fitted by a professional and can be disposable or reusable. Reusable plugs should be cleaned after each use.
- Earmuffs require a perfect seal around the ear. Glasses, facial hair, long hair or facial movements such as chewing may reduce the protective value of earmuffs.
OSHA
Assistance
OSHA can provide extensive help
through a variety of programs, including technical assistance about effective
safety and health programs, state plans, workplace consultations, voluntary
protection programs, strategic partnerships, training and education, and more.
An overall commitment to workplace safety and health can add value to your
business, to your workplace and to your life.
Safety
and Health Program Management Guidelines
Effective management of worker
safety and health protection is a decisive factor in reducing the extent and
severity of work-related injuries and illnesses and their related costs. In
fact, an effective safety and health program forms the basis of good worker
protection and can save time and money (about $4 for every dollar spent) and increase
productivity and reduce worker injuries, illnesses and related workers’
compensation costs.
To assist employers and employees in
developing effective safety and health programs, OSHA published recommended
Safety and Health Program Management Guidelines (Federal Register 54 (16):
3904-3916, January 26, 1989). These voluntary guidelines apply to all places of
employment covered by OSHA.
The guidelines identify four general
elements critical to the development of a successful safety and health management
program:
- Management leadership and employee involvement.
- Work analysis.
- Hazard prevention and control.
- Safety and health training.
The guidelines recommend specific
actions, under each of these general elements, to achieve an effective safety
and health program. The Federal Register notice is available online at www.osha.gov.
State
Programs
The Occupational Safety and Health
Act of 1970 (OSH Act) encourages states to
develop and operate their own job safety and health plans. OSHA approves and
monitors these plans. There are currently 26 state plans: 23 cover both private
and public (state and local government) employment; 3 states, Connecticut, New
Jersey and New York, cover the public sector only. States and territories with
their own OSHA-approved occupational safety and health plans must adopt
standards identical to, or at least as effective as, the federal standards.
Consultation
Services
Consultation assistance is available
on request to employers who want help in establishing and maintaining a safe
and healthful workplace. Largely funded by OSHA, the service is provided at no
cost to the employer. Primarily developed for smaller employers with more
hazardous operations, the consultation service is delivered by state
governments employing professional safety and health consultants. Comprehensive
assistance includes an appraisal of all-mechanical systems, work practices and
occupational safety and health hazards of the workplace and all aspects of the
employer’s present job safety and health program. In addition, the service
offers assistance to employers in developing and implementing an effective
safety and health program. No penalties are proposed or citations issued for
hazards identified by the consultant. OSHA provides consultation assistance to
the employer with the assurance that his or her name and firm and any information
about the workplace will not be routinely reported to OSHA enforcement staff.
Under the consultation program,
certain exemplary employers may request participation in OSHA's Safety and
Health Achievement Recognition Program (SHARP). Eligibility for participation
in SHARP includes receiving a comprehensive consultation visit, demonstrating
exemplary achievements in workplace safety and health by abating all identified
hazards and developing an excellent safety and health program.
Employers accepted into SHARP may
receive an exemption from programmed inspections (not complaint or accident
investigation inspections) for a period of one year. For more information
concerning consultation assistance, see the OSHA website at www.osha.gov.
Voluntary
Protection Programs (VPP)
Voluntary Protection Programs and
onsite consultation services, when coupled with an effective enforcement
program, expand worker protection to help meet the goals of the OSH Act. The
three levels of VPP are Star, Merit, and Demonstration designed to recognize
outstanding achievements by companies that have successfully incorporated
comprehensive safety and health programs into their total management system.
The VPPs motivate others to achieve excellent safety and health results in the
same outstanding way as they establish a cooperative relationship between
employers, employees and OSHA.
For additional information on VPP
and how to apply, contact the OSHA regional offices listed at the end of this
publication.
Strategic
Partnership Program
OSHA's Strategic Partnership
Program, the newest member of OSHA's cooperative programs, helps encourage,
assist and recognize the efforts of partners to eliminate serious workplace
hazards and achieve a high level of worker safety and health. Whereas OSHA's
Consultation Program and VPP entail one-on-one relationships between OSHA and
individual worksites, most strategic partnerships seek to have a broader impact
by building cooperative relationships with groups of employers and employees.
These partnerships are voluntary, cooperative relationships between OSHA,
employers, employee representatives and others (e.g., trade unions, trade and
professional associations, universities and other government agencies).
For more information on this and
other cooperative programs, contact your nearest OSHA office, or visit OSHA's
website at www.osha.gov.
Alliance
Programs
The Alliance Program enables organizations
committed to workplace safety and health to collaborate with OSHA to prevent
injuries and illnesses in the workplace. OSHA and the Alliance participants
work together to reach out to, educate and lead the nation's employers and
their employees in improving and advancing workplace safety and health.
Alliances are open to all groups,
including trade or professional organizations, businesses, labor organizations,
educational institutions and government agencies. In some cases, organizations
may be building on existing relationships with OSHA that were developed through
other cooperative programs.
There are few formal program
requirements for Alliances and the agreements do not include an enforcement
component. However, OSHA and the participating organizations must define,
implement and meet a set of short- and long-term goals that fall into three
categories: training and education; outreach and communication; and promoting
the national dialogue on workplace safety and health.
OSHA
Training and Education
OSHA area offices offer a variety of
information services, such as compliance assistance, technical advice,
publications, audiovisual aids and speakers for special engagements. OSHA's
Training Institute in Arlington Heights, Ill., provides basic and advanced
courses in safety and health for federal and state compliance officers, state
consultants, federal agency personnel, and private sector employers, employees
and their representatives.
The OSHA Training Institute also has
established OSHA Training Institute Education Centers to address the increased
demand for its courses from the private sector and from other federal agencies.
These centers are nonprofit colleges, universities and other organizations that
have been selected after a competition for participation in the program.
OSHA also provides funds to
nonprofit organizations, through grants, to conduct workplace training and
education in subjects where OSHA believes there is a lack of workplace
training. Grants are awarded annually. Grant recipients are expected to
contribute 20 percent of the total grant cost.
For more information on grants,
training and education, contact the OSHA Training Institute, Office of Training
and Education, 2020 South Arlington Heights Road, Arlington Heights, IL 60005,
(847) 297-4810 or see “Outreach" on OSHA's website at www.osha.gov. For further information on any OSHA program, contact your
nearest OSHA area or regional office listed at the end of this publication.
Information
Available Electronically
OSHA has a variety of materials and
tools available on its website at www.osha.gov. These include e-Tools such as Expert Advisors, Electronic
Compliance Assistance Tools (e-cats), Technical Links; regulations, directives
and publications, videos and other information for employers and employees.
OSHA's software programs and compliance assistance tools walk you through
challenging safety and health issues and common problems to find the best
solutions for your workplace.
OSHA's CD-ROM includes standards,
interpretations, directives and more, and can be purchased on CD-ROM from the
U.S. Government Printing Office. To order, write to the Superintendent of
Documents, P.O. Box 371954, Pittsburgh, PA 15250-7954 or phone (202) 512-1800,
or order online at http://bookstore.gpo.gov.
OSHA
Publications
OSHA has an extensive publications
program. For a listing of free or sales items, visit OSHA's website at www.osha.gov or contact the OSHA Publications Office, U.S. Department of
Labor, 200 Constitution Avenue, NW, N-3101, Washington, DC 20210. Telephone
(202) 693-1888 or fax to (202) 693-2498.
Contacting
OSHA
To report an emergency, file a
complaint or seek OSHA advice, assistance or products, call (800) 321-OSHA or
contact your nearest OSHA regional or area office listed at the end of this
publication. The teletypewriter (TTY) number is (877) 889-5627.
You can also file a complaint online
and obtain more information on OSHA federal and state programs by visiting
OSHA's website at www.osha.gov.
OSHA
Regional Offices
Region I
(CT,* ME, MA, NH, RI, VT*)
JFK Federal Building, Room E340
Boston, MA 02203
(617) 565-9860
(CT,* ME, MA, NH, RI, VT*)
JFK Federal Building, Room E340
Boston, MA 02203
(617) 565-9860
Region II
(NJ,* NY,* PR,* VI*)
201 Varick Street, Room 670
New York, NY 10014
(212) 337-2378
(NJ,* NY,* PR,* VI*)
201 Varick Street, Room 670
New York, NY 10014
(212) 337-2378
Region III
(DE, DC, MD,* PA,* VA,* WV)
The Curtis Center
170 S. Independence Mall West
Suite 740 West
Philadelphia, PA 19106-3309
(215) 861-4900
(DE, DC, MD,* PA,* VA,* WV)
The Curtis Center
170 S. Independence Mall West
Suite 740 West
Philadelphia, PA 19106-3309
(215) 861-4900
Region IV
(AL, FL, GA, KY,* MS, NC,* SC,* TN*)
61 Forsyth Street, SW
Atlanta, GA 30303
(404) 562-2300
(AL, FL, GA, KY,* MS, NC,* SC,* TN*)
61 Forsyth Street, SW
Atlanta, GA 30303
(404) 562-2300
Region V
(IL, IN,* MI,* MN,* OH, WI)
230 South Dearborn Street, Room 3244
Chicago, IL 60604
(312) 353-2220
(IL, IN,* MI,* MN,* OH, WI)
230 South Dearborn Street, Room 3244
Chicago, IL 60604
(312) 353-2220
Region VI
(AR, LA, NM,* OK,TX)
525 Griffin Street, Room 602
Dallas, TX 75202
(214) 767-4731 or 4736 x224
(AR, LA, NM,* OK,TX)
525 Griffin Street, Room 602
Dallas, TX 75202
(214) 767-4731 or 4736 x224
Region VII
(IA,* KS, MO, NE)
City Center Square
1100 Main Street, Suite 800
Kansas City, MO 64105
(816) 426-5861
(IA,* KS, MO, NE)
City Center Square
1100 Main Street, Suite 800
Kansas City, MO 64105
(816) 426-5861
Region VIII
(CO, MT, ND, SD, UT,* WY*)
1999 Broadway, Suite 1690
PO Box 46550
Denver, CO 80201-6550
(303) 844-1600
(CO, MT, ND, SD, UT,* WY*)
1999 Broadway, Suite 1690
PO Box 46550
Denver, CO 80201-6550
(303) 844-1600
Region IX
(American Samoa, AZ,* CA,* HI, NV,* Northern Mariana Islands)
71 Stevenson Street, Room 420
San Francisco, CA 94105
(415) 975-4310
(American Samoa, AZ,* CA,* HI, NV,* Northern Mariana Islands)
71 Stevenson Street, Room 420
San Francisco, CA 94105
(415) 975-4310
Region X
(AK,* ID, OR,* WA*)
1111 Third Avenue, Suite 715
Seattle, WA 98101-3212
(206) 553-5930
(AK,* ID, OR,* WA*)
1111 Third Avenue, Suite 715
Seattle, WA 98101-3212
(206) 553-5930
*These states and territories
operate their own OSHA-approved job safety and health programs (Connecticut,
New Jersey and NewYork plans cover public employees only). States with approved
programs must have a standard that is identical to, or at least as effective
as, the federal standard.
Note: To get contact information for
OSHA Area Offices, OSHA-approved State Plans and OSHA Consultation Projects,
please visit us online at www.osha.gov or call us at 1-800-321-OSHA.
Appendix
A: OSHA Standards that Require PPE
29
CFR 1910, General Industry
Standards that Require the Employer
to Provide PPE:
1910.28 Safety requirements for
scaffolds
1910.66 Powered platforms for building maintenance
1910.67 Vehicle-mounted elevating and rotating work platforms
1910.94 Ventilation
1910.119 Process safety management of highly hazardous chemicals
1910.120 Hazardous waste operations and emergency response
1910.132 General requirements (personal protective equipment)
1910.133 Eye and face protection
1910.135 Occupational foot protection
1910.136 Occupational foot protection
1910.137 Electrical protective devices
1910.138 Hand protection
1910.139 Respiratory protection for M. tuberculosis
1910.157 Portable fire extinguishers
1910.160 Fixed extinguishing systems, general
1910.183 Helicopters
1910.218 Forging machines
1910.242 Hand and portable powered tools and equipment, general
1910.243 Guarding of portable power tools
1910.252 General requirements (welding, cutting and brazing)
1910.261 Pulp, paper, and paperboard mills
1910.262 Textiles
1910.268 Telecommunications
1910.269 Electric power generation, transmission and distribution
1910.333 Selection and use of work practices
1910.335 Safeguards for personnel protection
1910.1000 Air contaminants
1910.1003 13 carcinogens, etc.
1910.1017 Vinyl chloride
1910.1029 Coke oven emissions
1910.1043 Cotton dust
1910.1096 Ionizing radiation
1910.66 Powered platforms for building maintenance
1910.67 Vehicle-mounted elevating and rotating work platforms
1910.94 Ventilation
1910.119 Process safety management of highly hazardous chemicals
1910.120 Hazardous waste operations and emergency response
1910.132 General requirements (personal protective equipment)
1910.133 Eye and face protection
1910.135 Occupational foot protection
1910.136 Occupational foot protection
1910.137 Electrical protective devices
1910.138 Hand protection
1910.139 Respiratory protection for M. tuberculosis
1910.157 Portable fire extinguishers
1910.160 Fixed extinguishing systems, general
1910.183 Helicopters
1910.218 Forging machines
1910.242 Hand and portable powered tools and equipment, general
1910.243 Guarding of portable power tools
1910.252 General requirements (welding, cutting and brazing)
1910.261 Pulp, paper, and paperboard mills
1910.262 Textiles
1910.268 Telecommunications
1910.269 Electric power generation, transmission and distribution
1910.333 Selection and use of work practices
1910.335 Safeguards for personnel protection
1910.1000 Air contaminants
1910.1003 13 carcinogens, etc.
1910.1017 Vinyl chloride
1910.1029 Coke oven emissions
1910.1043 Cotton dust
1910.1096 Ionizing radiation
Standards that Require the Employer
to Provide PPE at No Cost to the Employee:
1910.95 Occupational noise exposure
1910.134 Respiratory protection
1910.146 Permit-required confined spaces
1910.156 Fire brigades
1910.266 Logging operations
1910.1001 Asbestos
1910.1018 Inorganic Arsenic
1910.1025 Lead
1910.1027 Cadmium
1910.1028 Benzene
1910.1030 Bloodborne pathogens
1910.1044 1,2-dibromo-3-chloropropane
1910.1045 Acrylonitrile
1910.1047 Ethylene oxide
1910.1048 Formaldehyde
1910.1050 Methylenedianiline
1910.1051 1,3-Butadiene
1910.1052 Methylene chloride
1910.1450 Occupational exposure to chemicals in laboratories
1910.134 Respiratory protection
1910.146 Permit-required confined spaces
1910.156 Fire brigades
1910.266 Logging operations
1910.1001 Asbestos
1910.1018 Inorganic Arsenic
1910.1025 Lead
1910.1027 Cadmium
1910.1028 Benzene
1910.1030 Bloodborne pathogens
1910.1044 1,2-dibromo-3-chloropropane
1910.1045 Acrylonitrile
1910.1047 Ethylene oxide
1910.1048 Formaldehyde
1910.1050 Methylenedianiline
1910.1051 1,3-Butadiene
1910.1052 Methylene chloride
1910.1450 Occupational exposure to chemicals in laboratories
29
CFR 1915, Shipyard Employment
Standards that Require the Employer
to Provide PPE:
1915.12 Precautions and the order of
testing before entering confined and enclosed spaces and other dangerous
atmospheres
1915.13 Cleaning and other cold work
1915.32 Toxic cleaning solvents
1915.34 Mechanical paint removers
1915.35 Painting
1915.51 Ventilation and protection in welding, cutting and heating
1915.73 Guarding of deck openings and edges
1915.77 Working surfaces
1915.135 Powder actuated fastening tools
1915.156 Foot protection
1915.157 Hand and body protection
1915.158 Lifesaving equipment
1915.159 Personal fall arrest systems (PFAS)
1915.13 Cleaning and other cold work
1915.32 Toxic cleaning solvents
1915.34 Mechanical paint removers
1915.35 Painting
1915.51 Ventilation and protection in welding, cutting and heating
1915.73 Guarding of deck openings and edges
1915.77 Working surfaces
1915.135 Powder actuated fastening tools
1915.156 Foot protection
1915.157 Hand and body protection
1915.158 Lifesaving equipment
1915.159 Personal fall arrest systems (PFAS)
Standards that Require the Employer
to Provide PPE at No Cost to the Employee:
1915.154 Respiratory Protection
1915.1001 Asbestos
1915.154 Respiratory Protection
1915.1001 Asbestos
29
CFR 1917, Marine Terminals
Standards that Require the Employer
to Provide PPE:
1917.22 Hazardous cargo
1917.25 Fumigants, pesticides, insecticides and hazardous waste
1917.26 First aid and lifesaving facilities
1917.91 Eye and face protection
1917.93 Head protection
1917.95 Other protective measures
1917.126 River banks
1917.152 Welding, cutting and heating (hot work)
1917.154 Compressed air
1917.25 Fumigants, pesticides, insecticides and hazardous waste
1917.26 First aid and lifesaving facilities
1917.91 Eye and face protection
1917.93 Head protection
1917.95 Other protective measures
1917.126 River banks
1917.152 Welding, cutting and heating (hot work)
1917.154 Compressed air
Standards that Require the Employer
to Provide PPE at No Cost to the Employee:
1917.92 Respiratory protection
1917.92 Respiratory protection
29
CFR 1918, Longshoring
Standards that Require the Employer
to Provide PPE:
1918.85 Containerized cargo
operations
1918.88 Log operations
1918.93 Hazardous atmospheres and substances
1918.94 Ventilation and atmospheric conditions
1918.104 Foot protection
1918.105 Other protective measures
1918.88 Log operations
1918.93 Hazardous atmospheres and substances
1918.94 Ventilation and atmospheric conditions
1918.104 Foot protection
1918.105 Other protective measures
Standards that Require the Employer
to Provide PPE at No Cost to the Employee:
1918.102 Respiratory protection
1918.102 Respiratory protection
29
CFR 1926, Construction
Standards that Require the Employer
to Provide PPE:
1926.28 Personal protective
equipment
1926.52 Occupational noise exposure
1926.57 Ventilation
1926.64 Process safety management of highly hazardous chemicals
1926.65 Hazardous waste operations and emergency response
1926.95 Criteria for personal protective equipment
1926.96 Occupational foot protection
1926.100 Head protection
1926.101 Hearing protection
1926.102 Eye and face protection
1926.104 Safety belts, lifelines and lanyards
1926.105 Safety nets
1926.106 Working over or near water
1926.250 General requirements for storage
1926.300 General requirements (Hand and power tools)
1926.302 Power-operated hand tools
1926.304 Woodworking tools
1926.353 Ventilation and protection in welding, cutting and heating
1926.354 Welding, cutting and heating in way of preservative coatings
1926.416 General requirements (Electrical)
1926.451 General requirements (Scaffolds)
1926.453 Aerial lifts
1926.501 Duty to have fall protection
1926.502 Fall protection systems criteria and practices
1926.550 Cranes and derricks
1926.551 Helicopters
1926.701 General requirements (Concrete and masonry construction)
1926.760 Fall protection (Steel erection)
1926.800 Underground construction
1926.951 Tools and protective equipment
1926.955 Overhead lines
1926.1101 Asbestos
1926.52 Occupational noise exposure
1926.57 Ventilation
1926.64 Process safety management of highly hazardous chemicals
1926.65 Hazardous waste operations and emergency response
1926.95 Criteria for personal protective equipment
1926.96 Occupational foot protection
1926.100 Head protection
1926.101 Hearing protection
1926.102 Eye and face protection
1926.104 Safety belts, lifelines and lanyards
1926.105 Safety nets
1926.106 Working over or near water
1926.250 General requirements for storage
1926.300 General requirements (Hand and power tools)
1926.302 Power-operated hand tools
1926.304 Woodworking tools
1926.353 Ventilation and protection in welding, cutting and heating
1926.354 Welding, cutting and heating in way of preservative coatings
1926.416 General requirements (Electrical)
1926.451 General requirements (Scaffolds)
1926.453 Aerial lifts
1926.501 Duty to have fall protection
1926.502 Fall protection systems criteria and practices
1926.550 Cranes and derricks
1926.551 Helicopters
1926.701 General requirements (Concrete and masonry construction)
1926.760 Fall protection (Steel erection)
1926.800 Underground construction
1926.951 Tools and protective equipment
1926.955 Overhead lines
1926.1101 Asbestos
ReplyDeleteWhat a great article you've written! This is useful and well-thought out information with though.t-provoking viewpoints and content. I'm impressed with how well you have presented this information in such and interesting and original way.
Electrical Safety