Safety in storage & handling of Ammonia
Ammonia is the single largest
hazardous chemical manufactured, stored and transported worldwide. Ammonia is
manufactured at elevated temperature and pressure in presence of promoted Iron
catalyst as depicted in the chemical reaction below:
N2 + 3 H2 -----------à 2
NH3 + Heat H = -26 K cal
<-----------
Ammonia
is toxic by inhalation, corrosive to all parts of the body and liquid splashes
can cause severe cold burns.
Liquid
ammonia splashes may produce severe cold burns to skin. Vapour in presence of
moisture is an irritant to the skin.
Liquid ammonia splashes may cause
permanent damage to eyes with the full effects not being apparent for several
days. Vapours can cause irritation and watering of eyes and at high
concentrations can cause severe damage.
In case of ingestion, it will
immediately cause severe corrosion of and damage to the gastro-intestinal
tract.
Inhalation
Vapour Concentration
(ppm v/v)
|
General Effect
|
Exposure Period
|
* 25
100
400
700
1,700
2,000 – 5,000
5,000 – 10,000
|
Odour, detectable by
most persons. No adverse effect for average worker. Immediate nose and throat irritation. Immediate eye irritation Convulsive coughing. Severe eye, nose and throat irritation. Convulsive coughing. Severe eye, nose and throat irritation. Respiratory spasm. Rapid asphyxia. |
Maximum for 8 hour
working period. Deliberate exposure for long periods not permitted. No serious effect after ½ - 1 hour. No serious effect after ½ - 1 hour. Could be fatal after ½ hour. Could be fatal after ½ hour. Fatal within minutes. |
* This is the present Threshold Limit Value (TLV).
Long term effects : No evidence of adverse effects at exposure below occupational
exposure limits.
TOXICOLOGICAL INFORMATION
General
Ammonia
is toxic by inhalation and corrosive to all parts of the body.
EXPOSURE CONTROL
Threshold Limit Value (TLV):
TLV
is time weighted average (TWA) concentration of the substance in ambient air
for a normal 8 hour work day or 40 hour work week, to which nearly all workers
may be exposed day after day , without adverse effect.
Short term Exposure Limit (STEL):
STEL
is the maximum concentration of the substance to which workers can be exposed
for a period up to 15 minutes continuously without suffering from irritation,
chronic tissue change or narcosis, provided that no more than four excursions
per day are permitted, with at least 60 minutes between successive exposures
and that the daily TLV is not exceeded.
Median Tolerance Limit (TLM):
TLM
means that approximately 50% of the fish will show abnormal behavior (including
death) under condition of the concentration and the time.
TLV/TWA
: 25ppm = 17mg/m3 ACGIH (Tab. 1995-96)
TLV-STEL : 35ppm = 24mg/m3 ACGIH (Tab.
1995-96)
Fatal
dose: Over 2000 ppm
Aquatic
Toxicity: 8.2 ppm / 96 hr/ fat head minnow / TLM
Hazardous reactions/decomposition
products
NOx
from combustion.
Toxicity Data
Skin Contact
Vapour,
in the presence of moisture, is an irritant to skin.
Liquid
splashes or vapour spray can cause chemical or freeze burns.
Eye Contact
Low
vapour concentrations can cause irritation and watering of eyes, higher
concentrations (above 1000ppm) can cause severe damage.
Liquid
splashes may cause permanent damage with the full effects not being apparent
for several days.
Inhalation
Odour
threshold 5ppm for some and 25ppm for most people. At 50-100ppm irritation
experienced by most people.
Depending
on ammonia vapour concentrations, exposure may cause immediate eye, nose and
throat irritation, coughing, difficulty in breathing. At high concentrations
exposure, even for short periods, may result in severe lung damage.
Pulmonary
edema may occur up to 48 hours after severe exposure and could prove fatal.
EEC
classification: Toxic
(EEC
Toxic criterion for gases and vapours:
Median
Lethal Concentration - 4 hour exposure: 500 to
2000mg/m3).
Exposure
to concentrations greatly in excess of the occupational exposure limit may lead
to permanent respiratory impairment.
Ingestion
Will
immediately cause corrosion of and damage to gastro-intestinal tract.
Other Data
No
adverse effect has been evaluated by IARC as regards carcinogenicity.
Ammonia
is not mutagenic in Ames Salmonella test.
ECOLOGICAL INFORMATION
12.1 Mobility
Very
soluble in water. NH4+ ion is adsorbed by soil.
Persistence/Degradability
In
the soil, ammonia is quickly oxidized by microorganisms to nitrate ion.
In
fresh water, it may be nitrified by microorganisms or adsorbed on sediment
particles and colloids. Substantially biodegradable in water.
In
the atmosphere, it may be degraded by photolysis or neutralised by acid
pollutants of the air.
Bio-accumulation
Low
potential.
Eco-toxicity
Free
(non-ionised) ammonia in surface water is toxic to aquatic life, however the
ammonium ion which predominates in most waters is not toxic. In the event of
water contamination with ammonia, ammonium salts which may be formed will not present
a toxic hazard. Increases in pH above 7.5 leads to an increased level of
non-ionised ammonia.
LC50
(96 hour) (various species) <1mg/l. Studies in fish have shown that repeated
exposures produce adverse effects on growth rate at concentrations greater than
0.0024mg/l. EC50 (Daphnia magna) (48 hour) 24.4-189mg/l.
DISPOSAL CONSIDERATIONS
General
Disposal
should be in accordance with local or national legislation. For further advice
contact manufacturer.
TRANSPORT INFORMATION
UN
Classification: Class 2 Gases,
Division 2.3 Toxic Gas, UN No 1005
AMOONIA STORAGE TANKS:
Types of Tanks:
1.0
Small
volumes of ammonia are stored in cylindrical horizontal bullets or spheres
designed for ambient temperature and with no refrigeration. This is definetly
the safest system, but it can not store large volumes at reasonable cost. For
instance, a bullet can store approx. 2.5 tons of ammonia per tonne of steel
used.
2.0
Second
alternative is to go in for spheres operated at 0 deg. Celsius or semi
refrigerated type spheres or bullets. In all advanced countries regulations are
being formulated, which demand erection of bund wall or concrete around the
Horton sphere up to the roof as a second containment and also against external
shocks. These storage systems also are neither adequate nor economical for
large storages of today. Besides, any pressurized storage releases large
percentage of the liquefied gas almost instantaneously in case of failure or
rupture and this does not give anytime for arranging evacuation or taking safety
measures.
In case of any kind of pressure
storage which normally operates at temperature over minus 20 deg. Celsius,
stress corrosion cracking is a serious problem related to temperature and
oxygen content of ammonia.
3.0
Codes
and standards indicate that flat bottom tanks are ideal for large scale ammonia
storage. They may be divided into three basic types.
3.1
Single wall tanks: This tank is of a very simple
construction with flat bottom and dome roof. It is suited for normal static
conditions.
3.2
Double wall tanks: In this type of construction, two
important designs are available (a) inner tank which is entirely surrounded by
another outer tank. (b) An inner tank open at the top, is surrounded by an
outer tank. In both designs, perlite is filled in the annular space as
insulation. In double wall construction, the outer tank is not designed to
contain liquid ammonia escaping from inner tank in case of leakage. It
functions only as a support and protection for the perlite insulation.
3.3 Double
wall, double integrity type: Both inner and outer tanks are of low
temperature carbon steel construction and both are designed to take hydraulic
load of liquid ammonia. Hence, in the remote event of failure of the inner tank
ammonia will be contained in the outer tank without any problem. Thus when the
inner tank fails there is no leakage of ammonia into the bund. The outside of
the outer shell is insulated with 20 mm thickness of polyurethane insulation
foamed insitu. The bottom of the outer tank is insulated with 150 mm thick
foamed glass insulated of load bearing quality. The outside of the roof is
un-insulated as the top insulation is taken care by glass wool insulation
inside the tank on a deck plate suspended from the roof. The above insulation
minimizes the heat leak into the tank.
The first valve in the liquid
outlet and inner tank drain lane are welded to the respective nozzles so as to
avoid major ammonia leakage which would have otherwise resulted from the
upstream flange gasket failure. If the down stream flange gasket fails the tank
can be isolated with the isolation valve.
- The
tanks have two shells – inner shell is known as Cup and outer as Tank.
Both are made of low temperature steel for holding ammonia at – 33 deg.
Celsius. All the welds are radio graphed.
- A
standby refrigeration compressor is also provided. The system keeps all
the vapors condensed and recycles back to the tank so that there is
absolutely no vapour coming out from the tanks.
- The
annular space between inner and outer shells is provided with the level
indicator and high level alarm to indicate leakage from inner tank. Also
temperature indicator of the outer tank will reveal this leakage as a
redundant measure.
- If
the inner shell i.e., Cup fails, ammonia will be contained by outer shell
and does not allow ammonia into atmosphere.
- Two
safety valves, breather and pressure relief type have been provided for
each tank to protect from vacuum and excess pressure.
- Emergency
water curtain system has been provided around the tanks to avoid escape of
ammonia into atmosphere.
- Both
the tanks are provided with level indicators with high level alarms.
- Necessary
precautions against static electricity like bonding and earthing have been
taken care of.
- The
electrical system has been connected to captive power plant besides AP
Transco and diesel generator power supply.
- In
order to avoid stress corrosion cracking on the tank shell, it is
recommended to maintain 0.2% water content in ammonia.
- A
flare stack has been provided to burn off the ammonia vapours causing
excess pressure. Flammable range of ammonia is 16-25% by vol.
- A
dyke has been provided including the ammonia storage tank within.
Surrounding the dyke there is provision of water curtain system.
- The
time needed to transfer liquid ammonia from one tank to another will
depend upon the inventory in the tanks at the time of transfer. The normal
mode of operation will be to have almost equal levels in the tow tanks and
hold a total maximum inventory of about 5000 MT. In such a case the time
taken for transfer of liquid ammonia from one tank to another using the
transfer pumps of capacity 35 M3/hr. each will depend on the type of
failure and quantity released.
STORAGE TANKS DETAILS
1. Type : Atmospheric vertical,
cylindrical double wall double integrity, suspended deck with domed roof.
2. Design parameter :
5000 MT each, two numbers provided
Design
temperature : Minus 45 deg. C (minimum)
Plus 45 deg. C (maxmum)
Design pressure range :
1200 MM.WC plus to 50 MM.WC vacuum
Working temperature
: Minus 33 deg. C (normal)
Working pressure
: 400 to 700 MM.WC. (normal)
Material of construction
: ASTM – A516 Gr-70 (fully killed)
3. Design Code : API
620 including Appendix R.,& B.S.4741
IS
: 1873 (for seismic zone)
IS
: 475 (for wind load)
API
614 for lube system
4.
Process parameters
Max. Allowable boil off : 2040 kgs/day
Filling capacity : 54.0 T/hr. (at 4.0 KSC Abs. &
Minus
30 deg. C.)
Emptying capacity : 45.0 T/hr
Fluid state : Anhydrous liquid, specific gravity is
0.6814
5.
Wind
Max. recorded velocity : 240 KM/hr.
Mean. recorded velocity : 10.4 KM/hr.
Min. recorded velocity : 8.4 KM/hr.
Design wind pressure upto : 300 Kg/Cm2
30 M above ground level
Above 30 M (Co-efficient) : As
per ambient conditions SPC.
No.MA
– E – 30015
6.
Earth quake
: Seismic zone-III (IS-1893)
Seismic coefficient method importance factor to be adopted 0=2.0
7. Physical dimension : ID of
inner cup 26.4 M
ID
of outer cup 28 M
Height
of inner cup 14 M
8. Safety mountings : Two numbers of pressure safety valves each having a relieving
capacity of 7000 kgs/hr. and two numbers of vacuum safety valves each having a
breath in capacity of 550 kgs/hr. Note that the discharge of pressure safety
valves are fed to the ammonia flare.
9. Level Instruments : One float type level indicator for the inner cup (ENRAF) with
local as well as remote indication is provided. One DP cell type level
indicator each for inner and outer cup is provided.
10. Test data Hydro &
pneumatic: Fill up inner cup to
13.58 M height of water and check for leakage and settlement. Pressurise
remaining volume of the inner cup and outer cup to 0.15 KSC and do soap
solution test on seams. Check pressure safety relief valve function during
pressurisation and vacuum relief at the time of dewatering.
11. Radiography : a)
All vertical (long seams) joints in the inner tank and outer tank to be
100% radiographed.
b)
CS1 and CS2 of inner tank, CS6 and CS7 of outer tank to be 100%
radiographed.
c)
Other circular seams in inner tank and outer tank to be spot
radiographed as per R.7.6.2 of API 620.
d)
Seam in rolled necks to be 100% radio-graphed.
e)
All “T” joints in inner tank and outer tank to be 100% radiographed.
f)
Butt joint in annular plate to be spot radiographed as per R.7.6.5 of
API 620.
g)
Butt joint in the compression ring and centering ring to be spot
radiographed as per R.7.6.6 of API 620.
12.
Other tests a) Backing
strip joints in the bottom plate to be M.P. tested.
b) All lap joints in bottom plates
and roof to be DP tested.
c) The weld joints joining the
cylindrical wall to the bottom annular plates to be DP tested.
d) All joints in bottom plates of
both tanks and annular plates to R.8.2.1+& 8.2.2 seams on shell courses
which are above the liquid level shall also be vacuum tested.
e) All lap joints in the roof plate
to be DP checked and pneumatic checked.
f) All butt joints which are not
radiographed to be DP checked.
REFRIGERATION LOOP
Capacity : 90 TR with 2 screw compressors working each having 45 TR
capacity with ammonia condensing temperature 45 deg. C and evaporation
temperature of minus 33 deg. C. All the associated equipment like saturator,
condenser (2 numbers), economiser, inert purger and receiver are designed for
90 TR capacity.
Compressor : Screw type with oil lubrication and oil
being separated in two stages of separator. The capacity control is between 30%
and 100% with stepless transfer.
HEATING SYSTEM
Indirect
heating method in that ethylene glycol heated by low pressure steam, rejects
the heat to liquid ammonia and in the process ammonia is heated to plug 12 deg.
C from minus 33 deg. C.
Capacity : 70
m3/hr and ammonia is delivered at 12 deg. C and 28 KSC pressure.
Volume flow rate of
EG : 50 m3/hr make up tank is
selected with a minimum 8 minutes, hold up capacity and it comes to 7 m3.
Total pressure drop in EG
side : 1.73 KSC hence EG pump selected circulate 50 M3/hr
of EG will have a differential head of 2.05 KSC.
Steam consumption : 4.20 T/hr.
AMMONIA PUMPS
Capacity : Three numbers of vertically barrel mounted
11 stage centrifugal pumps each having a capacity of 35 cum/hr at 28 KSC pressure. The primary seal is flushed by the
fluid and secondary one by 100% ethylene glycol solution in closed loop.
FLARE
Ammonia
flare : Designed to handle 15000 kgs/hr ammonia
gas. Height 30 mtrs.
Ammonia flare is pilot operated
with dual fuel supply namely LPG and NG.
The flare is equipped with TE to monitor flare status and a suitably
designed flame front generator and a common remote panel. The height is calculated on the basis that on
ground level heat radiation should not exceed 550 Btu/hr./sq.ft. and ground
level concentration of ammonia should be less than 25 PPM.
A suitably sized (normally 0.5 m3).
KOD is provided on the flare gas line such that the residence time of flare gas
in vessel will be equal or more than the time required to travel available
vertical height at a drop out velocity of liquid particles. The vertical gas velocity will also be sufficiently
low to permit liquid droplets to fall.
To avoid, flame propagation into the flare, all are fitted with a
suitable molecular seal along with nitrogen supply provision.
3.4 Storage
under pressure in spherical vessels:
Spherical vessels can be constructed on
site to hold several thousand tonnes of ammonia. However, very large spheres
are uncommon, and most construction has taken place in the 500-3,000 tonnes
range.
Refrigeration equipment may be used to
lower the temperature of the ammonia and, in such cases, the vessels operate at
a lower pressure than ambient temperature vessels; this type of storage is
often referred to as `semi-pressure’ or `semi-refrigerated’.
FIRST-AID MEASURES
Product
Speed is essential. Remove affected person from further exposure. Give immediate first aid and obtain medical attention.
Skin Contact
Drench with large quantities of water. In case of frost bite (freeze burns) clothing may adhere to the skin. Defrost with care using comfortable warm water.
Remove clothing and wash affected parts.
Obtain immediate medical attention.
Eye Contact
Immediately irrigate the eyes with eyewash solution or clean water for at least 10 minutes.
Continue irrigation until medical attention can be obtained.
Hold eyelids open during flushing.
Ingestion
Do not induce vomiting.
If the person is conscious, wash out mouth with water and give 2 or 3 glasses of water to drink.
Obtain immediate medical attention.
Inhalation
Move the injured person to fresh air at once.
Keep the patient warm and at rest.
Administer oxygen if competent person is available.
Apply artificial respiration, if breathing has stopped or shows sign of failing.
Obtain immediate medical attention.
Further medical advice
Keep under medical review for possibility of rapid or delayed tracheal, bronchial and pulmonary œdema.
Progressive ocular damage may arise.
Ammonia
vapour and liquid spills are difficult to ignite, particularly in the open air.
In an enclosed space, mixtures of ammonia and air within the limits (16-27%),
might cause explosion if ignited. Cold, dense cloud of ammonia may impair
visibility.
Attempt
to isolate source of leak.
Use
foam, dry powder or CO2.
Use
water sprays to cool fire-exposed containers and structures, to disperse
vapours and to protect personnel. Do not spray water into liquid ammonia.
Wear
self-contained breathing apparatus and full protective clothing.
ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES
Those
dealing with major releases should wear full protective clothing including
respiratory protection. See Section 8.
Evacuate
the area down-wind of the release, if it is safe to do so.
If
not, then stay indoors, close all windows and switch off any extraction fans or
electrical fires.
Isolate
source of leak as quickly as possible by trained personnel.
Ventilate
area of spill or leak to disperse vapours.
Remove
ignition sources.
Consider
covering with foam to reduce evaporation.
Contain
spillages if possible.
Use
water sprays to combat gas clouds. Do not apply water directly into large
ammonia spills.
Take
care to avoid the contamination of watercourses.
Inform
appropriate authority in case of accidental contamination of watercourses or
drains.
Leak Detection
A leak in an ammonia system can be detected by odour. The plant has equipped with leak detection system which will be monitored from the control room.
In case of leakage or spillage:
-
Evacuate and cordon off the area
-
Shift in-charge will initiate either Level-I (minor) or Level-II
(major) on-site emergency after assessing the situation.
-
Shift in-charge will inform the concerned Section Head / HOD, Shift
In-charge (F&S) Fire & Safety and adjacent plants in case of a level-I
emergency.
-
Shift in-charge will lead the crew and combat level-I emergency by
taking all precautions.
-
In case of level-II Shift in-charge will inform Section Head / HOD,
Shift in-charge (F&S) and Communicator (Lab In-charge).
-
The Communicator will inturn communicate to all key personnel as per
the laid down Emergency Communication System.
-
The level-II emergency will be attended by all concerned as per the
established company On-site Emergency
Plan.
-
In case of a major outbreak of gas leak (remote possibility) Level-III
(Off-site consequence emergency) will be
declared, wherein District contingency group would be activated.
PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT
Suitable non respiratory and respiratory protection
is needed even if small concentrations of ammonia are to be encountered.
Non Respiratory Protection
i) Eye Protection
Gas-tight chemical goggles or
full length protection should be worn when handling ammonia where leaks or
spills may occur. Water wash or water
spray should be available in areas where ammonia leaks, spills or splashed may
be encountered.
ii) Head
Protection
Where
there is no danger from falling objects, safety or ‘hard’ hats are considered
unnecessary, soft brimmed hats should be worn to give protection against liquid
leaks and splashes.
iii) Foot Protection
Rubber
boots or safety toed rubber boots should be used as required. Rubber boots
should be thoroughly cleaned and ventilated after contamination.
iv) Body,
skin and Hand Protection
Rubber or other protective gloves should
be worn where any danger of contact with ammonia may occur.
-
For the protection of the skin, trousers and underwear should be worn
(cotton resists alkalies better than wool).
-
In case of emergency, a rubber apron or rubber coat may provide
sufficient protection, but in areas of high ammonia concentration a complete
gas suit should be worn.
-
For optimum protection of the body, the collar should be kept buttoned,
glove (gauntlets) should be tucked inside of sleeves and trouser legs should be
left outside of boots.
-
In areas of high ammonia concentration, ammonia may be absorbed by
perspiration on the body even though appropriate protective clothing is
worn. Severe discomfort may be minimized
or prevented by the application of protective oil to such body areas in
addition to the wearing of protective clothing.
Respiratory Protection
Respiratory protection should be
of the full face piece variety because of the sensitivity of eyes to ammonia.
i) Self Contained Breathing Apparatus
Suitable for high concentrations of ammonia in oxygen deficient
atmosphere.
ii)
Positive Pressure Hose Mask
Suitable for high concentrations
of ammonia provided conditions permit safe escapes if the air supply fails.
This device is suitable in any
atmosphere, regardless of the degree of contamination or oxygen deficiency,
provided that clean, breathable air can be reached.
iii)
Air Line Masks
Suitable for use only where conditions
will permit safe escape in case of failure of the compressed air supply. It supplies compressed air to the face piece
of the user. The air supply should be
taken from a safe source and should not be contaminated by oil.
Chemical Cartridge Respirator
This respirator is a
non-emergency respiratory and should not be used in oxygen deficient
atmosphere. The cartridge respiratory
provides protection for a limited period depending on the type of cartridge
used, concentration of the contaminant present in the atmosphere in which it is
used and the activity of the wearer.
These respirators may be used to avoid inhaling disagreeable but
relatively harmless concentrations of ammonia vapour and are not recommended
for protection against toxic concentrations of ammonia. It is recommended that the chemical cartridge
respirator should generally not be used in atmosphere containing more than
0.1% of the ammonia.
Canister
Gas Mask
For concentration of ammonia not
exceeding 3% and for relatively brief exposure periods, an industrial gas mask
with full face mask and green canister maybe used, provided that there is no
atmospheric oxygen deficiency and adequate skin protection have been
provided. These masks are not suitable
for emergencies, since the ammonia concentrations and oxygen deficiency may not
be known.
The wearer must leave the
contaminated area immediately on detecting the odour of ammonia or on
experiencing dizziness or difficulty in breathing. These are indications that the mask is not
functioning properly or the ammonia concentration is too high or that
sufficient oxygen is not available.
Unless the presences of other
gases require the use of an … purpose canister, the ammonia canister should be
used. The colour assigned for ammonia
canister as per Indian Standard is green, however, the colour coding may be
different in canisters imported from other countries and hence care must be
taken not to confuse this. Spare
canister should be stored in a cool, dry, accessible place with seals intact and
dated so that rotation of new supplies is possible. Expiry date of the canister should be taken
into account at the time of the issue of the canister and the over-age canister
should be replaced, even though un-used.
Canister should be periodically checked for their efficiency.
TRANSPORT INFORMATION
UN Classification
Class
2 Gases, Division 2.3 Toxic Gas, UN No 1005
STABILITY AND REACTIVITY
Stability
Thermally
stable in reaction terms at design storage conditions. Heat input can cause
liquid to vapourise.
Conditions to avoid
Physical
damage and heating of containers.
Materials to avoid
Ammonia
reacts violently with hypochlorites, mercury and halogens producing unstable
compounds which are liable to explode.
Attacks
copper, zinc, aluminium, cadmium and their alloys.
Reacts
with mercury and silver oxide to form compounds that are sensitive to
mechanical shock.
Ammonia
gas can react violently with nitrogen oxides and strong acids.
References:
1) NFCL –
Ammonia Plant Operating Manual, Vol. 1 …… Snamprogretti
2) Safety
Aspects of Ammonia Storage, Handling & Transport ….. Seminar Papers (UHDE)
3) Ammonia
Plant Safety …. AICHE Symposium Papers 1992, 1995 and related facilities
4) Training
Manual for Utility Plant …. NFCL, Kakinada
5) Code of
Practice for the Large Scale Storage of fully refrigerated Anhydrous Ammonia in
the UK London
6) BS :
7777 “part-1 : 1993
Flat bottomed, vertical,
cylindrical storage tanks for low temperature service.
SCRIPT ON AMMONIA STORAGE &
HANDLING
1. AST-1
& 2 overview in Ammonia storage plant.
2. Safety
in built features of the AST.
a.
Double wall and double integrity tank
b.
Safety relief valves (pressure / Vacuum)
c.
Vent control valves
d.
Flare system
e.
Ammonia refrigeration compressors & Blowers
f.
Ammonia Heating system / Vaporiser / condenser
g.
Storage tank construction features (From the
connected drawings)
h.
Water curtain system, water sump & circulation
facilities
i.
Leak detecting and alarm systems
j.
Control panel in AST control room
k.
Fire protection system (Fire hydrant, Fire fighting
equipment, Fire alarm)
l.
Spill Containment facilities / Bunding and pumping
systems
m.
Personal protective systems (BA set, Hand gloves,
Ammonia suit, ALRs)
n.
Ammonia transfer facilities from one tank to
another
o.
Ammonia transfer pumps
p.
Ammonia loading / unloading facilities.
q.
Provision to drain Annulus.
3. Use of
safety appliances by personnel (like BA set, ALRs, Ammonia suit, Fire alarm
panel at AST control room and Fire control room, Use of Manual call point)
4. Level-I,
Level-II scenarios
5. Level-III
facilities & information (showing all other infrastructure facilities like
Hotline, telephones in ECCs & Fire tenders, ambulance and assembly points
and transport facilities, Mutual aid facilities and OHC facilities).
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