Experts deliberated on challenges & prospects of hydrogen energy commercialisation

Experts deliberated on challenges & prospects of hydrogen energy commercialisation

Posted On: 10 OCT 2024 1:39PM by PIB Delhi

Industrialists, entrepreneurs, business aspirants and enthusiasts from various sectors discussed the challenges and prospects of hydrogen energy commercialization at a workshop on fostering start-up ecosystems for commercialization of hydrogen technologies.

Dr. R Vijay, Director of ARCI, stressed on the importance of reducing the cost of hydrogen production to make it more market-attractive while speaking as Guest of Honour at the workshop organised by ARCI an autonomous institution of the Department of Science and Technology (DST) on the occasion of National Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Day on 8th October2024.

He also showcased ARCI’s role in transferring hydrogen technologies both at the component level and through integrated systems and said that ARCI is supporting many start-ups in the energy sector.

The 7th consecutive annual hydrogen workshop was organised at the Centre for Fuel Cell Technology of International Advanced Research Centre for Powder Metallurgy and New Materials (ARCI), at IITM Research Park, Chennai.

In his inaugural address, Prof. Mohammad RihanDirector General of the National Institute of Solar Energy (NISE), highlighted the mission-mode approach of integrating solar power with electrolyzer for green hydrogen generation for energy storageand conversion to electricity through fuel cells. He underscored the synergy between solar energy and hydrogen technologies, offering a sustainable pathway toward green energy. He also mentioned that ARCI and NISE have already signed a MoU to jointly work for the realisation of the above approach.

Dr. R. Gopalan,Former Regional Director of ARCI, Chennai, emphasized the need for a circular economy in hydrogen production to further reduce costs and highlighted India’s emerging leadership in green ammonia synthesis alongside other developed nations.

Eminent speakers such as Dr. G.A. Pathanjali, Managing Director of High Energy Batteries, Tiruchirappalli, Shri. Krishnan Sadagopan, Senior Vice President at Ashok Leyland, and Dr.RamadasArumugamSakunthalai, Director at the Global Automotive Research Centre (GARC), discussed the critical role of hydrogen in the Indian automotive market. They delved into hydrogen’s application in transportation and the challenges and potential for growth in this sector.

Several start-up founders and representatives shared their experiences with hydrogen production and utilization, discussing their capabilities as well as the hurdles they face in scaling their technologies. Key challenges such as cost, infrastructure development, and regulatory barriers were highlighted. Participants explored strategies to reduce production and distribution costs to make hydrogen more economically viable.

The workshop underscored the need for collaboration between industry, academia, and research institutions, with ARCI playing a pivotal role in fostering these partnerships. This collaboration is seen as essential for achieving hydrogen economy in India.

This year’s workshop not only celebrated National Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Day but also marked a significant step in India’s journey towards a green energy future. The discussions and insights shared during the event will contribute to the development of hydrogen technologies that can reshape the global energy landscape.

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Troubleshooting 4 Common Gas Detection Issues

SAFETY

Troubleshooting 4 Common Gas Detection Issues

Oct. 9, 2024

Gas detectors serve a mission-critical purpose. Here's how to make sure they're working properly.

Rick Pedley

Gas detection techniques have a fascinating history, dating back to the nineteenth century when canaries served as early warning systems for toxic gases in coal mines. As coal emerged as the Industrial Revolution’s energy source of choice, miners began using flame safety lamps to detect dangerous atmospheric changes in their work environments. Over time, these rudimentary methods gave way to catalytic sensors, which offered more reliable detection of hazardous gases. 

Today, modern detection systems employ cutting-edge technologies (e.g., infrared and electrochemical sensors) to help maintain safe working environments in essential industries, such as semiconductor manufacturing, oil and gas, and wastewater treatment. The critical role that gas detectors play in worker safety across industries has led to a market valued at $1.85 billion, with an expected annual growth of 5% between 2024 and 2032. 

However, even the most advanced gas monitoring solutions can encounter issues over time. As such, knowing how to troubleshoot common gas detector issues is essential if you and your team regularly work in environments with potentially hazardous atmospheres. Below, we explore four of the most common gas detector problems and offer practical tips for resolving them. 

1. Gas Detector Won’t Turn On

While there are several potential causes for this, they’re often tied to different variables surrounding the device's power source.

Troubleshooting Steps:

Check the Battery: Try replacing the batteries or recharging the unit. If replacing the batteries or recharging the device doesn’t solve the issue, check the battery compartment for acid leaks, corrosion or damage. You can also consult the user manual and check the operating temperature range, as low temperatures can interfere with the voltage of alkaline batteries.

Inspect Power Contacts: Over time, dust, debris or corrosion can accumulate on the battery contacts or the power cable connector. Gently remove any buildup using a clean, dry cloth. For fixed gas detectors, start by inspecting the power cable for any visible damage. If everything looks intact, test the voltage going into the device. If there’s no voltage, inspect the fuse connectors running in and out of the marshaling cabinet and check the wiring inside the terminal block. The wires could be loose or in the wrong configuration.

Software and Firmware Updates: Sometimes, a bug in the existing software could prevent the device from powering up. Newer firmware versions often improve compatibility with different power sources, batteries or communication protocols. Ensuring your device has the latest firmware can resolve power-related glitches.

If the gas detector still doesn't turn on after following these steps, contact the manufacturer's customer support. The device may require servicing or parts replacement.

2. Gas Detector Won’t Calibrate

Calibration is essential to ensuring that a gas detector provides accurate readings. When the device refuses to calibrate, it can compromise worker safety by creating a false sense of security.

Gas detector sensors have a service life and are generally not fail-safe. For instance, a Lower Explosive Limit (LEL) sensor may show a lower reading of explosive gases as it ages. Without observing a proper calibration schedule, this may go unnoticed until significant safety issues occur.

Troubleshooting Steps:

Expired Sensors: Gas detector sensors typically have a service life of two to three years. Over time, they degrade and lose their ability to detect gases accurately. If your device won’t calibrate, one of the first things to check is whether the sensors need replacing.

Incorrect Calibration Gas: Make sure you’re using the appropriate calibration gas for the specific gas detector sensor, as the incorrect gas types and concentrations can lead to calibration failure. Check the test gas expiration and refer to the manufacturer's guidelines for detailed calibration instructions. Keep in mind that calibration gases typically expire within three years, depending on whether they're reactive or nonreactive.

Environmental Conditions: Sometimes, external environmental conditions (e.g., high humidity or extreme temperatures) can interfere with calibration. Ensure you’re calibrating in a controlled environment in accordance with the manufacturer’s recommendations.

Low battery levels can also interfere with the calibration procedures. Ensure the device has a sufficient charge before attempting to calibrate. We recommend bump testing before each use (more on that, below) and calibrating at least every six months.

3. Sensor Error and Replacement

The lifespan of gas detector sensors varies depending on the sensor type, usage and the environment in which they operate. As sensors age, they lose their sensitivity and may produce false readings or error codes.

Troubleshooting Steps:

Sensor Lifespan: Check the user manual to determine the individual sensor's expected lifespan. Replacing the sensors may resolve the issue if they are approaching or beyond their recommended service life.

Identify the Error Code: Most gas detectors display error codes when a sensor malfunctions. The user manual provides a list of error codes and the corresponding troubleshooting advice.

Sensor Maintenance: Dirt and grime can collect around the sensor housing. Use a brush or compressed air to clean the sensor filter and remove any debris that could interfere with the signal. Use a non-abrasive cloth or tool to clean the area around the sensor.

Cross-Interference: Electromagnetic interference (EMI) from radio frequencies (e.g., cell towers, communication networks and radio transmitters) can interact with gas detector sensors. This can result in unintended responses, including false alarms or exaggerated readings.

When replacing sensors, let it stabilize in ambient air before calibration. The stabilization time can vary depending on the detector model, but it typically ranges from 30 minutes to three hours. Stabilization allows the sensors to settle and reach equilibrium, helping ensure accurate baseline measurements.

4. Cross-Sensitivity Issues

Cross-sensitivity occurs when a sensor designed to detect a specific gas reacts to other non-target gases. This can lead to false positive or negative readings, triggering unnecessary alarms.  

Troubleshooting Steps:

Use Filtered Sensors: Some gas detectors have sensors with filters designed to reduce cross-sensitivity by blocking non-target gases from interfering with the readings. If you frequently experience cross-sensitivity, consider upgrading to sensors with this feature.

Regular Calibration: Regularly calibrating the gas detector can minimize the impact of cross-sensitivity, as this helps the device adjust to changing environmental factors to maintain its accuracy. The optimal calibration frequency will depend on the manufacturer's recommendations, the types of gases monitored and the working environment.

Maintain Proper Ventilation: Ensuring adequate ventilation in the workspace helps reduce the concentration of interfering gases and minimize the likelihood of cross-sensitivity in gas detectors. Proper airflow can disperse non-target gases, leading to more accurate readings. Consider using portable ventilation systems, especially in confined spaces or poorly ventilated areas, to help maintain air quality and reduce the risk of sensor interference.

Every manufacturer publishes a cross-sensitivity chart outlining how non-target gases can affect the readings on different types of gas sensors. Post this resource in the workplace or give every worker a copy they can carry with them.

The Importance of Maintenance

Despite the robust construction of modern gas detectors, the sensors they use are relatively delicate and require regular testing, calibration and proper maintenance. Here are a few best practices to help optimize the service life of your gas monitoring solutions:

Routine Sensor Testing: Sensors should be tested regularly to ensure they are working properly. The easiest way to do this is through bump testing, which briefly exposes the sensor to a small amount of gas to verify its response. Many gas detection systems have optional docking stations that automatically perform, record and remind users about bump tests and calibration.

Document Maintenance: Keep detailed records of all maintenance, bump testing and calibrations performed on each gas detector. We recommend using gas detectors with data-logging capabilities that can automatically store this data, including concentration levels, alarm events and testing history. This information can help identify recurring issues and ensure the device complies with safety standards.

Proper Storage: Store gas detectors in a dry, controlled environment to prevent damage to sensitive sensors. Avoid areas with high moisture levels, dust or extreme temperatures, as these can contribute to sensor degradation.

While gas detectors are designed to be robust and reliable, they can malfunction due to various environmental and usage factors. Ensuring gas detectors are in good working condition is crucial before beginning any work. Workers must make it a habit to check their gas detector equipment before every use, just as they do with any other safety gear.

Beyond providing the appropriate safety equipment, safety teams should also take the initiative of creating training programs and reference materials to ensure workers understand how to maintain and troubleshoot their gas detection equipment. By training workers on basic troubleshooting and observing proper maintenance practices, you can help ensure your team gets the protection they deserve.

The concept of the connected worker has been an evolving aspect of the gas detector market. Some early innovations have been focused on closed or proprietary manufacturer’s systems. Now, we are seeing a trend toward using third-party apps to connect gas detectors wirelessly to cloud-based systems. Making the connection much less expensive makes the tools and technology available to a broader range of customers. This should, in turn, drive further innovation.

By giving managers both real-time insights as well as information and data recording, they are in a better position to troubleshoot early and perform proactive maintenance to ensure that all equipment is in good working order–and that workers know how to properly use gas detectors. This will allow more workers to do their jobs safely and return to their families at the end of their shifts.

About the Author

Rick Pedley

Rick Pedley is president and CEO of PK Safety (www.pksafety.com), a supplier of occupational safety and personal protective equipment since 1947.

What is the maximum operating temperature for the UV-Cuvettes?

 A small transparent tube or container with specific optical properties. The chemical composition of the container determines the vessel's use, such as Pyrex glass for examining materials in the visible spectrum or silica for those in the ultraviolet range. It is used in laboratory research and analyses, such as photometric evaluations, colorimetric determinations, and turbidity studies.

A cuvette is a small tube of circular or square cross section, sealed at one end, made of plastic, glass, or fused quartz (for UV light) and designed to hold samples for spectroscopic experiments. The best cuvettes are as clear as possible, without impurities that might affect a spectroscopic reading. Like a test tube, a cuvette may be open to the atmosphere on top or have a cap to seal it shut. Parafilm can also be used to seal it.

Inexpensive cuvettes are round and look similar to test tubes. Disposable plastic cuvettes are often used in fast spectroscopic assays, where speed is more important than high accuracy.

Some cuvettes will be clear only on opposite sides, so that they pass a single beam of light through that pair of sides; often the unclear sides have ridges or are rough to allow easy handling. Cuvettes to be used in fluorescence spectroscopy[ must be clear on all four sides because fluorescence is measured at a right-angle to the beam path to limit contributions from beam itself. Some cuvettes, known as tandem cuvettes, have a glass barrier that extends 2/3 up inside, so that measurements can be taken with two solutions separated, and again when they are mixed. Typically, cuvettes are 10 mm (0.39 in) across, to allow for easy calculations of coefficients of absorption.

Cuvettes to be used in circular dichroism experiments should never be mechanically stressed, as the stress will induce birefringence[ in the quartz and affect the measurements made.

 Types of cuvettes

There are three different types of cuvettes commonly used, with different usable wavelengths:

Glass, with a wavelength from 380 to 780 nm (visible spectrum).

Plastic, with a wavelength from 380 to 780 nm (visible spectrum).

Fused quartz, with a wavelength below 380 nm (ultraviolet spectrum).

UV quartz has a usable wavelength of around 185 nm, and a matching tolerance of 1% at 220 nm.

ES quartz has a usable wavelength range of 190 to 2,000 nm, and a matching tolerance of 1% at 200 nm.

IR quartz has a usable wavelength range of 220 to 3,500 nm, and a matching tolerance of 1% at 2,730 nm.

What is the maximum operating temperature for the UV-Cuvettes?

The UV-Cuvettes can be used at temperatures up to 60 degrees Celsius for several hours.

I have selected the correct size UV-Cuvettes for my spectrophotometer, but still am not getting appropriate results. Why?

If you are using the appropriate window height (z-dimension) ultra-micro UV-Cuvette for your spectrophotometer, and are not getting appropriate results, it is likely due to one of two different problems.

Extremely dilute samples.

Because the proprietary plastic has a higher absorbance than quartz, extremely dilute samples may not differ substantially from background, so you may have no other choice than to use a quartz cuvette.

Light beam width.

Some spectrophotomers have abnormally wide light beams that can be refracted by the side walls of the cuvette. When using ultra-micro sized samples, these spectrophotometers require the use of black-masked quartz cuvettes to overcome this deficiency.

What is the difference between your PS, PMMA and UV-Cuvettes

Polystyrene (PS) cuvettes are the least expensive, however they have the lowest chemical resistance, and are only suitable for visible light applications, with a lower wavelength limit of around 340nm. Polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA or “acrylic”) cuvettes extend that range to about 300nm, or slightly into the near UV range, and have slightly greater chemical compatibility. BRAND UV-Cuvettes use a proprietary plastic to allow measurement as low as 220nm, and has resistance to many polar organics as well as many acids and bases.

What does “mold cavity matched” mean?

Cuvettes are injection molded plastic. No matter how close the tolerances are in the molds, there will be some variance. BRAND cuvettes are sorted during the manufacturing process so that each package of cuvettes contains only cuvettes made from the same mold, minimizing the cuvette-to-cuvette variance.

Do you sell four-clear-side flourimetry cuvettes?

No.

My results with your UV-Cuvettes are different than with quartz. What’s happening?

While our UV-Cuvettes allow enough light to pass to perform accurate spectrophotometry down to 220nm, they are not as transparent as quartz. When using UV-Cuvettes, any reference measurements should also be done with UV-Cuvettes.

Union Minister Shri Pralhad Joshi Concludes Successful Three Day Visit to Germany, Boosts Energy Cooperation

Ministry of New and Renewable Energy

azadi ka amrit mahotsav

Union Minister Shri Pralhad Joshi Concludes Successful Three Day Visit to Germany, Boosts Energy Cooperation

Posted On: 09 OCT 2024 5:43PM by PIB Delhi

Union Minister for New and Renewable Energy, Shri Pralhad Joshi, completed a successful visit to Germany from 6th to 9th October 2024. The visit, which coincided with the Hamburg Sustainability Conference (HSC), underscored India’s commitment to global sustainability and renewable energy, and facilitated key discussions on enhancing bilateral cooperation in the energy sector.

On 7th October, the Minister delivered the keynote address at Hamburg Sustainability Conference, where he highlighted India’s role in global renewable energy and energy transition initiatives, including the International Solar Alliance, which now has the support of over 100 countries. Shri Joshi underscored India's remarkable progress in renewable energy over the last decade, driven by Prime Minister Shri Narendra Modi's vision and leadership. He emphasized India’s commitment to sustainability, particularly in sectors like green shipping, and called for strengthening international collaboration to tackle the challenges posed by the global energy transition.

As part of the visit, Shri Joshi held numerous bilateral meetings with global leaders. His meeting with Mr. Achim Steiner, Administrator of the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), focused on India’s growing renewable energy landscape and future collaborations for sustainable development. He also met Ms. Svenja Schulze, German Minister for Economic Cooperation and Development (BMZ), to discuss shared priorities in green energy and sustainability.

Union Minister of New and Renewable Energy Shri Pralhad Joshi interacts with Chancellor of Germany Mr. Olaf Scholz

On the sidelines of the HSC, Shri Joshi exchanged pleasantries with Mr. Olaf Scholz, the Chancellor of Germany. Union Minister Joshi also interacted with Mr. Karim Badawi, Egypt’s Minister of Petroleum and Natural Resources, and discussed bilateral relations and enhancing cooperation. He also met Ms. Roberta Casali, Vice President of the Asian Development Bank, and deliberated on renewable energy investments in India. Shri Joshi further engaged with Dr Jamshid Khodjaev, Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Economy and Finance of Uzbekistan, where they discussed global shifts in the energy landscape and avenues to support energy transition.

The Minister also met with Ms. Anneliese Dodds, the UK’s Minister of Development, and they deliberated on scaling up international cooperation for a cleaner, more sustainable future. He also exchanged views with Ms. Kristalina Georgieva, Managing Director of the International Monetary Fund (IMF), on the IMF’s role in supporting global sustainability projects, and Mr. Ajay Banga, President of the World Bank, regarding India’s leadership in the green energy space.

Union Minister of New and Renewable Energy Shri Pralhad Joshi with Dr. Robert Habeck, Germany's Vice-Chancellor and Federal Minister for Economic Affairs and Climate Action

In Berlin, Union Minister Shri Joshi was warmly received by Dr. Robert Habeck, Germany's Vice-Chancellor and Federal Minister for Economic Affairs and Climate Action. Dr. Habeck also gave a special guided tour of German Federal Ministry of Economic Affairs and Climate Action. Dr Habeck acknowledged the stunning growth of India’s Renewable sector in the last 10 years to Union Minister Joshi and was very optimistic on India’s journey towards Mission 500 GW from Renewable energy. Shri Joshi posted on X

“Held a bilateral meeting with Dr. Robert Habeck, Germany's Vice-Chancellor and Federal Minister for Economic Affairs and Climate Action, on the sidelines of #HSC2024. We had a fruitful discussion on strengthening cooperation in renewable energy. Deliberation on opportunities in green hydrogen, offshore wind, biogas, and recycling of solar waste was also held during the meeting. We were happy to note that India and Germany's cooperation on energy transition is progressing well. Expressed confidence that in the coming years, India will emerge as a trusted source of green hydrogen for Germany.”

Union Minister of New and Renewable Energy Shri Pralhad Joshi with Indian Diaspora in Berlin, Germany

During his time in Berlin, Shri Joshi interacted with members of the Indian diaspora at an event hosted by the Embassy of India, where he lauded their contributions to Germany’s economy and their role in enhancing India’s global presence.

During the RE-INVEST 2024 held in September, 2024, India and Germany had launched the India-Germany Platform for Investment in Renewable Energies showing the growing bond between the two countries in Renewable Energy. The platform will facilitate to create further business opportunities and new avenues for the increasing demand for capital, support technology transfer and enhance the development of innovative technical solutions in RE.

Shri Pralhad Joshi’s visit to Germany concluded with a commitment to furthering India’s leadership in renewable energy cooperation and energy transition initiatives. The meetings and interactions during the visit have laid a strong foundation for deeper collaboration in energy transition, reinforcing India’s role as a global leader in the pursuit of a sustainable future.

Green Ammonia plant applicable laws in India

Green Ammonia plant applicable laws in India

Environmental Compliance:

Land and Zoning Regulations.

Energy Supply and Renewable Energy Policies.

Factory and Labor Regulations.

Industrial Licensing and Approvals.

International Standards Compliance.

Green ammonia, which is produced using renewable energy sources, is gaining attention as a key player in the push toward reducing carbon emissions. India, committed to sustainable growth, is seeing increased interest in setting up green ammonia plants.

However, establishing such a facility requires careful consideration of various legal and regulatory requirements. This article outlines the critical laws and regulations involved in setting up a green ammonia plant in India.

Environmental Compliance:

Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA): Before any industrial project begins, an Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) is required under the Environment Protection Act, 1986, and the EIA Notification, 2006. This assessment evaluates the potential environmental impact of the project and includes public consultations and the development of an environmental management plan. Approval from the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEFCC) is mandatory to proceed.

Pollution Control: Green ammonia plants must adhere to the Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981, and the Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974. These acts require obtaining consents from the State Pollution Control Boards (SPCBs) for emissions and discharge of effluents. Regular monitoring ensures compliance with these environmental standards.

Hazardous Waste Management: Since ammonia production involves hazardous materials, compliance with the Hazardous and Other Wastes (Management and Transboundary Movement) Rules, 2016, is essential. This includes the proper handling, disposal, and management of hazardous waste generated during production.

Land and Zoning Regulations

Land Acquisition: Acquiring land for industrial use is governed by the Right to Fair Compensation and Transparency in Land Acquisition, Rehabilitation and Resettlement Act, 2013. This law ensures fair compensation and proper rehabilitation and resettlement of affected communities. Selecting land that is strategically located near renewable energy sources and transportation networks is crucial for the success of a green ammonia plant.

Zoning Laws: It is important to verify that the chosen land is designated for industrial use according to local zoning regulations. Zoning laws, which are enforced by local municipal authorities, determine the type of industrial activities that are permitted in specific areas. Adhering to these regulations is necessary to avoid legal issues and ensure the plant operates smoothly.

Energy Supply and Renewable Energy Policies

Power Purchase Agreements (PPAs): Green ammonia production requires a consistent supply of renewable energy, which is often secured through Power Purchase Agreements (PPAs) with renewable energy providers. The Electricity Act, 2003, governs these agreements and provides the framework for the generation, distribution, and trading of electricity in India.

Renewable Energy Certificates (RECs): The Indian government promotes renewable energy through the Renewable Energy Certificate (REC) mechanism. Green ammonia plants can benefit from RECs, which certify the generation of renewable energy and can be traded in the market. The Central Electricity Regulatory Commission (CERC) oversees compliance with the REC mechanism.

Factory and Labor Regulations

Factories Act, 1948: The Factories Act, 1948, applies to manufacturing units employing 10 or more workers. It includes provisions related to worker safety, health, and welfare, which are particularly relevant to green ammonia plants due to the potential hazards of ammonia production. Compliance with these provisions is essential to maintain a safe working environment.

Labor Laws: Green ammonia plants must comply with various labor laws, including the Industrial Disputes Act, 1947, the Payment of Wages Act, 1936, and the Employees' Provident Funds and Miscellaneous Provisions Act, 1952. These laws govern employment terms, wage payments, and social security benefits, ensuring the protection and welfare of workers.

Industrial Licensing and Approvals

Industrial Licensing: Certain industries, including chemical plants, require industrial licenses under the Industrial Development and Regulation Act, 1951. Green ammonia plants may need specific approvals depending on their scale and location, even though the government has relaxed licensing requirements for some sectors.

Safety and Fire Approvals: Given the hazardous nature of ammonia production, obtaining safety and fire approvals is crucial. Compliance with guidelines from the Petroleum and Explosives Safety Organization (PESO) and the National Building Code (NBC) of India is necessary to secure fire safety and storage approvals.

International Standards Compliance

ISO Certifications: Obtaining ISO certifications, such as ISO 14001 for environmental management and ISO 45001 for occupational health and safety, can enhance the reputation and sustainability of green ammonia plants. These certifications signal adherence to international best practices and can be valuable for securing financing and partnerships.

Global Environmental Standards: In addition to complying with national regulations, green ammonia plants should align with global environmental standards, particularly if they plan to export their products. Compliance with international agreements such as the Kyoto Protocol and the Paris Agreement is essential to meet global market demands and contribute to worldwide sustainability goals.

Conclusion

Setting up a green ammonia plant in India requires navigating a complex regulatory environment. Ensuring compliance with environmental laws, land acquisition rules, energy policies, factory and labor regulations, and international standards is essential for the successful establishment and operation of these plants.

As India advances its green economy, the development of green ammonia plants will play a crucial role in achieving sustainable industrial growth. Legal professionals and industry stakeholders must collaborate to ensure that these projects not only meet legal requirements but also contribute to India's environmental and economic goals.

By Rishabh Roy 

What is cellulosic ethanol? Production, challenges & opportunities of 2G ethanol

What is cellulosic ethanol? Production, challenges & opportunities of 2G ethanol

September 1, 2022

Cellulosic ethanol, also referred to as “2G ethanol”, “second-generation” or “advanced biofuel” is ethanol produced from a plant fiber called cellulose. Cellulose makes up the cell wall of plant cells, it is a polymer consisting of glucose molecules linked in a long chain, often with various chemical modifications. Humans and most domestic animals cannot digest cellulose, although we do need dietary fiber for proper gut functioning.

Using cellulose for ethanol production means that inedible parts of agricultural plants such as corn and sugar cane are not wasted. Instead, they can be used for bioethanol production increasing agriculture efficiency and reducing crops’ carbon footprint by up to 85% compared to bioethanol produced from sugar and starch (1G ethanol).

Depending on the feedstock used, cellulosic ethanol reduces GHG emissions by 88% to 108% compared to gasoline. This makes 2G ethanol a sustainable fuel alternative participating in reducing air pollution.

Feedstock sources for 2G ethanol production

Whenever plants are growing in large volumes, there is a chance they can be used in cellulosic ethanol production. Virtually any plant material – waste or purposely grown – can be used as a substrate for 2G ethanol. However, various degrees of cellulose natural chemical modification make different sources more or less easy to use. Also, storing the raw biomass without degradation can be fairly difficult, let alone the absence of supply chains for such material making transportation to the utilization points difficult.

The primary sources – feedstocks – of 2G ethanol are waste biomass from crops: straw and other harvested inedible parts of the plants, including byproducts of the food industry such as sugar production from sugar beet and cane (e.g., beet pulp or bagasse).

Other sources such as municipal plant waste (e.g., lawn cuttings) and byproducts of the woodworking industry (e.g., used paper, wood chips, sawdust, etc.) are also feedstocks for cellulosic ethanol production.

One of the most promising sources of cellulosic bioethanol is purposely grown grasses such as miscanthus and switchgrass cultivated on lands unsuitable for agriculture. While miscanthus hybrids need propagation, making them more expensive, . It is also fast-growing, allowing several harvests per year.

Banner about a white paper on the valorization of cellulosic sugars with example of 2G second generation ethanol production

Suitable territories for 2G ethanol production

The territory where plants suitable for cellulosic ethanol production can be grown overlaps but is wider than the main agricultural regions of the world. A significant part of the plant feedstocks can be sourced from marginal, underused, or contaminated lands.

Virtually all territory of North America can become a place for cellulosic ethanol production. Forested Canada and the northern United States already have the wood industry, producing various wooden goods and wood chips as waste products. In addition, the prairies are home to grasses and a potential feedstocks source for 2G ethanol.

The rest of the U.S. is divided into agricultural “belts” – regions with common characteristics that hint at the opportunity of using a large volume of agricultural waste – such as the corn belt, midwestern states where corn is the main crop, and the cotton and rice belts, located in the southern states.

In India, the availability of municipal solid waste (around 62 million metric tons generated annually), rice straw, and bagasse – a fibrous byproduct of sugarcane processing – in large quantities makes the country a profitable place for 2G ethanol production. Similar crops grow in China.

Likewise, the agricultural part of South America and that produces corn and sugarcane can also produce feedstocks for cellulosic ethanol, such as bagasse and corn stover. Currently, two commercial plants in Brazil – Raízen and GranBio – are using sugarcane bagasse; and three new plants are planned and being built. The use of bagasse for cellulosic ethanol is an example of existing supply chain for cellulosic feedstock with a synergy between the first generation of bioethanol production plants and 2G ethanol production plants.L

Lastly, Europe grows corn, wheat, and sugarbeet. Like sugarcane, removing sugar-rich juice from beets leaves behind plant pulp that can be converted into ethanol. Also, like its North American cousin, Northern and Eastern Europe has thriving, sustainable forests that produce low-quality wood during forest maintenance.

Unfortunately, most of the biomass grown and harvested in these territories is wasted. Most of it rots or burns, producing energy as a best-case scenario, but increasing the carbon footprint. Why is it wasted? Utilization of cellulosic ethanol feedstock requires harvesting large volumes of plants and storing them before transporting them to the ethanol-producing facilities, but there are no logistic chains in most places.

Technology for cellulosic ethanol production

If cellulose consists of glucose, shouldn’t it be easily converted into ethanol?

Unfortunately, it is not that simple. Any polymer requires energy to break the bond between its constituent “bricks”, or monomers. As initially stated, cellulose makes up plant cell walls making them rigid, so cellulose is tough to break down.

And this is just the beginning of the story. Pure cellulose is relatively easy to break down in industrial conditions. As a result, many biodegradable products are made from cellulose – from compostable bags to dishwasher tablet wrappers.

In plants, cellulose molecules are interspersed with hemicellulose – branched polysaccharide, a modified form of cellulose. Another essential component of plants, primarily wooden, is lignin – a macromolecule rich in aromatic or phenolic compounds, similar to a resin. This mix of molecules requires the breaking of additional chemical bonds and releases inhibitory compounds of the broken down feedstock for conversion into ethanol.

In fact, 2G ethanol feedstocks are called “lignocellulose” (lignin + cellulose). The complex chemical composition of lignocellulose requires several stages of plant biomass conversion into cellulosic ethanol:

Pretreatment disrupts the compact and highly rigid structure of plant biomass. At least 20% of the energy expenditure for cellulosic ethanol production falls into this stage. Pretreatment can be done using mechanical, thermal, chemical, or biological processes or their combination.

Hydrolysis breaks chemical bonds between monomers in the cellulose and lignin and releases sugars. The least energy-demanding way to hydrolyze cellulose is using enzymes called cellulases because they work at relatively mild conditions of 45–50°C.

Fermentation converts sugars released during the hydrolysis stage into cellulosic The sugars can have 5 carbon atoms in the molecule (xylose, arabinose) or 6 – these are the familiar glucose and fructose. While wild yeast easily ferments C6 sugars, C5 sugar fermentation requires genetically modified yeast strains. Few technologies for this are commercially available.

All three stages of the cellulose conversion into ethanol need optimization, including reducing energy consumption. When biological organisms such as yeast, fungi, and bacteria are involved, it is essential to engineer the relevant species to achieve maximum productivity. For example, the introduction of temperature-resistant species can allow the combination of hydrolysis and fermentation in one vessel.

Regulatory and political environment of 2G ethanol

The constraints of 2G ethanol – needing a significant initial expenditure of the infrastructures – make it especially important for governments to support initiatives in favor of cellulosic ethanol production. We expect the considerable production of 2G ethanol to start in regions where governments are the most favorable: so far being Europe, India, and Brazil. The sharp oil price rise in 2022 moves the development of sustainable energy sources such as cellulosic ethanol production into the foreground.

The European Economic Area, which includes European Union and associated countries, has long been aware of the environmental costs of energy production and working on its reduction. It issued the framework of the Renewable Energy Directive (REDII) and its current update REDIII. REDII requires a significant reduction of fossil fuel use, including in the transportation sector where the Advanced Biofuel Mandate aims at 3.5% of total transport energy being advanced biofuels by 2030.

While the main concerns of the European Economic Area are decarbonization and environmental impact of fossil fuels and the first generation of biofuels, India imports more than 85% of its oil. In compliance with the government initiative to reduce this figure to 62%, India oil companies are committed to significant investments into renewable energy sources, including 2G ethanol. According to the Indian Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas, 12 plants will be producing second-generation biofuels in the coming years. 

Constraints of cellulosic ethanol production

Regarding cellulosic ethanol production, the main constraints are the absence of infrastructure for growing, harvesting, storing, and transporting feedstocks, as well as the high energy demand. The cost of 2G ethanol production, compared to the first-generation biofuels is also to be considered. In the short team, cellulosic ethanol has higher production costs than 1G. But, in the long term, it has been showed to be more competitive than 1G ethanol production, with biomass costs than can be reduced by 55%, remarkably lowering overall production costs.

Opportunities of 2G ethanol production

Despite the constraints, the production of cellulosic ethanol provides advantages that are becoming more pressing with the current cost increase of fossil fuels and energy.

While 2G ethanol production provides an environment-friendly fuel supporting transport decarbonization, it also allows a better use of agricultural productions – by using the whole plants rather than only edible parts – and forestry – by utilizing virtually all harvested biomass.

In many countries such as Brazil and the U.S., automotive fuels already contains ethanol. From a chemical point of view, there is no difference between the first and second-generation bioethanol in using and blending ethanol for transportation. In the future, the aviation industry will also be able to use ethanol as SAF, with some airlines already starting to experiment it.

2g ethanol at the pump

Technological advances continuously improve 2G ethanol production, reduce its’ energy demand, and increase its’ output. Most E.U. governments realize the necessity of transitioning from a fossil fuel-based economy to a sustainable one, where cellulosic ethanol will play a large part. This is reflected in legislations that make 2G ethanol production increasingly attractive.

Durga Pooja celebration under the guidance of Site incharge Shri C.V. Kumar Sir @ AM Green Ammonia Kakinada to boost Team building initiative.

 Under the guidance of our beloved site incharge  Shri C. Vijay Kumar sir , Max section as Lab , quality and environment, fire and safety , HPD, Information technology section ,Production , Workshop and offsite All HOD. SH and associates participated and participating doing  Pooja for Sustainable devlopment growth for company and employees

Durga Puja, a festival that celebrates the victory of the goddess Durga over the demon Mahishasura, can teach valuable lessons about teamwork and collaboration: 

The power of unity

Durga Puja is a collaborative effort that involves months of preparation, from sculpting idols to coordinating cultural programs. This collective effort can teach leaders the importance of bringing teams together to achieve goals. 

Harnessing diversity

Effective leaders can use the diversity of skills and thought in their teams to create a symbiotic relationship where colleagues support each other.

Creating high-performing cultures

By channeling individual strengths towards shared objectives, leaders can create cultures that are primed for innovation and growth. 

Values that transcend borders

Durga Puja promotes values like teamwork, integrity, discipline, and cultural sensitivity that can enrich professional lives. 

How can organising a Durga puja help you succeed in corporate life?

Durga Puja is a ten-day festival that usually takes place in September or October. It involves elaborate decorations, processions, cultural programs, and the creation of idols.

Navadurga: Nine Avatars of Durga

Shailaputri: “daughter of the mountain”

Brahmacharini: “devoted female student”

Chandraghanta: “she of the crescent-shaped bell”

Kushmanda: “goddess of the cosmic egg”

Skandamata: “mother of Skanda”

Katyayani: “slayer of the demon”

Kalaratri: “goddess of the night”

Mahagauri: “great and brilliant”

Siddhidhatri: “giver of supernatural powers"

Durga’s Weapons

Trishul: trident, from Shiva

Sudarshan Chakra: discus, from Vishnu

Lotus: given by Brahma

Vajra: thunderbolt, from the weather god Indra

Spear: from the fire god Agni

Sword: from Ganesha

Bow and arrow: from the wind god Vayu

Shankha: conch shell, from the water god Varuna

Axe: from the divine craftsman Vishvakarma

Snake: given by Shiva

The festivals hold great importance among devotees, celebrating the triumph of good over evil. During these festivals, people come together and worship Goddess Durga, known as a symbol of strength, courage, and compassion.

Navratri, an incarnation of “Goddess Durga” is worshipped to celebrate the day of her victory over Mahishasura, and the ultimate victory of 'Good over Evil.”

 Navratri, or the Divine Nine Nights, is a time of deep rest and rejuvenation. Each day is dedicated to one of the nine forms of the Mother Divine.

Bharat Mata

A unique modern form of Durga appears in a nationalistic form called Bharat Mata. Her origins can be found in Bengali writer Bankim Chandra Chatterjee’s British Raj-era novel Anandamath (1882), which popularized the notion of India as a mother goddess: Bharat (an ancient name for India still in use today) and mata (“mother”), identified as Durga. Anandamath, which offers a potent combination of Hinduism and nationalist themes, is set during the Sannyasi Rebellion (c. 1770–1800), an uprising of Hindu ascetics against the forces of the East India Company. A crucial passage visualizes Bharat as three aspects of the goddess. Kali represents the economic exploitation of pre-independent Bharat, Jagaddhatri (a benevolent version of Durga) symbolizes the lost glory of the country, and Durga herself signifies the goal of the rebel ascetics: the restoration of Bharat to its former majesty. The novel’s vision of Bharat and the accompanying devotional poem Vande Mataram (part of which was adopted as the national song of India by the Congress Party in 1937) served as a rallying cry during India’s independence movement. Bharat Mata was rendered as a four-armed goddess in a famous painting by Abanindranath Tagore in 1904–05, and subsequent illustrations show her in a more stirringly nationalistic form next to or mounted upon Durga’s lion. Her shape is sometimes superimposed on a map of India. Temples specifically dedicated to Durga as Bharat Mata have been created in various parts of India.

Hindustan Petroleum Corporation Limited (HPCL) is involved in several bioethanol-related activities, including:

 Hindustan Petroleum Corporation Limited (HPCL) is involved in several bioethanol-related activities, including: 

Research

HPCL's Green R&D Centre in Bengaluru conducts research on biofuels, including ethanol-gasoline blends. Preliminary studies have shown that these blends can significantly reduce emissions and net CO2 emissions. 

Ethanol production

HPCL Biofuels Ltd. manufactures fuel grade ethanol that can be blended with petrol. The ethanol plants use technologies such as continuous fermentation, multi pressure distillation, and molecule sieve technologies. 

Bio-refinery

HPCL owns a bio-refinery in Bathinda that produces ethanol from paddy straw. The plant is designed to produce 100 Kilo Litre (KL) of ethanol per day. The plant's operation is expected to significantly reduce paddy straw burning in the region. 

E27 fuel

HPCL launched a pilot study on E27 fuel, which is a blend of 27% ethanol and fossil-

based fuel. 

Hardeep Singh Puri confident of meeting 20 per cent ethanol blending well before target time

By ChiniMandi -Tuesday, 8 October 2024

As ethanol blending increases, the government is confident of achieving its target of 20 per cent ethanol blending.

While speaking at an event, India’s Petroleum and Natural Gas Minister, Hardeep Singh Puri, said, “We are going to achieve the ethanol blending target well before target time. We have saved ₹91,000 crore on fossil fuel imports due to the ethanol blending programme. Today, we are in happy situation of having crossed 15.9 per cent ethanol blending last month.”

Government had advanced 20 per cent ethanol blending in petrol from 2030 to ESY 2025-26

Speaking on green hydrogen, he said, “Green hydrogen is a success story unfolding in India. We have every major electrolyser manufacturer from around the world setting up shop here. We have good work going on in the sector.”

The government is actively implementing the Ethanol Blended with Petrol (EBP) Programme, which allows Oil Marketing Companies (OMCs) to sell petrol mixed with ethanol.

India’s ethanol production capacity is experiencing substantial growth, which is expected to enhance the country’s overall output. The ethanol production capacity has expanded significantly reached 1,648 crore litres.

These government initiatives have led to a steady increase in ethanol production capacity across the country, with several states now having more ethanol capacity than required.

According to the Department of Food and Public Distribution (DFPD), India’s EBP is progressing successfully. States such as Maharashtra, Karnataka, Uttar Pradesh, Punjab, Haryana, Sikkim, Bihar, and Madhya Pradesh have exceeded their ethanol production capacities, enhancing not only energy self-sufficiency but also empowering farmers. These states are also assisting smaller states with their ethanol supply needs.

Benefits of Being ISO 9001 Certified in Your Lab

The Primary Benefits of Being ISO 9001 Certified in Your Lab

ISO 9001 describes fundamental concepts and principles of quality management which are applicable to laboratories and organizations seeking success.

The ISO, or Internal Organization for Standardization, is a non-governmental, independent internal organization that develops standards to help ensure the safety, quality, and efficiency of services, products, and systems. As technology continues to develop, new standards are drafted and implemented by people at all levels within the worldwide industry going through standardization. ISO 9001 describes fundamental concepts and principles of quality management which are applicable to laboratories and organizations seeking success through their management system, internal communications, supply chain logistics, and more. Read on to learn why being ISO 9001 certified in your laboratory is so important!

Helps Boost Employee Productivity and Performance

Engaged employees are more motivated to implement processes that are set in place to ensure that problems are quickly identified and fixed in a timely manner. Also, the consistent process audits through ISO 9001 can help keep all of your lab’s employees focused while providing crucial feedback while your processes deviate from consistency.

Define Your Lab’s Quality Control Processes

A main component of ISO 9001 certification is establishing robust business processes, defining responsibilities for quality control, and relaying those specifications to all employees. After all, employees are motivated when internal communications are very effective! Implementing ISO certification requirements provides very valuable key performance metrics, like on-time delivery, throughput, and equipment effectiveness, to help accurately reflect your work system’s performance. These metrics can help you make more educated decisions to help improve growth and profitability all throughout your laboratory.

Reduce Waste and Help Improve Efficiency

Earning the ISO 9001 certification helps enforce a continuous improvement strategy so that you are constantly seeking ways to cut back on waste and improve efficiency. Utilizing the requirements set in place in ISO 9001 will help identify waste areas and then implement preventative measures to avoid any wasteful situations. Streamlining the manufacturing operations from the ground up through ISO 9001 means each moving part is as effective as possible instead of discarded or unused.

Increased Confidence in Your Manufacturing and Laboratory Business

An ISO 9001 certification demonstrates to both your customers and stakeholders that your business or lab has the ability to deliver many high-quality products that meet every industry regulation are all delivered on time. This is important, as your products and experiments should reflect the measures taken to create confidence and consistency in a global manufacturing market. An ISO 9001 certification will ensure that your business has all the required tools, equipment, and resources for producing a service

On March 15, 2024, the Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE) issued the Scheme Guidelines for the implementation of the R&D Scheme under the National Green Hydrogen Mission (NGHM).

 On March 15, 2024, the Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE) issued the Scheme Guidelines for the implementation of the R&D Scheme under the National Green Hydrogen Mission (NGHM). The guidelines outline the scheme's goals, which include:

Building an R&D ecosystem

The scheme aims to create a robust R&D ecosystem for green hydrogen technologies by encouraging collaboration between industry, academia, and the government.

Upskilling the workforce

The scheme aims to upskill the workforce that will be involved in the green hydrogen sector.

Providing policy and regulatory support

The scheme aims to provide policy and regulatory support to R&D activities to facilitate the scaling up and commercialization of technological advancements. 

 

Some other key features of the scheme include:

Intellectual property rights

The grantee institution(s) can retain a portion of the benefits and earnings from the intellectual property rights (IPR) to pursue further research.

International patent filing

The grantee institution(s) can file for international patents with a ceiling of Rs. 15 lakh for the initial filing cost.

Selling IPRs

The grantee institution(s) can sell the IPRs to another institution or industry for commercialization.

MNRE's right to take over ownership

MNRE reserves the right to take over ownership of the IPRs arising out of the projects under the scheme in the national interest.

Pumped Storage Hydropower Projects

Pumped Storage Hydropower Projects

Last Updated onAug 2, 2024

Context: As India moves ahead with increasing shift towards renewable energy sources like solar and wind. There has been a greater focus on developing battery storage systems, which can store electricity. In this respect, there has been an increased focus on developing Pumped Storage Hydropower projects, which are giant batteries.

Pumped Storage Project

Pumped storage plants use the principle of gravity to generate electricity using water that has been previously pumped from a lower source to an upper reservoir. 

Operation of pumped storage power plants requires two reservoirs viz. upper and lower reservoir. Water in upper reservoir is used for generating power during peak demand hours. The water in the lower reservoir is pumped back to the upper reservoir during the off-peak hours and the cycle continues. 

Pumped storage plants are of two types: ‘open loop’, which has an associated natural-water source (like a river) for one or both the reservoirs; and ‘closed loop’ (or off-river PSH), which does not have a connected natural-water source and the same water is cycled between the two reservoirs for pumping and generation.

Energy storage capacity of a pumped hydro facility depends on size of its two reservoirs and the head between reservoirs, while the amount of power generated is linked to the size of turbine.

A chart showing a open-loop pumped storage hydropower system. From top, water sits in an upper reservoir, then travels through a penstock or tunnel into a powerhouse. It passes through a generator/motor, then through a turbine/pump into a lower reservoir A chart showing a closed-loop pumped storage hydropower system. From top, water sits in an upper reservoir, then travels through a penstock or tunnel into a powerhouse. It passes through a generator or motor, then through a turbine or pump into a lower reservoir.

Need for Pumped Storage Hydropower Project

Renewable energy sources like solar & wind energy are intermittent and variable in nature. This leads to challenges of grid-stability and temporal considerations in power availability. This requires immediate ramp-up & back down of generation for grid balancing & stability of grid frequency.

Pump Storage Technology is the only long term technically proven, cost-effective, highly efficient & operationally flexible way of energy storage on a large scale & available at short notice.

Currently, it is the largest energy storage system making it most effective for Renewable Energy Integration. 

It offers following benefits:

Peak shaving: PSPs absorb off peak energy in the system.

Load balancing (Peak/off-peak balancing support): Provides peaking power. 

Helps in system stability.

Increases capacity utilisation of thermal plants.

Spinning reserve at almost no cost to the system

Black start capability

Fast ramp up & ramp down of generation

Large energy storage capacity

Long life

Energy conversion rates for pump-storage projects often exceeds 80%

Only PSP can meet most of the grid scale energy storage needs and no other storage system can and therefore almost 95% of the storage projects are Pump hydro

Status of Pumped Storage Hydropower:

Current potential of 'on-river pumped storage' in India is 103 GW. Out of 4.76 GW of installed capacity, 3.36 GW capacity is working in pumping mode. About 44.5 GW including 34 GW off-river pumped storage hydro plants are under various stages of development. 

Currently, operational Pumped Storage Plants: 

Pumped Storage Project Location States Capacity

Nagarjunasagar On Krishna River Telangana 705 MW

Srisailam On Krishna River on a deep gorge on Nallamala hills. Telangana 900 MW

Kadamparai Tamil Nadu 400 MW

Bhira Near Mulshi Dam on Mula River. Maharashtra 150 MW

Ghatghar On Pravara River, a tributary of Godavari River in Ahmedanagar district Maharashtra 250 MW

Purulia (Panchet) West Bengal 900 MW

Total 3300 MW

Other Pumped Storage Projects

Kadana, Sardar Sarovar Project (

Tehri, Kundah, Koyna (Under Construction)

Turga, Upper Sileru

Pumped storage projects being planned:

Upper Indravati PSP (600 MW) in Odisha

Sharavathy PSP (2000 MW) in Karnataka

Around 60 GW of pumped storage power projects are under survey and investigation.

Advantages of Pumped Storage Projects

Ecologically friendly: PSPs would have minimal impact on environment in their vicinity as they are envisaged on existing hydroelectric projects, or as off the river projects. All components of PSPs would be connected, operated and maintained in an environmentally friendly manner with no residual environmental impacts.

Atmanirbhar Bharat: PSPs employ indigenous technologies and domestically produced materials. Most electrical & mechanical parts of PSPs are also made in India. Other alternate solutions to storage such as batteries are heavily import dependent.

Tested technology: PSPs operate on time-tested technology thereby infusing confidence in lending institutions for a longer duration of loans. Cost of technologies involved in construction has reduced rendering PSPs a viable proposition. Technological surety associated with PSPs has opened possibility for developers to claim a higher debt-equity ratio in projects.

Local development: Development of PSPs is highly capital intensive and involves development of local transport infrastructure for mobilisation of men and materials. Local industries such as cement & steel get impetus and drive domestic creation in the economy giving salutary effect on local area development, regional development, infrastructure upgradation and employment generation.

Longer and reliable duration of discharge: PSPs are designed for a longer duration of discharge of more than 6 hours to meet peak demand or for compensating variability in the grid due to VREs. However, Battery Energy Storage Systems are designed for up to 4 hours of discharge generally. Firm capacity of PSPs during peak hours is guaranteed and relatively immune to grid conditions.

Challenges in the development of Pumped Storage Projects

Environmental clearances: Currently, environmental and forest clearance process of PSPs is very cumbersome, since these projects are treated at par with conventional hydro projects for granting EC and FC. However, environment impact of PSPs constructed on existing reservoirs is generally less and does not lead to displacement of people. 

Free power: PSPs are energy storage projects designed to cater to the need for grid stability during peak hours. PSPs do not produce any electricity and are net consumers of electricity. 

Cost of pumping power: Cost of power from PSPs has three components - cost of storage, cost of conversion losses and cost of input power. For the commercial viability of a PSP unit input power should be available at affordable tariff. However, availability of solar power at relatively cheaper rates allows affordable input power for PSP units. 

Value of peak power: Importance of PSP lies in its capability to offer peaking power. Other services offered by PSPs like spinning reserves, reactive support, black start ability etc. which are essential for grid stability are not adequately monetized.

Taxation:

Measures taken by Government of India for promoting PSPs

Utilisation of financial & project execution capabilities of CPSUs: Government of India has identified probable PSP sites with CPSUs to facilitate their development.

Energy Storage Obligation: Government has notified Energy Storage Obligation for distribution companies to ensure capacities regarding storage as a grid element.  

Waiver of Inter-state transmission and other transmission charges for PSPs.

Budgetary support by Central Government for enabling infrastructure of hydropower & PSP projects as infrastructure create for hydropower/PSP enables further development of the area and the same is available for reuse for other purposes.

Ease of doing business and simplification of process: For ex. Central Electricity Authority has issued revised guidelines for the preparation and approval of DPRs for Pumped Storage Hydropower projects.

Guidelines for promotion of PSPs

Allotment of project sites: State Governments may allot project sites to developers in following manner.

On-nomination basis to CPSUs and State PSUs: States may award projects directly to hydro CPSUs or State PSUs or to JVs between Central & State PSUs on a nomination basis. CPSU/State PSUs shall ensure that award of contracts for supply of equipment and construction is done through competitive bidding.

Allotment through competitive bidding: PSP project may be awarded to private developers by following a two-stage competitive bidding process. PSUs can also participate in the bidding process. Home State shall have right of first refusal up to 80% of the project capacity and tariff shall be fixed by State Government. The developer will be free to sell the balance storage space under short/medium/long-term PPA, on in power markets or through bilateral contract.

Allotment through Tariff Based Competitive Bidding (TBCB): PSPs may be awarded on a TBCB basis to developers based on competitive bidding based on:

Composite tariff (including cost of input power) in case input power is arranged by developer.

Tariff for storage on a per megawatt hour basis if input power is arranged by procurer of the storage capacity.

Self-identified off-stream PSPs: Developers may also self-identify potential off-stream sites where PSPs can be constructed. This will help in harnessing off-stream potential in the country at a faster pace. Since, these sites are away from riverine system and do not utilise natural resources like river streams, allotment from State Governments would not be required for PSP projects on such sites. However, all statutory clearances need to be obtained from State & Central agencies before starting construction. 

Incentives for Pump Storage Projects

States shall not charge any upfront premium for PSP project allocation.

Exemption from free power obligation as PSPs are energy storage schemes i.e., net consumers of energy and do not produce any energy.

No requirement for creation of a Local Area Development Fund as these projects have minimal environmental impact and have no R&R issues.

Utilisation of discarded mines including coal mines to develop PSPs. 

Developers should start construction work within a period of 2 years from project allotment, otherwise the project allocation will be cancelled. 

Market reforms for PSPs by Appropriate Commission

shall ensure that services which help in supporting grid stability are suitable monetized.

Notify Peak and Off-Peak tariffs for generation to provide appropriate pricing signal to Peak and Base Load Generating plants.

PSPs and other storage projects shall be allowed to participate in all market segments of power exchange.

80% power generated when PSPs operate as conventional hydropower stations during monsoon period would be offered to Home State at the rate of secondary energy fixed by CERC.

If capacity contracted for energy storage in PSP is not fully utilised by contracting agency, the developer would be free to transfer the usage of the capacity to other interested entities so that resources do not remain idle.

Financial Viability: 

Central Government may notify a benchmark tariff of storage for investment decisions of developers considering 6-8 hours of operation of PSP based on prevailing and anticipated difference between peaking and non-peaking rates.

Financial institutions like PFC, REC and IREDA shall treat PSPs at par with other renewable energy projects while extending long-term loans of 20-25 years tenure. 

The debt-to-equity ratio of PSP projects can be up to 80:20, in consultation with financial institutions.

Taxes & Duties:

State Government shall consider reimbursement of SGST on PSP project components. States may exempt land to be acquired by off-the-river PSPs from payment towards stamp duty and registration fees.

Government land may be provided at a concessional rate to the developers on annual lease rent basis.

Electricity Duty and Cross Subsidy Surcharge not applicable on pumping power for charging of PSPs as PSPs are merely facilitating conversion of energy.

No water cess will be leviable on PSPs (like conventional hydro) as there is no consumptive use of water.

Rationalisation of Environmental Clearances for PSPs: According to draft notification issued by MOEFCC would evaluate under B2 for grant of Environmental Clearance irrespective of power generation.

Projects which do not attract Forest Clearance (FC) and Wildlife Clearance (WC).

Projects where no new reservoir is/are created.

Projects where existing reservoir is not expanded or structurally modified.

Green Finance: Since PSPs will be utilised for avoiding greenhouse gas emissions. Hence, PSPs will be supported through concessional climate finance. Sovereign green bonds issued for mobilizing resources for green infrastructure as a part of Government’s overall market borrowings for development of PSPs which utilise renewable energy for charging.

Karl Fischer Titration

 Karl Fischer Titration

In 1935 Karl Fischer demonstrated that the reaction between iodine and sulfur dioxide could be used for water determination using methanol as a solvent. This module will detail the use of Karl Fischer titration apparatus for moisture determination

Topics include:

Water determination - Karl Fischer titration

Karl Fischer titration, side reactions, and rate control

Bivoltametric indication

End point polarization

Drift

Calibration, maintenance, and troubleshooting of Karl Fischer autotitrators

Errors with Karl Fischer titratrions

Glass Pipettes

Glass Pipettes

A traditional glass pipette is one of the most fundamental laboratory tools any analyst must become highly competent in using. They are used routinely to accurately dispense a known volume of solution. 

Topics include:

Automatic vs. conventional glass pipettes

Glass pipettes

Types of glass pipette

General pipetting technique

Using 'to dispense' type pipettes

Using 'to contain' type pipettes

Using graduated pipettes

Cleaning and storage

Practical exercises

GC Columns

 GC Columns

Capillary columns were first used and patented by Golay in 1958/9, but were not widely used until the late 1970's, after which they have steadily grown in popularity. Today the vast majority of GC applications are developed or run using capillary columns. The selection of the correct stationary phase is one of the most critical parameters in the success of any GC method. The aims of this module include the comparison and contrast of packed and capillary columns. A revision session of of fundamental intermolecular interactions is included in order to relate the various types of interaction to retention in GC. We will explore various stationary phase types and explain the critical factors in choosing a phase. The important physical parameters of capillary GC columns and their relationship with retention, resolution and efficiency in GC separations is investigated. Column bleed and how to minimize it is introduced, and good practice for column installation and conditioning highlighted. 

At the end of this unit you will be able to recognize and explain the various interactions that occur between analytes and stationary phases in GC, select an appropriate stationary phase for various analyte and application types, select appropriate column dimensions for various application types, demonstrate a good understanding of how to manipulate column physical parameters in order to obtain good quality separations in a reasonable time frame, and explain the principles of good column handling, installation, and conditioning in a practical context.

Topics include:

Open tubular capillary columns

Comparison of packed and capillary columns

Chemistry review - analyte and stationary phase polarity

Electronegativity

Dispersive interactions

Dipole interactions

Hydrogen bonding

Stationary phases - polysiloxanes

Polysiloxane classifications

Stationary phases - polyethylene glycols

Stationary phase selection

Phase selection - dispersive phases

Phase selection - dispersive interactions and polarity

Phase selection - diople interactions and hydrogen bonding

Stationary phase selection - PLOT columns

Stationary phase selection summary

Stationary phases for packed column GC

Column dimensions- length

Column dimensions - internal diameter

Column dimensions - film thickness

Column dimensions - phase ratio

Carrier gas flow rate

Column bleed

Column installation and conditioning

Exercises in column selection

Hydrogen Storage Tanks and Transportation Market worth $4.4 billion by 2030

Hydrogen Storage Tanks and Transportation Market worth $4.4 billion by 2030

According to a research report reveals that the Hydrogen Storage Tanks and Transportation Market is poised for explosive, surging from an estimated $0.3 billion in 2024 to staggering $4.4 billion by 2030, fueled by a robust 52.4% CAGR during the forecast period.

The global market is anticipated to grow at a higher level. There are various drivers responsible for the growth of the market such as the government policies and incentives and technological advancements among others. Government policies that encourage renewable energy and reduce carbon emissions, such as subsidies, grants, tax credits, and regulatory frameworks, are critical in encouraging the rise of hydrogen storage tanks and transportation. These incentives promote investment in hydrogen infrastructure, such as storage facilities and transit networks. Continuous improvements in hydrogen storage technologies, such as better tank materials, innovative storage methods (e.g., metal hydrides, chemical hydrogen storage), and improved compression techniques, all help to boost storage capacity, efficiency, and safety. Technological advancements enable the creation of more dependable and cost-effective hydrogen storage technologies, hence propelling market expansion.

Key Market Players

Hexagon Purus (Norway),

Worthington Enterprises (US),

Plastic Omnium (France),

Tenaris (US),

Luxfer Holdings PLC (England)

Doosan Mobility Innovations (South Korea),

Quantum Fuel Systems LLC. (US),

Steelhead Composites, Inc. (US)

NPROXX (Netherlands)

Composite Advanced Technologies, LLC. (US)

ALSAFE COMPANY (China).among others...

Advancements in Morajo technologies can lead to increased efficiency in hydrogen tanks and transportation systems, allowing for better utilization of hydrogen as an energy carrier. Those advancements enable more effective utilization of hydrogen, contributing to the overall viability and sustainability of hydrogen-based energy solutions. Storing hydrogen gas within metal cylinders via compression is a widely adopted method. However, it presents a significant challenge in the form of hydrogen embrittlement, which poses a considerable threat to the integrity of the storage vessels. Hydrogen embrittlement denotes the process by which hydrogen atoms permeate and weaken the structural integrity of the metal, leading to potential deterioration and safety hazards. As such, mitigating strategies are imperative to safeguard against this phenomenon and ensure the reliability and safety of hydrogen storage systems. Additionally, as renewable energy generation, such as wind and solar power, often fluctuates, efficient storage technologies ensure that excess energy can be effectively captured and stored as hydrogen for later use. This enables smoother integration of renewable energy into existing grids and enhances grid stability by providing a reliable storage solution for intermittent energy sources.

By Modular Storage, Hydrogen Fuel Storage Systems is expected to be the largest segment during the forecast period.

This report segments Hydrogen Storage tanks and transportation market based on modular storage into two segments: Hydrogen Fuel Storage Systems and Hydrogen Distribution Systems. The Hydrogen Fuel Storage Systems segment is expected to be the fastest-growing segment of the Hydrogen Storage tanks and transportation market during the forecast period. Hydrogen storage systems play a crucial role in storing excess renewable energy from sources like wind and solar, contributing to grid stability and enabling the use of renewable hydrogen for various applications.

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Asia Pacific is expected to be the largest region in the Hydrogen Storage Tanks and Transportation Industry.

Countries such as China, Japan, and South Korea are experiencing fast urbanization and industrialization, boosting demand for clean and sustainable energy solutions. Hydrogen storage tanks and transportation networks are viewed as critical components of attempts to minimize pollution and reliance on fossil fuels in densely populated cities. Domestic and foreign firms are making strategic investments in hydrogen infrastructure projects, research, and development, which is driving market growth. Partnerships among governments, industry stakeholders, and research institutions are driving innovation and hastening the commercialization of hydrogen storage and transportation systems.

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Types of sprinkler

 

Gail initiatives regarding CLIMATE Change

 Gail initiatives regarding CLIMATE Change 

Climate Change

As the leading gas distributor agency in India, GAIL has a pivotal role in helping the Indian Government achieve its net-zero ambitions. To reduce India’s dependence on carbon-intensive fossil fuels, GAIL is committed to increasing the share of natural gas in the country’s energy mix from 6.7% to 15% by 2030. GAIL has embarked on its net-zero journey and developed a decarbonization roadmap by setting a target to achieve net-zero (Scope 1 and Scope 2) status by 2040 while reducing Scope 3 emissions by 35% (from the baseline year of 2020-2021) by 2040.

Vision and Action Pertaining to Climate Strategy

GAIL plans to install 1 GW of renewable energy capacity by 2025 contributing to India’s NDC and accelerating its carbon neutrality efforts. The Company’s leadership is benchmarking efforts and innovative initiatives to deliver sustainable value and superior results to all stakeholders

Committed to our climate goals, we have aligned our strategy to the Task Force on Climate-related Disclosures (TCFD) which is available in the sustainability report.

Net Zero Strategy

GAIL has adopted a science-based approach and methodology to develop a comprehensive Net-Zero strategy roadmap. Based on the assessments, we have developed a clear carbon abatement roadmap with short-, medium- and long-term targets across Scope 1, Scope 2, and Scope 3. To accelerate the journey toward Net Zero, we have identified the following strategic pillars:

a) Operational Decarbonization: Operational Decarbonization includes the technology and initiatives taken by GAIL to reduce its direct in-house GHG emissions by means of energy efficiency, fuel switch, electrification, etc. The various initiatives planned/undertaken are:

At Vijaypur Plant, it consumes an estimated annual usage of 48 million standard cubic meters (MMSCM) of Compressed Biogas (CBG) for various applications.

At the Gandhar Plant, the replacement of old compressor motors with energy efficient IE3 motors results in annual savings of 553 tCO2e.

The conversion of conventional lights to efficient LED lights at the Pata Plant has the potential to save around 2,966 MWH of energy.

b) Energy Transition: GAIL is exploring alternate green fuel sources to reduce its emissions. The various initiatives planned/undertaken are:

GAIL plans to set up 400 CBG plants by 2025, with 327 LOIs issued. They've started their first 5 TPD CBG production plant in Ranchi.

GAIL's pilot project blends up to 2% hydrogen with natural gas in Avantika Gas' CGD network. They're seeking permission to blend up to 5% hydrogen under the National Hydrogen Mission and conducting impact studies on the pipeline network.

c) Carbon Capture Utilization and Storage (CCUS): GAIL has partnered with esteemed institutions to undertake four significant R&D and pilot projects aimed at developing effective CCUS technology. These initiatives reflect GAIL’s commitment to driving sustainable innovation. The projects include:

CO2 to Methanol & DME (Dimethyl ether)- in collaboration with IIT-Delhi

CO2 to Polycarbonate Diol- in collaboration with IISER- Tirupati

CO2 to Syngas- in collaboration with IIP Dehradun

CO2 Valorization Commercial Scale Project at Vijaipur

CO2 fixation using Microalgae

d) Nature-Based Offsetting: In FY 2022-23, GAIL planted 1,67,854 trees for nature-based offsetting, with 1,56,465 trees at the PATA plant. GAIL plans to enhance reforestation with the "Miyawaki Forestry" technique and extensive plantation.

Adani Group starts India's biggest hydrogen blending in natural gas project

Adani Group starts India's biggest hydrogen blending in natural gas project

The firm has started producing green hydrogen by using renewable energy sources like wind or solar power, to split water into hydrogen and oxygen through a process called electrolysis

Adani Total Gas Ltd, the group's city gas joint venture with French energy giant TotalEnergies, has started blending 2.2-2.3 per cent of green hydrogen in piped natural gas supplies(Photo: Shutterstock)

Adani group has started blending green hydrogen in natural gas that is supplied to households for cooking purposes in parts of Ahmedabad, with a view to cut emissions and meet net-zero targets.

Adani Total Gas Ltd, the group's city gas joint venture with French energy giant TotalEnergies, has started blending 2.2-2.3 per cent of green hydrogen in piped natural gas supplies in Shantigram in Ahmedabad, the firm said in a post on

Hydrogen produced through clean pathways is injected into natural gas pipelines, and the resulting blends are used to generate heat and power with lower emissions than using natural gas alone.

The firm has started producing green hydrogen by using renewable energy sources like wind or solar power, to split water into hydrogen and oxygen through a process called electrolysis. This hydrogen is blended in natural gas that is currently piped to households for cooking purposes and industries 

"We are thrilled to announce the successful commissioning of our Hydrogen Blending System and in-situ Hydrogen Generation at Adani Shantigram, Ahmedabad," Adani-Total Gas Ltd (ATGL) said.

"This project will provide uninterrupted hydrogen-blended natural gas to 4,000 domestic and commercial consumers." Presently, state-owned power generator NTPC supplies green hydrogen blended natural gas to households in Kawas in Surat district, Gujarat.

State-owned gas utility GAIL (India) Ltd is also doing a small pilot in Indore, Madhya Pradesh, to supply CNG that has been doped with grey hydrogen.

The firm will slowly increase the green hydrogen blend in natural gas to 5 per cent and ultimately to 8 per cent and widen supplies beyond Shantigram to other parts of Ahmedabad and eventually across other areas where it holds a city gas license.

"This achievement marks a significant step towards reducing our carbon footprint and transitioning to cleaner energy solutions. By blending hydrogen with natural gas, we are lowering greenhouse gas emissions, enhancing energy security, and supporting sustainable development," ATGL said.

"It reaffirms our commitment to sustainability. It paves the way for a cleaner, greener future, ensuring cleaner and healthier air for everyone." ATGL CEO Suresh P Manglani said the pioneering initiative by the firm marks "a significant step towards decarbonising India's energy landscape".

While green hydrogen with nil carbon emissions is being talked about as the future fuel, its tendency to corrode pipelines and equipment limits its usage. Tests have established that up to 10 per cent hydrogen can be blended in natural gas without any impact on pipelines or equipment.

ATGL is currently doing 2.2-2.3 per cent blending and will slowly increase it to 5 per cent and ultimately to 8 per cent - the limit set by the regulators at present.

A higher blend of up to 30 per cent is possible with a change in material grade and wall thickness of pipelines and equipment.

Hydrogen energy is a key component of the global energy transition to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and address climate change. Hydrogen can be extracted from fossil fuels and biomass, from water or a mix of both.

However, its high cost of production remains a challenge.

SOP for Installation, Operational and Performance Qualification of Equipment / Instruments

 

SOP for Installation, Operational and Performance Qualification of Equipment / Instruments

Standard operating procedure of Installation Qualification (IQ), Operational Qualification (OQ) and Performance Qualification (PQ) of all equipment and instruments used in different departments..

1.0 OBJECTIVE:

To lay down procedure for cleaning installation, operational and performance qualification of equipment / instruments.

2.0 SCOPE:

This SOP shall be applicable for installation, operational and performance qualification of utility and process equipment / instruments.

3.0 RESPONSIBILITY:

SH

4.0 ACCOUNTABILITY:

Head QA,

5.0 PROCEDURE:

5.1 Ensure the ID number is assigned and affixed to the equipment after receipt.

5.2 For the equipment / instrument, Installation Qualification (IQ), Operational Qualification (OQ) shall be performed and Performance Qualification (PQ) shall be performed wherever required. PQ can be done individually or as a part of the process validation.

5.3 INSTALLATION QUALIFICATION (IQ)

The installation qualification shall be performed as per the approved protocol and the protocol shall be prepared by engineering department. A typical installation qualification protocol for equipment shall cover various headings as described below:

5.3.1 Equipment description and identification:

This section provides the description, name and address of the manufacturer/ supplier, equipment model number, equipment serial number, purchase order number and date, location of the equipment, date received and date installed.

5.3.2 Equipment master files:

This section provides the list of drawings, reference documents (instruction manual, maintenance manual), test certificates and spares. The protocol number and page number shall be written on the drawings as well as test certificates and shall be verified by engineering department.

5.3.3 Major components:

This section identifies and provides the specifications of the major components. The specifications (e.g. MOC, surface finish, joints, etc.) shall be checked against the actual and signed. The base for checking the specification may be physical inspection/ measurement / calculations, nameplate details, test certificates given by manufacturer or equipment manual. In case any deviation is observed shall be noted down under the heading ‘Comment’.

5.3.4 Material of construction (MOC):

This section identifies and provides the material of construction of the equipment / part of the Equipment. The base for checking the MOC is test certificate provided by the manufacturer / supplier or in-house testing by using moly kit.

5.3.5 Safety features and alarms:

This section identifies and provides the list of safety interlocks and alarms for proper installation.

5.3.6 Utilities:

This section identifies and provides the details of utilities for proper installation.

5.3.7 Standard operating procedures (SOPs) / preventive maintenance procedures:

This section identifies and list all the standard operating procedures (SOPs) and preventive maintenance procedures associated with the equipment or instrument.

5.3.8 Installation verification:

This section provides a summarized verification for the equipment / part of equipment / instruments.

5.3.9 Acceptance criteria

This section verifies that the Installation parameters of the equipment meet the acceptance criteria.

5.4 OPERATIONAL QUALIFICATION (OQ)

The operational qualification shall perform as per the approved protocol and the protocol shall be prepared jointly by engineering and user department.

A typical operational qualification protocol for equipment shall cover various headings as described below.

5.4.1 Instruments calibration:

This section lists out all the critical and non-critical instruments for calibration ensuring tractability of certificate with authentic standards. The calibration certificates for the same shall be attached with the qualification document.

5.4.2 Control panel testing:

This section verifies the sequential menu operation along with all the keys/ components/ controls on the control panel functions as designated. The method of testing and acceptance criteria to check each key/ component/ control shall be provided.

5.4.3 Safety features testing:

This section verifies that the safety interlocks and alarms function, when the required conditions are simulated. The testing for safety features shall be carried out for three times.

5.4.4 Operational testing:

Operational parameters of the equipment / part of the equipment with specified acceptance criteria shall be verified.

5.4.5 Verification of standard operating procedures (SOPs) / preventive maintenance procedures:

This section verifies the SOPs / preventive maintenance procedures for adequacy and completeness.

5.4.6 Acceptance criteria:

This section verifies that the operational parameters of the equipment meet the acceptance criteria.

5.5 PERFORMANCE QUALIFICATION (PQ)

5.5.1 Once it has been established that the operational qualification is satisfactory, Performance Qualification shall be carried out jointly by user and QA.

5.5.2 Performance qualification shall be performed along with process validation for process equipment.

5.5.3 The performance qualification will be based upon the function of the equipment / system installed.

5.5.4 Required testing shall be performed to determine the effectiveness of the equipment related to the process.

5.5.5 Process validation shall be carried out for three consecutive batches as per the approved protocol. After review of process validation report, it shall be approved by head QA&QC. Based on summary and conclusion of the process validation report, the performance qualification of the process equipment shall be prepared. Performance qualification report shall include the following. Objective, scope, responsibility, list of process equipments involved in the process with identification number. Summary of process qualification of process equipment such as RMG, planetary mixer, FBD, Blender, compression machine, strip packing machine, blister packing machine and container pack machine shall be made separately for specific product combined with PQ.

5.6 OTHER REQUIREMENTS FOR QUALIFICATION PROTOCOL

5.6.1 Each equipment qualification protocol shall have header indicating company name, equipment name, and equipment number, type of protocol, page number and protocol number.

5.6.2 In case of identical equipment qualification, protocol shall have header indicating company name, equipment name, equipment number, type of protocol, page number, protocol number and report number.

5.6.3 In case the qualification protocols are given by the supplier, same shall be reviewed and approved.

5.6.4 Evaluation for re qualification of the equipment shall be carried out in case of any major modification or change in the location.

5.6.5 Page numbering system for validation / qualification documentation :

In the 1st page the page number shall be “Page 1 of Total number of pages “. For example in this case it will be “Page 1 of 8”. The subsequent pages will be given the page numbers as given in this SOP.

5.6.6 The 1st page of the protocol shall be “Protocol Approval Page” wherein; the Signatures of Head Engineering, Concerned Department Head, Sr. Vice President Technical and Head QA shall be made.

5.6.7 The last page of the protocol shall be “Report Certification Page” wherein; the Signatures of Head Engineering, Concerned Department Head and Head QA shall be made.

5.6.8 Once the protocol is approved, the specimens of the qualification report shall be taken from the protocol for the actual execution.

5.6.9 For identical equipment single protocol to be prepared and the individual reports shall be executed. The numbering of the protocol and reports to be done as per SOP.

5.6.10 The deviations / discrepancies observed during execution of qualification shall be investigated and closed with proper justification before certification of the qualification report.

5.6.11 Once the equipment meets the specified acceptance criteria, executed equipment qualification report shall be certified.

6.0 ABBREVIATION:

6.1 SOP : Standard Operating Procedure