Determination of concentration of KMnO₄ solution

• Theory
• Procedure
• Animation
• Simulator
• Video
• Viva Voce
• Resources
• Feedback

 A. To determine of the strength of the given KMnO4 solution using standard oxalic acid solution

Materials Required

Real Lab Procedure

Preparation of standard solution of oxalic acid [250 ml M/10 (0.1 M) solution]

•  Using an electronic balance, first weigh exactly 3.15g of oxalic acid crystals in a weighing bottle.
• Transfer these into a 250ml beaker.
• Then wash the weighing bottle 2 or 3 times with distilled water and transfer all the washings into the beaker.
• Dissolve the oxalic acid crystals in the beaker by gentle stirring with a clean glass rod.
• When the oxalic acid crystals in the beaker are completely dissolved, transfer the entire solution from the beaker into a 250ml standard flask through a funnel and a glass rod.
•  Wash the beaker 2 to 3 times with distilled water and transfer all the washings into the standard flask.
• Finally wash the funnel thoroughly with distilled water to transfer the drops of the solution on the sides of the funnel into the standard flask.
•  Add enough distilled water to the standard flask so that the level is just below the calibration mark on it.
• Add the last few drops of distilled water with a pipette until the lower level of the meniscus just touches the mark on the standard flask.
•  Stopper the measuring flask and shake gently to make the solution uniform throughout.

Determination of strength of given KMnO4

• Take a burette and wash it with distilled water.
• Rinse and fill the burette with the given KMnO4 solution and set the initial burette reading as zero.
• Clamp it vertically to the burette stand.
• Rinse the pipette with water and then with the given oxalic acid solution.
• Then pipette out 20ml of the given oxalic acid solution into a conical flask and add one test tube (~20ml) full of dil.H2SO4 into it.
• Heat the contents of the conical flask to 60-70°C.
• Titrate it against the KMnO4 solution taken in the burette till the colour of the solution in the conical flask changes from colourless to light pink.
• Note down the final burette reading.
• Repeat the titration until concordant values are obtained.

Observation

The readings are recorded in a tabular form as shown and the molarity of the given KMnO4 solution can be calculated using the molarity equation given in the theory.

SI. No	Initial burette reading	Final burette reading	Volume of KMnO4 (in ml)

The Result

The strength of the given KMnO4 solution = ............g/litre

B. To determine the strength of the given KMnO4 solution using standard solution of Mohr’s salt

Materials Required

Real Lab Procedure

Preparation of standard solution of Mohr’s salt (Ferrous Ammonium Sulphate).[250 ml M/20 (0.05 M) solution]

•  Using an electronic balance weigh exactly 4.9g of Mohr’s salt crystals in a weighing bottle.
• Transfer these into a 250ml beaker.
• Add 5ml conc.H2SO4 into the beaker.
• Wash the weighing bottle well with distilled water and transfer all the washings into the beaker.
• Dissolve Mohr’s salt crystals in the beaker by gentle stirring with a clean glass rod.
• When the crystals in the beaker are completely dissolved, transfer the entire solution from the beaker into a 250ml standard flask through a funnel and a glass rod.
• Wash the beaker thoroughly with distilled water and transfer all the washings into the standard flask.
• Finally, wash the glass rod and the funnel thoroughly with distilled water to transfer the solution on the sides of the funnel into the standard flask.
• Add enough distilled water to the standard flask so that the level is just below the calibration mark on it.
• Add the last few drops of distilled water with a pipette until the lower level of the meniscus just touches the mark on the standard flask.
• Stopper the measuring flask and shake gently to make the solution uniform throughout.

Determination of strength of KMnO4

• Take a burette and wash it with distilled water.
•  Rinse and fill the burette with the given KMnO4 solution and set the initial burette reading as zero.
• Clamp it vertically to the burette stand.
• Rinse the pipette with water and then with the given Mohr’s salt solution.
• Pipette out 20ml of the given Mohr’s salt solution into a conical flask and add one test tube (~20ml) full of dil.H2SO4 into it.
• Titrate it against the KMnO4 solution taken in the burette till the colour of the solution in the conical flask changes from colourless to light pink.
• Note down the final burette reading.
• Repeat the titration until concordant values are obtained.

Observation

The readings are recorded in a tabular form as shown and the molarity of the given KMnO4 solution can be calculated using the molarity equation given in the theory.

SI. No	Initial burette reading	Final burette reading	Volume of KMnO4 (in ml)

The Result

The strength of the given KMnO4 solution = .............g/litre

Department of Agriculture, Cooperation and Farmers Welfare releases 2nd Advance Estimates of production of major crops for 2017-18

Ministry of Agriculture & Farmers Welfare27-February, 2018 18:00 IST

Department of Agriculture, Cooperation and Farmers Welfare releases 2nd Advance Estimates of production of major crops for 2017-18

Country witnesses record food grains production in 2017-18

Total food grain production estimate hits record high of 277.49 million tonnes

Total Pulses production estimated at record 23.95 million tonnes

Total Oilseeds production estimate reaches 29.88 million tonnes

Sugarcane production estimate rises considerably to 353.23 million tonnes

The 2nd Advance Estimates of production of major crops for 2017-18 have been released by the Department of Agriculture, Cooperation and Farmers Welfare today in New Delhi. The assessment of production of different crops is based on the feedback received from States and validated with information available from other sources. The estimated production of various crops as per the 2nd Advance Estimates for 2017-18 vis-à-vis the comparative estimates for the years 2003-04 onwards is enclosed.
2. As per 2nd Advance Estimates, the estimated production of major crops during 2017-18 is as under:

• Foodgrains – 277.49 million tonnes (record)
  • Rice – 111.01 million tonnes (record)
  • Wheat – 97.11 million tonnes
  • Coarse Cereals – 45.42 million tonnes (record)
  • Maize – 27.14 million tonnes (record)
  • Pulses – 23.95 million tonnes (record)
  • Gram – 11.10 million tonnes (record)
  • Tur – 4.02 million tonnes
  • Urad – 3.23 million tonnes (record)
• Oilseeds – 29.88 million tonnes
  • Soyabean – 11.39 million tonnes
  • Groundnut – 8.22 million tonnes
  • Castorseed – 1.50 million tonnes
• Cotton – 33.92 million bales (of 170 kg each)
• Sugarcane – 353.23 million tonnes

3. As a result of near normal rainfall during monsoon 2017 and various policy initiatives taken by the Government, country has witnessed record Foodgrains production in the current year. As per Second Advance Estimates for 2017-18, total foodgrains production in the country is estimated at 277.49 million tonnes which is higher by 2.37 million tonnes than the previous record production of foodgrains of 275.11 million tonnes achieved during is estimated at record 111.01 million tonnes.
Production of rice has increased by 1.31 million tonnes than the production of 109.70 million tonnes during 2016-17. It is also higher by 4.71 million tonnes than the five years’ average production of 106.29 million tonnes.
5. Production of Wheat estimated at 97.11 million tonnes is lower by 1.40 million tonnes as compared to record wheat production of 98.51 million tonnes achieved during 2016-17. However, the production of wheat during 2017-18 is higher by 3.77 million tonnes than the average wheat production.
6. Production of Coarse cereals estimated at record 45.42 million tonnes is higher than the average production by 3.72 million tonnes. Further, it is also higher by 1.65 million tonnes as compared to their production of 43.77 million tonnes achieved during 2016-17.
7. Total Pulses production during 2017-18 is estimated at record 23.95 million tonnes which is higher by 0.82 million tonnes than the previous year’s production of 23.13 million tonnes. Moreover, the production of pulses during 2017-18 is higher than the Five years ‘average production by 5.10 million tonnes.
8. Total Oilseeds production in the country during 2017-18 is estimated at 29.88 million tonnes which is lower by 1.39 million tonnes than the production of 31.28 million tonnes during 2016-17. However, the production of oilseeds during 2017-18 is marginally higher by 0.34 million tonnes than the average oilseeds production.
9. With a significant increase by 47.16 million tonnes over 2016-17, total production of Sugarcane in the country during 2017-18 is estimated at 353.23 million tonnes. The production of sugarcane during 2017-18 is also higher by 11.19 million tonnes than the average sugarcane production of 342.04 million tonnes.
10. Production of Cotton estimated at 33.92 million bales (of 170 kg each) is higher than the previous year’s production of 32.58 million bales. Further, it is also higher by 0.41 million bales than its average production of 33.50 million bales.
11. Production of Jute & Mesta estimated at 10.51 million bales (of 180 kg each) is lower than their production during the 2016-17.

Actor Sridevi dies of cardiac arrest in Dubai; here's all you need to know about this fatal malady

Updated: Feb 26, 2018 | 11:02 IST | Times Now Digital

https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/sridevis-body-to-brought-back-to-mumbai-from-dubai-today-for-last-rites-updates-1817119?browserpush=true

Bollywood's Veteran actress Sridevi passed away on Saturday night (February 24) after suffering sudden and massive a cardiac arrest in Dubai. She was 54. The actor was at Mohit Marwah's wedding in UAE when she suffered a major heart attack. Her husband Boney Kapoor and younger daughter Khushi were with her when she died. The entire nation was shaken by the news of the legendary actor’s sudden demise. But what’s even more shocking is that the actress was not suffering from any disease and yet suffered a cardiac arrest, which was unexpected, according to a source.

 “She has been fit and hale and hearty for a long time. She suffered a massive cardiac arrest in Dubai where she was on a short break and passed away after doctors could not bring her back. This was something that no one expected,” Bollywoodlife.com quoted the source as saying.

While the increasing number of heart patients in India has already created an alarming state of affair, reports suggest that the country will soon become the nation to have the highest number of heart disease cases in the world, if current trends continue. A report by Indian Heart Association shows that out of all heart attacks in India, 50% take place in people below 50 years of age and 25% of them take place in people under 40 years of age. According to the 2016 Global Burden of Disease Report, released on September 15, 2017, heart disease is still the leading cause of death in India, killing 1.7 million Indians in 2016. And here’s all you need to know about a sudden cardiac arrest. What is a cardiac arrest?

Sudden cardiac arrest is a medical emergency and causes sudden cardiac death, if not treated immediately. Sudden cardiac arrest is often confused with a heart attack and many people still do not know the difference between these two distinct conditions. People generally used these terms interchangeably, although they are not the same.

Cardiac arrest vs heart attack – how are they different?

A cardiac arrest is sudden, unexpected and occurs when your heart stops pumping blood to your body. A heart attack occurs when blood flow to the heart is blocked. Sudden cardiac arrest is more dangerous than a heart attack. But a heart attack can sometimes trigger an electrical disturbance that leads to sudden cardiac arrest.

If someone has suddenly collapsed, is not breathing normally and is unresponsive, they are in a cardiac arrest.

Signs and symptoms of a cardiac arrest

Cardiac arrest strikes immediately without warning, So, symptoms are immediate and include loss of consciousness, no heartbeat or pulse. However, sometimes signs and symptoms may precede sudden cardiac arrest – fatigue, fainting, dizziness, chest pain, blackouts, shortness of breath, palpitations, vomiting, etc.

You should see a doctor promptly if you have frequent episodes of chest pain or discomfort, palpitations, shortness of breath, unexplained wheezing or anything that is unusual and bothering you.

Causes and risk factors of sudden cardiac arrest

Sudden cardiac arrest is usually triggered by an electrical malfunction in the heart that causes an irregular heartbeat (arrhythmia). Other problems with the heart’s electrical system and certain diseases and conditions that cause the electrical problems can lead to sudden cardiac arrest.

Also, there are many risk factors that increase your chance of sudden cardiac arrest. They are-

• High blood pressure
• High blood cholesterol
• Diabetes
• Obesity
• A sedentary lifestyle
• Smoking
• Drinking too much alcohol
• A family history of coronary artery disease
• Age - you are more likely to have a cardiac arrest as you grow older
• Gender - men are two to three times more likely to experience sudden cardiac arrest

Nutritional imbalances such as a deficiency in potassium and magnesium can increase your risk of a cardiac arrest.

What to do if you see someone having a cardiac arrest

If you witness someone having a cardiac arrest, there is no time to lose. Even if you’re untrained, your actions might help increase the person’s chances of survival. Call the emergency number immediately.

Perform cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) – even if you haven’t been trained in CPR with breathing or you are not completely confident, experts suggest you can still attempt hands-only CPR.

CPR is an emergency procedure that involves giving chest compression (pumping the heart by external cardiac massage) to keep the circulation going until the ambulance arrives with rescue breaths (inflating the lungs by using mouth-to-mouth resuscitation).

On the other hand, hands-only CPR is CPR without mouth-to-mouth breaths. This procedure consists of two easy steps:

• Call the emergency number or send someone to do that
• Push hard and fast in the centre of the chest – about two times a second. Keep doing this until the ambulance arrives.

Hands-only CPR is recommended for use by people who witness a teen or adult suddenly collapse in an 'out-of-hospital' setting such as work place, home, etc.

Why fit, healthy people have heart attacks? Here are steps you can take to reduce the risk

Why fit, healthy people have heart attacks? Here are steps you can take to reduce the risk

Updated: Feb 26, 2018 | 11:36 IST | Times Now Digital

Even healthy people can have a heart attack.   | Photo Credit: Thinkstock

---

New Delhi: The untimely demise of Bollywood legendary actor Sridevi on Saturday night (February 24) in Dubai following a sudden cardiac arrest has not only shocked the entire nation but also raised serious health concerns. The iconic actor, who was also a dancer all her life, was fit and healthy. She frequently posted pictures of her workouts. She exuded elegance in her appearances - her photos and videos of the function that were now being shared on social media as her ‘last’ were the proof. Also, as per her friends’ accounts, the diva, who redefined grace and beauty in Hindi cinema, led a healthy lifestyle. Her brother-in-law Sanjay Kapoor also confirmed that the actress had no past history of heart problems.

Although we don’t really know what the cause of her death was, the doctors in the UAE said she had suffered a cardiac arrest. Sridevi was in Dubai, along with husband Boney Kapoor and younger daughter Khushi, to attend the marriage function of Boney Kapoor's nephew Mohit Marwah. The medical team had failed to revive her after the actor had collapsed in her hotel room in Dubai on Saturday evening. She was declared dead when she was taken to the hospital. Read: Actor Sridevi dies of cardiac arrest in Dubai; here's all you need to know about this fatal malady

Healthy people can have heart attacks too

While most heart attacks do affect people with usual risk factors such as a sedentary lifestyle, diabetes and obesity, experts warn that even those who lead a virtuous life can suffer from one as well. The claims for ‘fit people can have heart attacks too’ have been gaining credence in recent years, and Sridevi’s death points to one of such many instances. Also, the New York Times had earlier reported about Bob Harper, a celebrity fitness trainer, who suffered a heart attack and went into a cardiac arrest last February. Known for whipping contestants into shape on hit TV show 'The Biggest Loser', Mr Harper was found to have high levels of lp(a) in his blood. The report added that only a few doctors ask their patients to check for levels of lipoprotein (a) or lp(a), a type of cholesterol linked to an increased risk of heart attack and stroke. 

The connection between heart attack and cardiac arrest

Truth is, heart disease is extremely common and is the leading cause of deaths worldwide. And a cardiac arrest can happen even without a family history of cardiac issues. Poor cardiovascular health, heart diseases, arrhythmia or irregular heartbeats are some of the other factors that may disrupt the working of the heart and trigger cardiac arrest. But, a heart attack is one of the many factors that lead to cardiac arrest. According to Mayo Clinic, a sudden cardiac arrest occurs when blood flow to a portion of the heart is blocked. However, a heart attack can sometimes trigger an electrical disturbance that leads to a sudden cardiac arrest.

Hidden risk factors that may lead to heart attacks

We all know that a family history of cardiovascular disease raises a person's risk of heart disease and heart attack. In older people, high blood pressure, high cholesterol, diabetes, and other such health issues can lead to heart disease. But you may not know about the rare heart disorders that can cause sudden cardiac arrest in young people, says WebMD.

“The underlying conditions in young people are very different from the underlying conditions in somebody who is 50 or 60 years old. In the younger people, we're looking for inherited diseases of the myocardium (the heart's muscular tissue), of the electrical system, and then, of course, congenital heart diseases,” Christine E Lawless, MD, MBA, a cardiologist and sports medicine doctor in Chicago, told WebMD.

Ethnicity also plays a role when it comes heart disease. Statistics show that South Asians have a greater risk of coronary heart disease than the general population, which could lead to a heart attack. This may be linked to different ways of metabolising fat and sugar in the body.

Dr Ashok Seth, Head of Cardiology at Fortis Hospitals, told the Quint that a person who looks healthy could also be living with a blockage in their arteries, which could lead to a cardiac arrest at times. “Indians are predisposed to coronary artery disease. Even when we are very particular about our exercise and well-being, we don’t know what is happening in the heart,” Dr Seth added.

Moreover, research has found that extreme exercise is associated with a greater risk of heart disease and heart attack, although researchers don’t know why. 

What can you do to prevent or reduce your risk of heart disease and heart attack

A heart attack can occur at any age, but you’re never too young to start a heart-healthy lifestyle. All strokes and heart attacks are potentially preventable. Heart attack prevention should begin early in life - such as assessing your risk factors, identifying and treating the root causes of cardiovascular disease. There is nothing one can do about family history, but other risk factors can be controlled. Reducing your risk starts with smart choices and commitment to leading a heart-healthy lifestyle. They include:

• Eating a heart-healthy balanced diet consisting of plenty of fruit and vegetables, mainly focussing on fibre to help lower your risk of heart disease.
• Avoiding junk and other processed foods that are loaded with unhealthy fats, salt and sugar, all of which can lead to obesity - one major factor behind heart disease.
• Quitting smoking or avoiding binge drinking to reduce the risk of heart disease.
• Controlling your weight by staying physically active - an active lifestyle has been shown to be helpful in preventing a heart attack.
• Getting regular health checkups to detect any possible underlying risk factors.
• Managing your risk factors - high blood pressure, high cholesterol and diabetes, etc.

Also, if you are over 40, or if you have multiple risk factors, the American Heart Association recommends working especially closely with your doctor to address your risk of developing heart disease.

The bottom line is it’s never too late to optimise your care and take control of your heart health, no matter what your symptoms or lack thereof. It only takes a little extra effort, but doing all these things can benefit you in the long run, enabling you to lead a healthier, happier life.

Local Weather Report and Forecast For: Kakinada Dated :Feb 25, 2018

Past 24 Hours Weather Data Maximum Temp(oC) (Recorded on 24/02/18) 33.4 Departure from Normal(oC) 1 Minimum Temp (oC) (Recorded. on 25/02/18) 17.5 Departure from Normal(oC) -5 24 Hours Rainfall (mm) (Recorded from 0830 hrs IST of yesterday to 0830 hrs IST of today) NIL Relative Humidity at 0830 hrs (%) 55 Relative Humidity at 1730 hrs (%) (Recorded on 24/02/18) 34 Todays Sunset (IST) 18:07 Tommorows Sunrise (IST) 06:21 Moonset (IST) 01:49 Moonrise (IST) 13:28

7 Day's Forecast Date Min Temp Max Temp Weather 25-Feb 18.0 35.0 Partly cloudy sky with haze 26-Feb 19.0 34.0 Partly cloudy sky with haze 27-Feb 19.0 34.0 Partly cloudy sky with haze 28-Feb 20.0 34.0 Partly cloudy sky with haze 01-Mar 20.0 34.0 Partly cloudy sky with haze 02-Mar 20.0 35.0 Partly cloudy sky with haze 03-Mar 20.0 35.0 Partly cloudy sky with haze

General knowledge

Local Weather Report and Forecast For: Kakinada Dated :Feb 23, 2018

Local Weather Report and Forecast For: Kakinada    Dated :Feb 23, 2018

Past 24 Hours Weather Data Maximum Temp(oC) (Recorded. on 23/02/18) 32.3 Departure from Normal(oC) 0 Minimum Temp (oC) (Recorded. on 23/02/18) 21.0 Departure from Normal(oC) -1 24 Hours Rainfall (mm) (Recorded from 0830 hrs IST of yesterday to 0830 hrs IST of today) NIL Relative Humidity at 0830 hrs (%) 66 Relative Humidity at 1730 hrs (%) (Recorded. on 23/02/18) 49 Todays Sunset (IST) 18:06 Tommorows Sunrise (IST) 06:23 Moonset (IST) --- Moonrise (IST) 11:39

7 Day's Forecast Date Min Temp Max Temp Weather 23-Feb 21.0 33.0 Partly cloudy sky with haze 24-Feb 21.0 33.0 Partly cloudy sky with haze 25-Feb 21.0 33.0 Partly cloudy sky with haze 26-Feb 21.0 34.0 Partly cloudy sky with haze 27-Feb 22.0 34.0 Partly cloudy sky with haze 28-Feb 22.0 34.0 Partly cloudy sky with haze 01-Mar 22.0 34.0 Partly cloudy sky with haze

Local Weather Report and Forecast For: Kakinada Dated :Feb 22, 2018

Local Weather Report and Forecast For: Kakinada    Dated :Feb 22, 2018

Past 24 Hours Weather Data Maximum Temp(oC) (Recorded. on 22/02/18) 33.0 Departure from Normal(oC) 1 Minimum Temp (oC) (Recorded. on 22/02/18) 20.8 Departure from Normal(oC) -1 24 Hours Rainfall (mm) (Recorded from 0830 hrs IST of yesterday to 0830 hrs IST of today) NIL Relative Humidity at 0830 hrs (%) 76 Relative Humidity at 1730 hrs (%) (Recorded. on 22/02/18) 43 Todays Sunset (IST) 18:06 Tommorows Sunrise (IST) 06:23 Moonset (IST) 23:50 Moonrise (IST) 10:51

7 Day's Forecast Date Min Temp Max Temp Weather 22-Feb 21.0 33.0 Partly cloudy sky with haze 23-Feb 20.0 33.0 Partly cloudy sky with haze 24-Feb 19.0 33.0 Partly cloudy sky with haze 25-Feb 20.0 33.0 Partly cloudy sky with haze 26-Feb 19.0 34.0 Partly cloudy sky with haze 27-Feb 18.0 34.0 Partly cloudy sky with haze 28-Feb 18.0 34.0 Partly cloudy sky with haze