Tuesday, 27 August 2019

India pledges to restore 50 lakh hectares of degraded land by 2030

India pledges to restore 50 lakh hectares of degraded land by 2030

India will take the lead to combat desertification and move the world in a positive direction: Union Environment Minister
 India will be hosting the 14th Conference of Parties (COP14) to the UN Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD) from 2-13 September 2019 at India Expo Centre & Mart, Greater Noida. Delivering the keynote address at a Curtain Raiser Press Conference in New Delhi, Union Minister for Environment, Forest and Climate Change, Shri Prakash Javadekar, highlighted India’s resolve to combat desertification. “Desertification is a worldwide problem directly affecting 250 million people and a third of the earth’s land surface. To fight this menace, India will convert degraded land of nearly 50 lakh hectares to fertile land in next 10 years; it will implement provisions of New Delhi Declaration which is to be adopted at the end of conference and a Centre for Excellence will be established at Dehradun”, said Shri Javadekar.

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The Environment Minister also expressed India’s continued commitment to stay on track on a sustainable path to land use and land management. “It is our collective responsibility to do our duty towards protecting the environment and ensuring that there is no harmful impact on  it”, said Shri Javadekar. Elaborating further on India’s key role as the President of UNCCD COP for the next 2 years, Shri Javadekar said “It is the common resolve of the World to combat desertification and India will lead from the front and move the world in a positive direction, taking into cognizance the support of other countries”.
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Delegates from 196 countries comprising of scientists and representatives of national and local governments, global business leaders, NGOs, gender-based organisations, youth groups, journalists, and faith and community groups will present and share their expertise and give an overview to achieve their goals at the 12-day Conference .

The Convention entered into force in December 1996. It is one of the three Rio Conventions along with United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD). India became a signatory to UNCCD on 14th October 1994 and ratified it on 17th December 1996. The main objective of the convention is to combat desertification and mitigate the effects of drought in countries experiencing serious drought and/or desertification, involving long-term integrated strategies that focus simultaneously, in affected areas, on improved productivity of land, and the rehabilitation, conservation and sustainable management of land and water resources, leading to improved
living conditions, in particular at the community level. The Convention’s 197 parties work together to improve the living conditions for people in drylands, to maintain and restore land and soil productivity, and to mitigate the effects of drought. The UNCCD is particularly committed to a bottom-up approach, encouraging the participation of local people in combating desertification and land degradation.


To check a presentation on desertification by Union Environment Minister, click here:

Monday, 26 August 2019

Storage and Handling of laboratory Standards

Storage and Handling of laboratory Standards

Laboratory standards play a crucial role in validation of analysis. It is just not possible to imagine any qualitative or quantitative determination which does not make use of a standard reference material at some stage of its method development and validation.
Traceability of the standard material to its origin is an essential pre-requisite for the use of the material otherwise the reliability of results becomes questionable. It is for this reason that standard reference materials are very costly and cannot be used each and every time that an analytical determination is carried out. A practical approach is to make use of working standards which are prepared using the certified reference material as a benchmark for day to day analytical requirements.
Standard vials and bottles
Standard vials and bottles
Storage
The standard material needs to be preserved under its prescribed conditions otherwise due to degradation its assay and other characteristics will change over the storage period. Even under ideal storage conditions its stability is limited and there is a need to re-validate its parameters .The storage requirements are described here.
Temperature
Standards should be properly sealed and stored within the recommended storage temperature range. The container material should be inert towards the contents.
Humidity
Humidity control is also an essential requirement during the storage period. Higher humidity levels often result in faster degradation. For this reason the vials or bottles containing standards should be properly sealed and stored in dehumidified rooms or inside desiccators.
Light
A number of materials are sensitive to light and require protection from exposure to light. Such materials should be stored in amber coloured or aluminium foil wrapped vials or bottles. Light exposure of such materials should be minimized during weighing or volumetric transfer operations.
Handling of standards
The first and foremost requirement is careful handling as spills and breakages can result in considerable monetary loss and drop in sample throughput of laboratories. As the vials and bottles are usually small such containers should be handled carefully to prevent accidental losses.
Transfer of material
Always make use of micropipettes with disposable tips for transfer of standards. Never take out aliquots with the help of droppers as this can lead to contamination. Similarly excess quantities of solid powders should not be returned to the original container after weighing as it can lead to contamination. Make sure to properly reseal the container securely to prevent air oxidation or moisture intake damage over the storage period.
Use clean spatulas
Always use clean spatulas for taking out material from vials. It is advisable to wear disposable gloves when handling standards.
Handling of standards stored under sub-ambient temperatures
Standards stored under sub-ambient conditions need special handling and care. Removal from laboratory refrigerators needs sufficient care to prevent spillage of the required standard or any other material. On removal from lower temperatures water condensation can make the container slippery so extra handling care is required. Further sufficient time should be given to allow it to attain ambient laboratory temperature so that volumes can be correctly measured and errors due to temperature variations can be avoided.
Care during handling and storage in addition to traceability to the source are equally important for standard reference materials. The main objective is to avoid undue material loss, degradation during storage and prevent contamination from other materials. Only when such precautions are taken you will be able to guarantee the validity of your results.

Local Weather Report and Forecast For: Kakinada Dated :Aug 26, 2019


Local Weather Report and Forecast For: Kakinada    Dated :Aug 26, 2019
Kakinada
Past 24 Hours Weather Data
Maximum Temp(oC) (Recorded. on 26/08/19)31.6
Departure from Normal(oC)-1
Minimum Temp (oC) (Recorded. on 26/08/19)27.2
Departure from Normal(oC)1
24 Hours Rainfall (mm) (Recorded from 0830 hrs IST
of yesterday to 0830 hrs IST of today)
NIL
Relative Humidity at 0830 hrs (%)87
Relative Humidity at 1730 hrs (%) (Recorded. on 26/08/19)73
Todays Sunset (IST)18:19
Tommorows Sunrise (IST)05:47
Moonset (IST)14:42
Moonrise (IST)01:15
7 Day's Forecast
DateMin TempMax TempWeather
26-Aug27.033.0Generally cloudy sky with one or two spells of rain or thundershowers
27-Aug27.033.0Generally cloudy sky with one or two spells of rain or thundershowers
28-Aug27.033.0Generally cloudy sky with one or two spells of rain or thundershowers
29-Aug26.033.0Generally cloudy sky with one or two spells of rain or thundershowers
30-Aug26.033.0Generally cloudy sky with one or two spells of rain or thundershowers
31-Aug26.033.0Generally cloudy sky with possibility of rain or Thunderstorm
01-Sep26.033.0Generally cloudy sky with possibility of rain or Thunderstorm


Instrument Air Quality Standard

Instrument Air Quality Standard

compressed air quality standard ISA
Instrument air quality standard ISA-S7.0.01 establishes four elements of instrument air quality for use in pneumatic instruments

Pressure Dew Point :

ISA-S7.0.01 establishes a maximum pressure dew point to protect the instrument air systems from the presence of moisture.
The pressure dew point as measured at the dew point outlet shall be at least 15-20 deg C below the minimum ambient/ surroundingtemperature to which any part of the instrument air system is exposed. & also the pressure dew point shall not exceed +2 deg C line pressure i.e. (-) 23 deg C at atm pressure,
For example - If the min ambient at any Location is +5 deg C then the recommended pressure dew point for instrument air shall be (-) 15 deg C at line pressure i.e. (-)33 deg C at atm pressure.

Particle Size :

maximum 40 micron particle size in the instrument air system is acceptable for the majority of pneumatic devices. Pneumatic devices that require instrument air with less than 40 micrometer particle size shall have additional filtration to meet the particulate size limit for the device.
Subsequent to any maintenence or modification of the air system , maximum particle size in the instrument air system should be verified to be less than 40 micrometers.

Lubricant Content

As far as possible, the Instrument Air shall be oil Free and under no circumstances shall it exceed 1 ppm w/w or v/v. Any lubricant in the compressed air system shall be evaluated for compatibility with end-use pneumatic devices. & , the use of automatic oilers is strongly discouraged.

Contaminants

Instrument air should be free of corrosive contaminants and hazardous gases , which could be drawn in the instrument air supply .The air supply intake should be monitored for contaminants. If contaminants exists in the compressor intake area , the intake should be moved to a different elevation or location free from contamination. Some sources of contamination are
  • Painting
  • Chemical Cleaning
  • Engine Exhaust

Sunday, 25 August 2019

How to select the right cuvette material for UV- VIS absorbance studies?

How to select the right cuvette material for UV- VIS absorbance studies?

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Spectrophotometer Cuvettes (Image Courtesy : http://www.sciencebuddies.org/)
Common laboratory absorption studies involve liquids – either as pure solvents or solutions of light absorbing compounds in transparent solvents. Such studies are made possible by making use of containers of precise dimensions, usually 10 mm path length, which are transparent to the wavelength of light required for the purpose. Such absorbance cells are also commonly called cuvettes.
Cuvettes are commonly made from different transparent materials such as optical glass, quartz or transparent plastic. At first sight all such materials appear to be perfectly transparent and fit for all types of absorbance studies.However, each material has unique light absorbing properties and it is important to know about such optical characteristic properties before making your selection of the cuvette material.
The article examines the optical characteristics of such materials that will help you make the right choice before proceeding with absorbance measurements. Irrespective of the material selected it must be borne in mind that cuvettes, except for transparent plastic cuvettes, are fragile and require careful handling. The earlier article titled Proper care and handling of UV – Vis absorption measurement cells highlights the precautions required in careful handling of cells and on ensuring a high degree of accuracy of your measurements.

Optical Glass

Glass cells are most common in school and college undergraduate laboratories because of their lower cost. Optical glass shows absorbance throughout the visible and IR regions extending from nearly 340 nm to 2500nm covering majority of organic and in inorganic species. However, glass absorbs strongly in UV region and its application is not recommended for wavelengths below 340 nm.

Plastic

Like glass transparent plastic cuvettes find application in absorbance measurements in visible region. The additional benefit is that such cuvettes are unbreakable but on the other hand they cannot be used in UV absorbance studies as well as with certain organic solvent compounds

Quartz

Quartz is expensive in comparison with glass and transparent plastics but has the additional benefit of covering both UV and visible regions right from 190 nm. However, it is even more fragile than glass and the cuvettes need to be handled with greater care.
It is important to bear in mind that oxygen present in the atmosphere absorbs significantly below 200 nm and nitrogen absorbance assumes significance below 190 nm. Absorbance measurements made below 200 nm should be conducted with oxygen free nitrogen purging of sample compartment. However, for measurements below 185 nm it is best to maintain vacuum in the sample chamber.
A blank reference measurement provides highly reliable results but for the purpose cell pair with optically matched windows should be used to prevent any absorbance mismatches.

Local Weather Report and Forecast For: Kakinada Dated :Aug 25, 2019

KAKINADA
EXTREME WEATHER EVENTS IN THE MONTH OF AUGUST
Year
Temperature(oC)
Rainfall (mm)
Highest
Maximum(Date)
Lowest
Minimum(Date)
24 Hours Highest
(Date)
Monthly Total
2018
36.3(5)
23.4(9)
29.4(14)
125.7
2017
36.2(2)
24.2(30)
26.9(3)
105.8
2016
36.6(21)
24.2(24)
39.2(24)
53.2
2015
36(25)
24.3(4)
65.6(17)
184.1
2014
36.7(9)
24.5(13)
37(29)
101.1
2013
36(31)
21.7(1)
22(14)
69.4
2012
35.2(17,18)
23.6(4)
55.4(30)
278.8
2011
35.4(13)
23.6(3)
68(3)
232.2
2010
36.4(11)
23(31)
49(13)
241.1
2009
38.4(4, 7)
24.2(20)
44(31)
141.8
ALL TIME RECORD
38.4(4,7/2009)
21.7(19/1955 & 01/2013)
155.8(08/1983)
374.8(1983)

CLIMATOLOGICAL TABLE
PERIOD: 1981-2010
Month
Mean
Temperature(oC)
Mean
Total
Rainfall
(mm)
Mean
Number of Rainy
Days
Mean Number of days with
Daily
Minimum
Daily
Maximum
HAIL
Thunder
FOG
SQUALL
Jan
20.3
29.2
12.6
0.9
0
0.1
0.1
0
Feb
21.7
31.2
10.3
1.1
0
0
0
0
Mar
24.0
34.0
7.5
0.5
0
0.7
0.1
0
Apr
26.2
36.2
16.4
1.1
0
2.1
0
0
May
27.8
37.5
42.3
2.8
0
5.2
0
0
Jun
27.3
35.8
122.8
7.1
0
5.4
0
0
Jul
26.2
32.9
175.4
10.9
0
5.2
0
0
Aug
25.9
32.2
176.9
10.2
0
4.7
0
0
Sep
25.9
32.7
199.4
9.1
0
7.5
0
0
Oct
24.8
31.9
243.4
9.0
0
6.8
0
0
Nov
22.5
30.4
98.8
3.8
0
1.3
0
0
Dec
20.3
29.2
10.7
0.9
0
0
0
0
Annual
24.4
32.8
1116.6
57.5
0
39
0.1
0



Local Weather Report and Forecast For: Kakinada    Dated :Aug 25, 2019
Kakinada
Past 24 Hours Weather Data
Maximum Temp(oC) (Recorded. on 25/08/19)32.1
Departure from Normal(oC)-1
Minimum Temp (oC) (Recorded. on 25/08/19)26.5
Departure from Normal(oC)1
24 Hours Rainfall (mm) (Recorded from 0830 hrs IST
of yesterday to 0830 hrs IST of today)
4.8
Relative Humidity at 0830 hrs (%)83
Relative Humidity at 1730 hrs (%) (Recorded. on 25/08/19)70
Todays Sunset (IST)18:20
Tommorows Sunrise (IST)05:47
Moonset (IST)13:43
Moonrise (IST)00:23
7 Day's Forecast
DateMin TempMax TempWeather
25-Aug27.031.0Generally cloudy sky with one or two spells of rain or thundershowers
26-Aug27.031.0Generally cloudy sky with one or two spells of rain or thundershowers
27-Aug27.031.0Generally cloudy sky with one or two spells of rain or thundershowers
28-Aug26.032.0Generally cloudy sky with Light Rain or Drizzle
29-Aug26.032.0Generally cloudy sky with Light Rain or Drizzle
30-Aug26.032.0Generally cloudy sky with possibility of rain or Thunderstorm
31-Aug26.032.0Generally cloudy sky with possibility of rain or Thunderstorm