Air Pollution as a Climate Forcing: A Workshop

Air Pollution as a Climate Forcing: A Workshop

Day 1 Presentations

Aerosol Pollution and its Sources in Major Cities of China

Yuanhang Zhang*, Shaodong Xie*, Min Shao*, Limin Zeng*, Min Hu*, Wei Wang+, Michael Bergin°
* Center for Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
+ Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, China
° School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology

Figure 1: PM10 and PM2.5 emission inventory in Beijing urban area

Figure 2: PM10 and PM2.5 emission inventory in Pearl River Delta

While air pollution due to coal burning is not effectively controlled, the most rapid growth is from rapid increase of vehicular population in most cities of China, especially in mega-cities and economically developed regions, such as Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou, Pearl River Delta and the Yangtze Delta. Coal smog and traffic exhaust problems coexist to form serious photochemical smog and particulate pollution. Air pollution in those areas is characterized by enhanced atmospheric oxidation capacity, a high level of fine particles with impact on urban visibility, and regional air quality degradation. Transformation and transport of air pollutants results in unique characteristics and high levels of O₃ and particulates. Atmospheric chemistry is complicated due to coupling between primary emissions and photochemical processes, coupling between gaseous and aerosol phase interactions, and coupling between local and regional air pollution. As a result, traditional control policy focused on a single city is not effective in abating urban air pollution, and efforts to reduce emission in one mega-city cannot significantly improve regional air quality.
A number of projects have been set up since 1999 to study emission inventory, air pollution status, formation mechanism and control policy in Beijing city, Guangzhou city, Pearl River Delta, and Yangtze Delta. This paper gives an overview of results obtained in those projects with a focus on aerosol pollution.
Emission inventory of PM10, PM2.5, SO₂, NO_x and VOC was developed by using emission factors from the literature, which were partly validated by limited measurements on boilers in power plants and industry, vehicles, and dust emission. PM10 and PM2.5 emission in Beijing urban and Pearl River Delta are shown in Figures 1 and 2.

Figure 3: Chemical composition of PM2.5 in Beijing and Guangzhou urban.

Integrated experiments were conducted to understand chemistry of photochemical smog and particulate pollution. Ambient PM10 and PM2.5 samples were collected in different functional areas of Beijing and the Pearl River Delta. Elements, ions, organic carbon and elemental carbon were analyzed by various methods. Averaged chemical characteristics of PM2.5 are shown in Figure 3 for Beijing and Guangzhou city as an example. Concentrations of fine particulates were high on both the urban and regional scales. Organic carbon and sulfate had high percentages, the sum of which was more than 50% of the PM2.5 mass.
As Table 1 shows, fine particle pollution was a common problem in major cities and regions in China. Sulfate and organic carbon were major components in PM2.5. The EC concentration was also high compared with that in remote areas. Concentration of nitrate was relative low, with high uncertainty because of sampling interference without a denuder in front of filter. On-line measurements by steam jet aerosol collector showed that nitrate had almost the same concentration level as sulfate in Beijing summer.

Table 1: Main chemical compositions in several locations, µg/m³

Sites	Year	OC	EC	SO42-	NO3-	NH4+	Mass
Beijing	1994-1995			15.2	5.2	6.5	91.0
Beijing	2000	26.1	5.4	9.9	5.6	4.8	105.0
Pearl River Delta	2000_11	19.2	1.7	14.4	2.3	2.4	84.3
Qingdao	1997-1999			16.0	6.9	7.9	49.6
Yangtze Delta: Li_an	1999_11	27.7	2.8	15.8	6.7	7.1	73.1
Yangtze Delta: Changsu	1999_11	40.5	3.0	20.0	11.3	9.4	111.9
Yangtze Delta: Sheshan	1999_11	33.2	2.0	16.2	9.3	6.6	83.8
Waliguan*	1994-1995		0.05-0.6
(Jie Tang et al., Meteorology, 27(11) 3-7, 2001)

Figure 4: Source apportionment of ambient PM2.5 in Beijing