The Chemical Accidents (Emergency Planning, Preparedness and Response) Rules, 1996, establish a framework for managing chemical accidents in India:

 The Chemical Accidents (Emergency Planning, Preparedness and Response) Rules, 1996, establish a framework for managing chemical accidents in India: 

Crisis groups

The rules require the creation of state, district, and local crisis groups to manage chemical accidents: 

State Crisis Group: The state government establishes this group to deal with major chemical accidents and provide expert guidance. 

District Crisis Group: This group meets every 45 days and sends a report to the state crisis group. 

Local Crisis Group: This group meets every month and forwards a copy of its proceedings to the district crisis group. 

Emergency plans

The rules require the creation of local emergency plans for industrial pockets, and these plans must be coordinated with the district off-site emergency plan. 

Community involvement

The rules emphasize the importance of involving local communities in the creation and execution of emergency plans. 

Coordination and cooperation

The rules establish a framework for coordination and cooperation among industry, local government, and emergency response organizations. 

Risk evaluation

The rules require enterprises to regularly evaluate risks to pinpoint possible dangers and gauge how vulnerable their facilities are. 

Training

The rules require training for personnel involved in chemical accident management. 

Education

The rules require educating the population likely to be affected by a chemical accident. 

Mock drills

The rules require conducting at least one full scale mock-drill of a chemical accident at a site every six months. 

Indian CMSR (Chemicals Management and Safety Rules)

 CMSR (Chemicals Management and Safety Rules)

Indian CMSR (Chemicals Management and Safety Rules)

Table of Contents

Draft Chemicals (Management and Safety) Rules, 20xx

Chapter I. Definitions, Objectives and Scope

2. Definitions

3. Objectives and scope

Chapter II. National Chemical Authority

Chapter III. Notification, Registration and Restrictions on Use

Chapter IV. Safety and Accident Preparedness

Chapter V. Labelling and Packaging

Chapter VI. Miscellaneous

Download the CMSR draft (English)

Draft Chemicals (Management and Safety) Rules, 20xx

In exercise of the powers conferred by Sections 3, 6 and 25 of the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 (29 of 1986), and in supersession of the Manufacture, Storage and Import of Hazardous Chemical Rules, 1989 and the Chemical Accidents (Emergency Planning, Preparedness and Response) Rules, 1996, except things done or omitted to be done before such supersession, the Central Government hereby makes the following Rules relating to the management and safety of chemicals, namely:

1. Short Title and Commencement

(1) These Rules may be called the Chemicals (Management and Safety) Rules, 20xx.

(2) These Rules shall come into force on the date of their publication in the Official Gazette.

Chapter I. Definitions, Objectives and Scope

2. Definitions

(1) In these Rules, unless the context otherwise requires

(a) “Act” means the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 (29 of 1986) as amended from time to time;

(b) “Article” means any object whose function is determined by its shape, surface or design to a greater degree than its chemical composition;

(c) “Authorised Representative” means a natural or juristic person in India who is authorised by a foreign Manufacturer under Rule 6(2);

(d) “Chemical Accident” means an accident involving a sudden or unintended occurrence while handling any Hazardous Chemical, resulting in exposure (continuous, intermittent or repeated) to the Hazardous Chemical causing death or injury to any person or damage to any property, but does not include an accident by reason only of war or radioactivity; (e) ―Competent Person‖ means a person recognized by the Chief Controller to be a competent person, or a person who holds a certificate of competency for the job in respect of which competency is required from an institution recognized by the Chief Controller in this behalf;

(f) “Concerned Authority” means an authority specified in column 2 of Schedule III;

(g) “Division” means the Chemical Regulatory Division of the Petroleum and Explosives Safety Organisation, whose functions are set out under Rule 5;

(h) “Downstream User” means any natural or juristic person in India, other than a Manufacturer or an Importer, who Uses a Substance in the course of his industrial or professional activities;

Explanatory Note: Downstream User does not include end-use consumer.

(i) “Existing Industrial Activity” means an Industrial Activity which is not a New Industrial Activity;

(j) “Existing Substance” means a Substance or an Intermediate which is already being Manufactured, Imported, supplied or Used in India or has already been Placed in Indian Territory prior to the expiry of the Initial Notification Period;

(k) “Exposure Scenario” means the set of conditions, including operational conditions and risk management measures, that describe how a Substance is Manufactured or Used during its life-cycle, and how the Manufacturer or Importer controls, or recommends Downstream Users to control, exposures to humans and the environment. These exposure scenarios may cover one specific process or Use or several processes or Uses as appropriate;

(l) “Hazardous Chemicals” means

i. Any Substance which satisfies any of the criteria laid down in Part I of Schedule X or any Substance listed in Part II of Schedule X;

ii. Any Substance listed in column 2 of Schedule XI;

iii. Any Substance listed in column 2 of Schedule XII;

(m) “Intermediate” means a Substance that is Manufactured for, consumed in, or Used for, chemical processing in order to be transformed into another Substance;

(n) ―Import” with its grammatical variations and cognate expressions, means bringing a Substance into India from a place outside India;

(o) ―Importer” means any natural or juristic person who Imports a Substance;

(p) “Industrial Activity” means:

i. an operation or process carried out in an industrial installation referred to in Schedule XIII involving or likely to involve one or more Hazardous Chemical and includes on-site storage or on-site transport, which is associated with that operation or process, as the case may be; or

ii. isolated storage; or

iii. pipeline;

(q) “Industrial Pocket‖ means an industrial zone notified either by a State Government or the ‗Industrial Development Corporation‘ of a State Government;

(r) “Initial Notification Period” means the period prescribed under Rule 8(1);

(s) “Isolated Storage” means storage of a Hazardous Chemical, other than storage associated with an installation on the same site specified in Schedule XIII where that storage, including storage in a warehouse, involves at least the quantities of that chemical set out in column 3 of the Schedule XI;

(t) “Major Chemical Accident” means a Chemical Accident involving loss of life inside or outside an installation, ten or more injuries inside and/or one or more injuries outside, release of toxic chemicals, explosion, fire spillage of Hazardous Chemicals resulting in on-site or off-site emergencies or damage to equipment leading to stoppage of process or adverse effects on the environment;

(u) “Major Accident Hazard Installations” means sites where an Industrial Activity (including handling and Isolated Storage, and transport through carrier or pipeline) involving Hazardous Chemicals in quantities equal to, or in excess of, the threshold specified in column 3 of Schedules XI and XII respectively is carried out;

(v) “Manufacture” means production or extraction of a Substance;

(w) “Manufacturer” means any natural or juristic person who Manufactures a Substance;

(x) “Mixture” means a mixture or solution composed of two or more Substances;

(y) ―New Industrial Activity‖ means an Industrial Activity which commences after the date of coming into force of these Rules;

(z) “New Substance” means all Substances and Intermediates that are Placed in Indian Territory after the expiry of the Initial Notification Period, and are therefore not Existing Substances;

(aa) “Notification” with its grammatical variations and cognate expressions, means a notification made under Rule 8;

(bb) “Notifier” means any person who has an obligation to notify under Rule 8;

(cc) ―Off-site Emergency‖ means an emergency that takes place in a Major Accident Hazard installation where the impact of such emergency extends beyond the premises of such installation;

(dd) “On-site Emergency” means an emergency that takes place in a Major Accident Hazard installation where the effects are confined to the premises involving only the people working inside the installation, and to deal with such eventualities is the responsibility of the occupier and is mandatory;

(ee) “Packaging” means one or more receptacles and any other components or materials necessary for the receptacles to perform containment and other safety functions with respect to Substances;

(ff) “Pipeline” means a pipe (together with any apparatus and works associated therewith) or system of pipes (together with any apparatus and work associated therewith) for the conveyance of a Hazardous Chemical other than a flammable gas as set out in column 2 of Part II of Schedule XII, where pipeline also includes inter-state pipelines;

(gg) ―Placing in Indian Territory” with its grammatical variations and cognate expressions, means supplying or making available a Substance or an Intermediate, whether in return for payment or free of charge, to a third party in the territory of India, and includes Manufacturing, packing, selling, offering for sale, or otherwise distributing, Substances or Intermediates. Import shall be deemed to be Placing in Indian Territory;

(hh) “Priority Substance” means

i.any Substance which falls under any of the following Hazard Classifications of the eighth revision of the United Nations Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals (GHS Rev. 8):

a. Carcinogenicity and/or Germ Cell Mutagenicity and/or Reproductive Toxicity and categorised as Category 1 or 2, or

b. Specific Target Organ Toxicity (Repeated Exposure or Single Exposure) Category 1 or 2; or

ii.any Substance which fulfils the criteria of Persistent, Bio-accumulative and Toxic or very Persistent or very Bio-accumulative, as set out in Schedule I of these Rules; or iii. any Substance listed in Schedule II;

(ii) “Registrant” means a Notifier with an obligation to Register a Substance;

(jj) “Registration” with its grammatical variations and cognate expressions, means a registration made under Rule 10;

(kk) “Restriction” means a prohibition on, or conditions relating to, the Manufacture, Use or Placing in Indian Territory of a Substance;

(ll) “Risk Assessment Committee” means the committee constituted under Rule 4(4);

(mm) “Same Substance” means all Substances containing the same main constituent at a concentration of more than 80% (w/w) and not containing any other constituent listed in Schedule II at concentration of 10% (w/w) or more. Substances containing more than one main constituents with concentrations between 10% (w/w) and 80% (w/w) may be considered as Same Substance if they have the same composition. For Substances of Unknown or Variable Composition, Complex reaction products or Biological materials (UVCB) the sameness will be decided by the Division based on the information provided in 4a, 4b and 4c of Annexure V.

(nn) “Schedule” means a Schedule appended to these Rules;

(oo) “Scientific Research and Development” means any scientific experimentation, analysis or chemical research on, involving or Using a Substance, carried out under controlled conditions with no potential exposure towards workers and environment, provided that the volume of the Substance used is less than 100 kilogram per annum;

(pp) “Scientific Committee” means the committee constituted under Rule 4(3);

(qq) “Site” means any location where Hazardous Chemicals are Manufactured, processed, stored, handled, Used or disposed of and includes the whole of an area under the control of an Occupier and includes a pier, jetty or similar structure whether floating or not;

(rr) “Steering Committee” means the committee constituted under Rule 4(1) and with such composition as set out in Rule 4(2);

(ss) “Substance‖ means a chemical element and its compounds in their natural state or obtained by any Manufacturing process, including any additive necessary to preserve its stability and any impurity deriving from the process used, but excluding any solvent which may be separated without affecting the stability of the Substance or changing its composition. Substance shall include Substances in Articles and Mixtures. Provided that, for the purposes of Chapter III of these Rules, the following shall not be included in the definition of Substance:

(i) Radioactive Substances;

(ii) Substances under customs supervision, not being placed in Indian Territory;

(iii)Substances stored in customs free zones with aim of re-exporting;

(iv) Wastes, as defined in Hazardous Waste Management Rules 2016;

(v) Substances used for the purposes of defence;

(vi) Substances used as food or feeding stuff for human beings or animals, including human or animal nutrition;

(vii) Substances set out in Schedule IV.

Explanatory Note: Where a Substance Used for a specific purpose is exempted, only such quantities of the Substances as are being Used for the said purpose, are exempted from the application of these Rules. Any Manufacturer, Importer or Downstream User Using any quantities of the same Substance for any other purpose will not be exempt from the application of these Rules.

(tt) “Technical Dossier” means a document providing such information as detailed in Schedule VII and to be submitted under Rule 10(1);

(uu) “Use” means any processing, formulation, consumption, storage, keeping, treatment, filling into containers, transfer from one container to another, mixing, production of Substance, Intermediate, Mixture and Article, or any other utilisation.

(2) Anything not hereby defined shall have such meaning as assigned to it under the Act.

3. Objectives and scope

(1) These Rules provide for Notification, Registration and Restrictions, or prohibitions, as well as labelling and packaging requirements related to the Use of Substances, Substances in Mixtures, Substances in Articles and Intermediates Placed or intended to be Placed in Indian Territory.

(2) These Rules also provide for safety procedures for the Manufacture, handling and Import of Hazardous Chemicals and preparedness and management of Chemical Accidents related to Hazardous Chemicals, as identified under these Rules. The objective of these Rules is to ensure a high level of protection to human health and the environment.

(3) These Rules apply to all Substances, Substances in Mixtures and Intermediates that are Manufactured, Imported, Placed or intended to be Placed in Indian Territory.

(4) These Rules do not apply to Substances in Articles except as otherwise set out in Rule 10 and Rule 12 hereinafter.

Chapter II. National Chemical Authority

4. Structure, duties and powers of National Chemical Authority

(1) The National Chemical Authority, consisting of the Steering Committee, the Scientific Committee, Risk Assessment Committee and the Chemical Regulatory Division is hereby set up in accordance with these Rules for the purpose of implementation of these Rules.

(2) The Steering Committee shall oversee technical and administrative matters arising out of these Rules, and carry out functions that may be assigned to it under these Rules including:

(a) Oversee the activities of the Division;

(b) Approve an annual budget for the functioning of the Division, prepare internal procedure for its day to day operations, and oversee the day to day operations of the Division; and

(c) Prepare and publish an annual report regarding the activities of the Division.

(3) The Steering Committee shall meet at least once every 90 days, and shall consist of the following:

(a)  

Secretary, Department of Chemicals and Petro-Chemicals

Ex officio

Chairperson

(b)  

Member Secretary, National Disaster Management

Authority

Ex officio Member

(c)  

Joint Secretary (Chemicals), Department of Chemicals and Petro-Chemicals

Ex officio Member 

(d)  

Joint Secretary (Explosives), Department for Promotion of

Industry and Internal Trade

Ex officio Member

(e)  

Joint Secretary (HSM Division), Ministry of

Environment, Forest and Climate Change

Ex officio Member

(f)  

Joint Secretary (Plant Protection), Department of

Agriculture, Cooperation and Farmers Welfare

Ex officio Member

(g)  

Joint Secretary (FSSAI Division), Ministry of Health and

Family Welfare

Ex officio Member

(h)  

Joint Secretary (Trade Policy Division), Department of

Commerce

Ex officio Member

(i)  

Joint Secretary, Department of Pharmaceuticals

Ex officio Member

(j)  

Joint Secretary, National Authority for Chemical

Weapons Convention

Ex officio Member

(k)  

Drugs Controller General of India

Ex officio Member

(l)  

Chairperson, Central Pollution Control Board

Ex officio Member

(m)  

Chairman, Registration Committee under Insecticide Act,

1968

Ex officio Member

(n)  

CEO, Food Safety and Standards Authority of India

Ex officio Member

(o)  

Principal secretary/ Secretary of Industries, from each State of India. 

Ex officio Member 

(p)  

Persons having expertise in chemical management, coopted as and when the special need arises 

Members

(q)  

Chief Controller of Chemicals, Chemical Regulatory

Division, National Chemical Authority

Member Secretary

(4) The Scientific Committee shall be composed of the following members and shall carry out functions as set out in these Rules:

(a) A Chairperson, being the Joint Chief Controller of Chemicals (Chemistry Unit);

(b) One expert in chemistry or chemical regulations ;

(c) One toxicology expert ;

(d) One packaging and labeling expert, from the Indian Institute of Packaging, Ministry of Commerce and Industry;

(e) One environmental expert ;

(f) Two experts in socio-economic analysis, including for instance experts with background in Ecological Economics, Economic Sciences, Social Sciences, etc.;

(g) One expert each in analytical chemistry, environmental impact studies, packaging & labeling from industry associations with equivalent experience and

(h) Any senior staff member of the Chemistry Unit nominated by the Head as the Member Secretary;

(5) The Risk Assessment Committee shall be composed of the following members and shall carry out the functions set out in these Rules:

(a) A Chairperson, being the Joint Chief Controller of Chemicals (Toxicology Unit);

(b) One expert in chemistry or chemical regulations ;

(c) One medical toxicology expert ;

(d) One veterinary toxicology expert ;

(e) One phyto-toxicology expert ;

(f) One marine toxicology expert ;

(g) One environmental expert ;

(h) One expert each in environmental impact studies, medical toxicology, veterinary toxicology and environment toxicology nominated industry associations with equivalent experience; and

(i) Any senior staff member of the Toxicology unit nominated by the Head as the Member Secretary;

(6) All expert members of the Scientific Committee and the Risk Assessment Committee shall be part-time members and shall be nominated by the Steering Committee. Expert members shall have a minimum of 20 years of experience as scientists in the relevant areas in any institutes of Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR), Council of Scientific & Industrial Research (CSIR), Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR), National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER) or in any GLP certified lab. Serving or retired professors/ asst. professors with a minimum of 20 years of experience in the relevant areas in any Central University or any institute of national repute may also be nominated. All expert members shall be below 65 years of age on the date of nomination and shall, unless their seats become vacant earlier by resignation, death or otherwise, hold office for 3 years from the date of their appointment, and shall be eligible for re-appointment to either committee only once.

(7) No Person may serve as a member of the Scientific Committee and the Risk Assessment Committee simultaneously.

(8) All part-time expert members shall be paid sitting fees as per Schedule XIX and travel allowance from their place of residence at the same rate as applicable to a Director in Government of India.

(1) The Chemical Regulatory Division shall discharge the duties of secretariat of the National Chemical Authority and shall carry out all functions as required under these Rules. The Chief Controller of Chemicals, Joint Chief Controllers of Chemicals and Deputy Chief Controllers of Chemicals shall be of the rank of Joint Secretary, Director and Under Secretary to the Government of India respectively and shall be appointed by the Central Government on deputation basis from the officers of equivalent rank or a rank below in existing technical cadres of the government or statutory/ autonomous bodies, created for the purpose of dealing with chemicals and related matters. All these officers shall draw the same salary as in their parent organizations and also shall draw a deputation allowance of 25% of basic pay.

(2) The Chief Controller of Chemicals, being the Head of the

India has recently circulated Draft – Chemical (Management and Safety) Rules, 20xx, “India- REACH” (or ICMS Rules or CMS Rules) which will replace existing Manufacture, Storage and Import of Hazardous Chemicals (MSIHC) Rules 1989 and Chemical Accidents (Emergency Planning, Preparedness and Response) (CAEPPR) Rules 1996.

At REACHLaw we are able to provide you with a full support regarding India REACH regulation as both your Authorised Representative and your service provider

*The India REACH (Draft Chemicals Management and Safety Rules, 20xx) has yet to come into force following the release of the initial draft on August 24, 2020. REACHLaw is actively tracking any changes and will offer you with a full India REACH support through our Indian subsidiary once the regulation comes into effect.

What is India REACH all about?

India has recently circulated Draft – Chemical (Management and Safety) Rules, 20xx, “India- REACH” (or ICMS Rules or CMS Rules) which will replace existing Manufacture, Storage and Import of Hazardous Chemicals (MSIHC) Rules 1989 and Chemical Accidents (Emergency Planning, Preparedness and Response) (CAEPPR) Rules 1996.

These rules are framed in exercise of the powers conferred by Sections 3, 6 and 25 of the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 (29 of 1986).

India REACH regulatory requirements shall come into force on the date of their publication in the Official Gazette.

Who needs to comply with India REACH?

Following actors are required to comply with India REACH regulation once it enters into force:

Indian Manufacturers

Indian Importers

Authorised Representative/AR – located in India appointed by Foreign Manufacturers

Like EU REACH regulation, Non-Indian companies can appoint an Authorised Representative in India to prepare and submit their notifications and registrations to the Indian Authority. At REACHLaw we will be happy to provide you with Authorised Representative services.

What are the India REACH Requirements?

A. Notification and Annual Reporting

Notification: All existing and new substance, priority and hazardous substances in quantities greater than 1 tonne per year needs to be notified to the authority. It also requires safety data sheet/SDS and other information listed in schedule V.

 A notification number is issued along with notification certificate after successful submission.

Annual Reporting: All notified substances notifiers must update the information submitted annually. Such update shall include information regarding the actual quantities of substances placed in the previous calendar year and any change or addition in the information submitted at the time of notification no later than 60 days after end of each calendar year.

Authority fees applies to both Notification and Annual reporting.

B. Registration

It is required for 750 Substances listed in Schedule II (sch II as priority substances) if used in quantities greater than 1 tonne per year. More substances will be added later on after notification. Registration may also be required for the substance in quantities lower than 1 tonne per year. Timeline to register is 1.5 years from the date of inclusion of the substance in sch II.

Registration requires submission of technical dossier and chemical safety report (CSR) including exposure scenario (ES) similar to EU REACH. Information required is as per schedule VII and requires test reports from NABL (National Accreditation Board for Testing and Calibration Laboratories located near New Delhi) or GLP certified lab.. To avoid repeated testing, the existing test data must be considered prior to requiring a new testing.

Joint Registration: Also there is provision of Joint registration and any entity may come to an arrangement with other entities of the same substance and jointly register such substance, provided however that such joint registration shall be in compliance with all such obligations applicable to an individual registration under these Rules.

Transported Intermediate Registration: All intermediate which are also substances listed in Schedule II requires registration. Quantities below 1000 tpa requires only physical and chemical properties in the Technical Dossier whereas quantities above 1000 tpa requires Technical Dossier (information as per Schedule VII) and the chemical safety report.

Timeline to submit intermediate registration is 1.5 years from date of inclusion in Schedule II. 

A registration number is issued along with registration certificate after successful submission. Tonnage specific authority fee apply for registration, including updates and discounted fee in case of a MSME company (Micro, Small & Medium Enterprise).

C. Priority Substances

It covers those substances which qualify as a) CMR (Category 1 or 2) or STOT Cat 1 or 2 as Hazard Classifications as per UN GHS Rev. 8, b) PBT, vPvB as set out in Schedule 1 and c) any substance listed in Schedule II (presently it covers 750 substances, more to be added during the course of implementation of these rules).

Companies in business with priority substances are required to perform chemical safety assessment, an exposure scenarios for substances used up to 10 tonne per year and chemical safety report for substances used more than 10 tonnes per year at the time of Notification/Registration.

The information required for CSR is as per Schedule VIII (covers ES).

Import Control of Priority Substance/ Hazardous Chemicals

An importer of Priority substances or Hazardous chemicals after completion of relevant Notification & Registration requirement needs to submit at least 15 days before Importation.

Name and address of the person receiving the consignment in India

Port of entry in India

mode of transport from the exporting country to India

name and the quantity of Priority Substances or Hazardous Chemicals being imported; anda All relevant product safety information, including Safety Data Sheet.

If the Concerned Authority, Chief Inspector of Dock Safety appointed under the Dock Workers (Safety, Health and Welfare) Act, 1986 is of the opinion that the Substance should not be Imported on safety or on environmental considerations, such Imports may be stopped.

No authority fee is defined in draft regulation.

Labelling & Packaging: Priority substances, Hazardous chemicals and Mixtures containing more than 10% w/w of priority substance or hazardous chemical before being placed and used in India shall bear labels as per schedule XVII and in accordance with GHS v.8. The labels shall be in English and Hindi. The packaging requirements are of standard nature.

Safety Data Sheet (SDS): All Notifiers of a Substance or an Intermediate listed in Schedule II or a Hazardous Chemical are required to maintain and submit an updated SDS., Further all importers or manufacturers of an Article, where a Substance or an Intermediate listed in Schedule II is present in such Article above a concentration of 1.0 % weight by weight (w/w), shall maintain and submit an up-to-date SDS.. The information requirement is listed in Schedule IX, as per GHS v.8.

Evaluation and Restriction: All registered substances shall undergo evaluation process to ascertain if they poses an unacceptable risk to human safety or the environment during various uses in India. Risk-based approaches including hazard identification, hazard characterization, exposure assessment, and risk characterization (probability of occurrence of known and potential adverse effects) shall be adopted for such overall risk assessment to the extent possible.

If the risk posed by the use of the Registered Substance is substantial, it may propose to Restrict the use of such Substance or Prohibit such Substance, further based on evaluation, may also recommend for an entry be added to or deleted from Schedules X, XI or XII (Hazardous chemicals).

Once a Restriction on a Priority Substance has been notified, a request for authorisation for use of a Restricted Substance may be submitted to the Division. The Authorisation for use can be granted for 4 years, further may extend to maximum 4 years on re-application.

Authority fee shall apply for authorisation for use of a Restricted Substance.

D. Hazardous Chemicals

This is for safety procedures for the Manufacturing, handling and Import of Hazardous Chemicals and preparedness and management of Chemical Accidents related to Hazardous Chemicals, as identified under these Rules.

Transport of Hazardous Chemicals

When transporting a hazardous chemical an occupier shall ensure that the vehicle used for transport is properly labelled, and that technology enabled tracking and communication systems are used.

The transport of Hazardous Chemicals shall be in accordance with the provisions of these rules and the rules made by the Central Government under the Motor Vehicles Act, 1988 and the guidelines issued by the division from time to time in this regard. In case of transportation of Hazardous Chemicals to another Indian State, the Occupier shall give prior intimation the State Pollution Control Boards (SPCB) of the State to which such Hazardous Chemicals are being transported.

Industrial Activity Notification and Site Safety Report

Simplified Site Safety Report: It is required by all industrial sites (not covered by standard site safety report) to provide evidence to demonstrate that occupier has identified Chemical Accident hazards, and taken adequate steps to prevent Chemical Accidents and to limit their consequences in terms of impact on persons and the environment, provides persons working on the site information, training and equipment including antidotes necessary to ensure their safety. This evidence shall be provided within 30 days of commencement of the activity or within 30 days of coming into force of these Rules, whichever is later. The occupier shall obtain the acknowledgement from the Concerned Authority within 60 days of submission, failing which he shall not continue the activity.

Standard Site Safety Report: It is required by an occupier ofan Industrial Activity to notify in which there is involved a quantity of Hazardous Chemical as listed in column 2 of Schedule XII which is equal to or more than the threshold quantity specified in the entry for that Hazardous Chemical in column 3 of Schedule XII and isolated storage in which there is involved a quantity of a Hazardous Chemical listed in column 2 of Schedule XI which is equal to or more than the threshold quantity specified in the entry for that Hazardous Chemical in column 3 of Schedule XI.

An Occupier shall not undertake any New Industrial Activity unless he has been granted an approval from the Concerned Authority for undertaking such activity and has submitted a report for notification in the format set out in Part I and Site Safety Report in the format set out in Part II of Schedule XIV, at least 90 days before commencing that activity or before such shorter time as the Concerned Authority may agree. Some transitional provisions also apply here.

Safety Audit Reports: It is required by Major Accident Hazard Installation involving quantities of Hazardous Chemicals exceeding the threshold quantity of column 4 of Schedules XI or XII.

The Occupier shall submit at least one Safety Audit Report by Accredited expert agency empanelled by the Steering Committee within 180 days from the date of coming into force of these Rules and thereafter atleast once every 2 years.

Revision and Update (Industrial activity and Site safety/Safety Audit Report): If occupier makes any modification to an Industrial Activity which could materially affect the particulars in the reports submitted as per Part I of Schedule XIV, or the Site Safety Report or the Safety Audit Report, he shall make a fresh report taking into account these modifications and submit such revised report to the Concerned Authority, no later than 30 days from the making of these modifications

Where the Occupier has made a both simplified and standard Site Safety Report and such Industrial Activity is continuing, the Occupier shall within 3 years of the date of the last such report, make a further report which shall have regard in particular to new technical knowledge which has affected the particulars in the previous report relating to safety and hazard assessment and shall submit the updated Site Safety Report to the Concerned Authority.

On Site Emergency Preparation Plan: An Occupier of a Major Hazard Installation shall prepare and submit an up-to-date On-site Emergency Plan to the Concerned Authority detailing as per Part III of Schedule XIV how Major Chemical Accidents will be dealt with on the Site of the Industrial Activity. The Occupier shall ensure that the On-site Emergency Plan is updated in case of any modification of the Industrial Activity.

Timeline to submit on site emergency preparation plan for Existing Industrial Activity is within 90 days of coming into force of these Rules and for New Industrial Activity is within 30 days of commencement of the activity.

Detailed Mock Drill Report of the On site Emergency Plan is also required at least once in every 180 days by occupier and submit a detailed report on such mock drill to the Concerned Authority within 7 days of such drill.

Off-site Emergency plan: For the purpose of enabling the Concerned authority to prepare the Off-site Emergency Plan, the Occupier shall provide the Concerned Authority with such information relating to the industrial activity under his control as the Concerned Authority may require, including the nature, extent and likely off-site effects of possible Major Chemical Accidents.

Notification of Chemical Accidents

Where a Chemical Accident (including a Major Chemical Accident for the purpose of this Rule) occurs on-site or off-site, the Occupier shall notify and submit a Chemical Accident report of the accident to the Concerned Authority, as applicable in the format set out in Schedule XVI. The Occupier shall also notify the Chemical Accidents Unit of the Division.

Timeline to notify is within 24 hours of the occurrence of the Chemical Accident and the Chemical Accident report is to be submitted within 72 hours of the accident.

The Occupier shall submit to the Concerned Authority a report of all steps taken or to be taken to prevent a repetition of the accident within 180 days from the date of the Chemical Accident.

Information to be given to persons liable to be affected by a Major Chemical Accident

The Occupier shall take appropriate steps to inform persons outside the site either directly or through Concerned authority who are likely to be in an area which may be affected by a Major Chemical Accident about the nature of the Major Chemical Accident hazard and the safety measures and the Dos and Don’ts which should be adopted in the event of a Major Chemical Accident.

Timeline: The Occupier shall inform persons about an Industrial Activity, before such activity is commenced, except in the case of an Existing Industrial Activity, in which case the Occupier shall comply with the requirements within 90 days of coming into force of these Rules.

Union Minister Bhupender Yadav Releases India State of Forest Report 2023

Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change

azadi ka amrit mahotsav

Union Minister Bhupender Yadav Releases India State of Forest Report 2023

Posted On: 21 DEC 2024 1:06PM by PIB Delhi

Minister for Environment, Forest and Climate Change, Shri Bhupender Yadav released the ‘India State of Forest Report 2023 (ISFR 2023) today at Forest Research Institute, Dehradun. The ISFR is brought out by the Forest Survey of India (FSI) on a biennial basis since 1987. FSI carries out in-depth assessment of the forest and tree resources of the country based on interpretation of Remote Sensing satellite data and field based National Forest Inventory (NFI), and the results are published in the ISFR. The India State of Forest Report 2023 is 18th such report in the series

The report contains information on forest cover, tree cover, mangrove cover, growing stock, carbon stock in India’s forests, instances of forest fire, Agroforestry, etc. To present a detailed picture of the forest health at country level, special thematic information on forest cover and important characteristics of forests have been reported in the ISFR. As per the present assessment, the total Forest and Tree cover is 8,27,357sq km, which is 25.17 percent of the geographical area of the country. The Forest Cover has an area of about 7,15,343sq km (21.76%) whereas the Tree Cover has an area of 1,12,014 sq km (3.41%).

The Minister expressed happiness over the fact that as compared to 2021, there is an increase of 1445 sq km in the total forest and tree cover of the country. He also highlighted the near real time fire alerts and forest fire services provided by FSI using advance technology.

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MAJOR FINDINGS

● The Forest and Tree cover of the country is 8,27,357 sq km which is 25.17 percent of the geographical area of the country, consisting of 7,15,343 sq km (21.76%) as forest cover and 1,12,014 sq km (3.41%) as tree cover.

● As compared to assessment of 2021, there is an increase of 1445 sq km in the forest and tree cover of the country which includes 156 sq km increase in the forest cover and 1289 sq km increase in tree cover.

Top four states showing maximum increase in forest and tree cover are Chhattisgarh (684 sq km) followed by Uttar Pradesh (559 sq km), Odisha (559 sq km) and Rajasthan (394 sq km).

Top three states showing maximum increase in forest cover are Mizoram (242 sq km) followed by Gujarat (180 sq km) and Odisha (152 sq km).

Area wise top three states having largest forest and tree cover are Madhya Pradesh (85,724 sq km) followed by Arunachal Pradesh (67,083 sq km) and Maharashtra (65,383 sq km).

● Area wise top three states having largest forest cover are Madhya Pradesh (77,073 sq km) followed by Arunachal Pradesh (65,882 sq km) and Chhattisgarh (55,812 sq km).

In terms of percentage of forest cover with respect to total geographical area, Lakshadweep (91.33 percent) has the highest forest cover followed by Mizoram (85.34 percent) and Andaman & Nicobar Island (81.62 percent).

The present assessment also reveals that 19 states/UTs have above 33 percent of the geographical area under forest cover. Out of these, eight states/UTs namely Mizoram, Lakshadweep, A & N Island, Arunachal Pradesh, Nagaland, Meghalaya, Tripura, and Manipur have forest cover above 75 percent.

● The total mangrove cover is 4,992 sq km in the country.

The total growing stock of India’s forest and trees outside forests is estimated as 6430 million cum, of which 4479 million cum is inside the forests and 1951 million cum outside the forest area. There is an increase of 262 million cum of total growing stock as compared to the previous assessment which includes an increase of 91 million cum inside the forest and 171 million cum outside the forest area.

The extent of bamboo bearing area for the country has been estimated as 1,54,670sq km. As compared to the last assessment done in 2021 there is an increase of 5,227 sq km in bamboo area.

The total annual potential production of timber from trees outside forest has been estimated as 91.51 million cum.

In the present assessment total carbon stock in country’s forest is estimated to be 7,285.5 million tonnes. There is an increase of 81.5 million tonnes in the carbon stock of country as compared to the last assessment.

Regarding status on achievement of target under NDC related to carbon sequestration, the current assessment shows that India’s carbon stock has reached 30.43 billion tonnes of CO2 equivalent; which indicates that as compared to the base year of 2005, India has already reached 2.29 billion tonnes of additional carbon sink as against the target of 2.5 to 3.0 billion tonnes by 2030.

Besides providing vital information for monitoring the country’s forest and tree resources, the data given in the ISFR serves as a useful source of information for the policy makers, planners, State Forest Departments, research organisation, line agencies involved in various developmental works, academicians, civil society and others interested in natural resource conservation and management.

Ammonia supply in SIGHT of NTPC Green Energy

Renewables

Ammonia supply in SIGHT of NTPC Green Energy

NTPC Green Energy

NTPC Green Energy is exploring supplying green ammonia from its upcoming Pudimadaka hub to nearby fertilizer plants. The hub, with a daily output of 1,500 tonnes of green hydrogen and 4,500 tonnes of green ammonia, could provide up to 150,000 tonnes annually to Coromandel International and Madras Fertilisers under the government's SIGHT scheme.

By Shilpa Samant, ET Bureau

Last Updated: Dec 20, 2024, 12:38:00 AM IST

New Delhi: NTPC Ltd, through subsidiary NTPC Green Energy, may look to participate in the SIGHT scheme to supply green ammonia from its ambitious Pudimadaka green hydrogen hub, particularly to the fertiliser plants of Coromandel International Ltd and Madras Fertilisers Ltd which are in proximity to the facility

The green energy company may supply up to 150,000 tonnes of green ammonia produced at the hub in Andhra Pradesh to four nearby units of the two companies, people aware of the development told ET.

NTPC Green's hub will produce 1,500 tonnes of green hydrogen and 4,500 tonnes of green ammonia per day, apart from green methanol and sustainable aviation fuel. Proximity of the hydrogen hub to the fertiliser plants may be beneficial in the supply, one of the people said.

The government issued a tender for green ammonia production incentives in June, and the last date to submit bids is January 2. The timeline may be extended to January 31, another person said.

Under the National Green Hydrogen Mission's SIGHT (Strategic Interventions for Green Hydrogen Transition) scheme Mode-2A, tranche I, the government has listed 14 fertiliser projects that will be signing agreements with the successful bidders. Bids are called for providing incentives for the supply of 539,000 tonnes a year. Coromandel International's units in Visakhapatnam, Kakinada and Chennai, and Madras Fertilisers' Chennai facility are among the 14 projects.

Fertiliser producers are one of the major consumers of ammonia and attempts are being made for the companies to switch to the green option, which is costlier than grey ammonia. India consumes 17-19 million tonnes per year of ammonia for the production of urea, diammonium phosphate and other complex fertilisers, a report from the Council on Energy, Environment and Water said.

Fire extinguisher guide

 

Quality Control Laboratory To run the Green Ammonia plant, a quality control laboratory is required to monitor and ensure Product quality and

 Quality Control Laboratory

To run the Green Ammonia plant, a quality control laboratory is required to monitor and ensure Product quality and

performance of various sections of the plant. The following list identifies some of the typical recommended laboratory

Instruments for an Ammonia plant.

1. Gas Chromatograph (to analysis feed and process gas at various locations of the plant)

2. Atomic absorption spectrophotometer (to analyse trace metal ions in product, condensate etc.)

3. pH, conductivity meters

4. Karl Fischer Moisture analyzer

5. Portable Dissolved Oxygen analyzer

6. Dissolved Silica analyser (for HP Steam and for drum water)

7. Dissolved Sodium analyser (for steam and condensate)

8. Automatic potentiometric titrator

9. Oil testing centrifuge with microprocessor control

10. Water testing instruments

11. Steam testing instruments

12. High Volume sampler

13. Digital Density meter

14. Viscosity meter

Note: The detailed list will be provided by the EPC contractor/ licensor.

The total project schedule is assumed to be 26 months of which broadly consists of two major activities viz., FEED phase For 8 months followed by the Implementation phase of 18 months. The completion of FEED phase coincides with the FID

 The total project schedule is assumed to be 26 months of which broadly consists of two major activities viz., FEED phase For 8 months followed by the Implementation phase of 18 months. The completion of FEED phase coincides with the FID

(Final Investment Date).

The six (6) months preceding the commencement of FEED will be utilised for the following activities –

i.

Carry out assessment of the borewell capacity (to check suitability for availability of water for 25 years)

ii.

Carry out geotechnical investigation at few critical locations (STG building, Syngas compressor location, storage tank

location), which can be provided to the EPC bidders.

iii.

Carry out Rapid EIA to identify if there are any environmentally sensitive locations nearby that can either become

showstoppers or impact the project schedule/cost.

iv.

Draft PPA (discussions and agreement on key contract and commercial terms)

v.

Commence survey of routing for cross country Ammonia transfer piping from plant to storage location near port

vi.

Identify land near port and commence action to acquire the land parcel; once completed, commence route survey

for piping from storage location to port.

vii.

Commence Pre-FEED and identify Technology Licensor (for the Ammonia plant) and FEED contractor.

viii.

Identify suppliers of other major equipment and long lead items such as Electrolysers, ASU, and Power transformers

ix.

Obtain technical inputs required for submitting application to MOEF.

x.

Preliminary discussions with CTU for obtaining ISTS waiver and discussions with SLDC/STU for connectivityapproval

The producer will typically require the following permits and clearances to establish a green Ammonia plant

 Licensing and statutory clearances

The producer will typically require the following permits and clearances to establish a green Ammonia plant –

1. Environmental and Regulatory clearances

The applicant (producer) must obtain environmental clearances such as Pollution No Objection Certificate (NOC),

waste management certificates, permits for usage of ground water etc., from the Ministry of Environment, Forest,

and Climate change (MOEF & CC).

2. Industrial licenses

The company must also apply for appropriate industrial licenses as the plant will utilise hazardous chemicals for

production of Ammonia. Such licenses will be granted by the Department for Promotion of Industry and Internal

Trade G2B.

3. Land use Permits

The producer must have proof of ownership of land to seek the Land use permits. The applicant must produce

evidence in the form of either the rent agreement or the lease agreement.

4. Building permits

The plant must also receive structural and fire safety certificates from the municipal authorities before occupancy

/commencing any operations.

5. Electricity permits

The applicant must ensure that they have a proper electricity connection (from SLDC) to carry out the plant

operations.

6. Pollution Board permits

The company must obtain clearances from the central and state pollution control board before discharging emissions

into the surrounding water or air.

7. Tax Registrations

The company also must obtain all the tax permits, including the GST registration, TDS registration and PAN card

for the business.

Besides the producer, the EPC contractor will also require permits and clearances, and these are described subsequently.

8.3 Project schedule

India’s ethanol production capacity reaches 1,685 crore liters

India’s ethanol production capacity is experiencing significant growth, which is expected to boost the country’s overall production.

India’s ethanol production capacity has grown substantially, now reaching 1,685 crore liters. According to the Department of Food & Public Distribution (DFPD), existing capacity of ethanol production in the country (as on 30th November 2024) has increased to 1685 crore litres (744 crore litres of grain based and 941 crore litres of molasses-based distilleries).

The government has been implementing the Ethanol Blended with Petrol (EBP) Programme nationwide, under which Oil Marketing Companies (OMCs) sell petrol blended with ethanol. The government has set a target of achieving 20% ethanol blending with petrol by 2025 under this programme.

The government is optimistic that this expanded capacity will meet the country’s domestic ethanol needs. However, to achieve the 20% blending target, approximately 1,016 crore liters of ethanol will be required, totaling 1,350 crore liters when accounting for other uses. By 2025, it is estimated that an ethanol production capacity of around 1,700 crore liters will be necessary, assuming plants operate at 80% efficiency.

Cumulative ethanol blending in petrol during the Ethanol Supply Year (ESY) 2023-24 (Nov 2023 – Oct 2024) reached 14.6%.

In ESY 2024-25, OMCs have allocated around 837 crore liters of ethanol against tenders for the supply of 916 crore liters in Cycle 1. Recently, OMCs invited bids for the supply of around 88 crore liters of denatured anhydrous ethanol for Q4 (Cycle 2) of ESY 2024-25.

Depending on the type of production used, different colour names are assigned to the hydrogen.

The hydrogen colour spectrum

From green to pink hydrogen, we reveal the rainbow of hydrogen colours and the different types of technology used to produce each.

Why is a colourless gas given so many colourful terms?

Green hydrogen, blue hydrogen, brown hydrogen and even yellow hydrogen, turquoise hydrogen and pink hydrogen. They’re essentially colour codes, or nicknames, used within the energy industry to differentiate between the types of hydrogen.

Depending on the type of production used, different colour names are assigned to the hydrogen. But there is no universal naming convention and these colour definitions may change over time, and even between countries.

So what does hydrogen look like?

Hydrogen is an invisible gas. So, despite their colourful descriptions, there is no visible difference between the different types of hydrogen.

Here’s our guide to unlocking the current hydrogen colour code.

Green hydrogen

Hydrogen molecules against a blue background

Green hydrogen is made by using clean electricity from surplus renewable energy sources, such as solar or wind power, to electrolyse water. Electrolysers use an electrochemical reaction to split water into its components of hydrogen and oxygen, emitting zero-carbon dioxide in the process.

Green hydrogen currently makes up a small percentage of the overall hydrogen, because production is expensive. Just as energy from wind power has reduced in price, green hydrogen will come down in price as it becomes more common.

Blue hydrogen

Blue hydrogen is produced mainly from natural gas, using a process called steam reforming, which brings together natural gas and heated water in the form of steam. The output is hydrogen, but carbon dioxide is also produced as a by-product. So, the definition of blue hydrogen includes the use of carbon capture and storage (CCS) to trap and store this carbon.

Blue hydrogen is sometimes described as ‘low-carbon hydrogen’, as the steam reforming process doesn’t actually avoid the creation of greenhouse gases.

Grey hydrogen

Currently, this is the most common form of hydrogen production. Grey hydrogen is created from natural gas, or methane, using steam methane reformation but without capturing the greenhouse gases made in the process. Grey hydrogen is essentially the same as blue hydrogen, but without the use of carbon capture and storage.

Black and brown hydrogen

Using black coal or lignite (brown coal) in the hydrogen-making process, these black and brown hydrogen are the absolute opposite of green hydrogen in the hydrogen spectrum and the most environmentally damaging.

Just to confuse things, any hydrogen made from fossil fuels through the process of ‘gasification’ is sometimes called black or brown hydrogen interchangeably.

Japan and Australia announced a new brown coal-to-hydrogen project recently. This project will use brown coal in Australia to produce liquefied hydrogen, which will then be shipped to Japan for low-emission use.

Pink hydrogen

Pink hydrogen is generated through electrolysis powered by nuclear energy. Nuclear-produced hydrogen can also be referred to as purple hydrogen or red hydrogen.

In addition, the very high temperatures from nuclear reactors could be used in other hydrogen productions by producing steam for more efficient electrolysis or fossil gas-based steam methane reforming.

Turquoise hydrogen

This is a new entry in the hydrogen colour charts and production has yet to be proven at scale. Turquoise hydrogen is made using a process called methane pyrolysis to produce hydrogen and solid carbon. In the future, turquoise hydrogen may be valued as a low-emission hydrogen, dependent on the thermal process being powered with renewable energy and the carbon being permanently stored or used.

Yellow hydrogen

Yellow hydrogen is a relatively new phrase for hydrogen made through electrolysis using solar power.

White hydrogen

White hydrogen is a naturally occurring, geological hydrogen found in underground deposits and created through fracking. There are no strategies to exploit this hydrogen at present.

The future of hydrogen as energy

In the future, some hydrogen colours may fade in importance and others burn brighter. What’s certain is that the hydrogen rainbow will play a significant role in reaching net zero, as we reduce our historical reliance on fossil fuels and look to green alternatives to power our homes, businesses and transport.

 

No, green hydrogen and green ammonia are not typically considered red category industries:

 No, green hydrogen and green ammonia are not typically considered red category industries: 

Red category industries

These are industry sectors with a pollution score of above 60. The Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEFCC) categorizes industries into red, orange, and green to restrict their operation in certain areas. 

Green hydrogen

This is made by using clean electricity from renewable energy sources to electrolyze water. The Ministry of New & Renewable Energy (MNRE) is seeking to scale up green hydrogen projects by shifting them from the red list to the white list. 

Green ammonia

A shift to green ammonia can reduce India's fertilizer subsidy burden and boost energy self-reliance. Andhra Pradesh is considered a good environment for installing green hydrogen and green ammonia projects. 

Ph.D Awarded in 2005--“Environmental Impact of Industries on Agricultural Crops and Critical Studies of Existing Regulatory Governance for Highly Polluting Industries in India”

 Ph.D Awarded in 2005

Faculty of Science – Department of Botany

Environmental Science

“Environmental Impact of Industries on Agricultural Crops and Critical Studies of Existing Regulatory Governance for Highly Polluting Industries in India”

DOCTORAL THESIS

By

Amar Nath Giri

I.I.M. Fellow

M.Sc. (Envl.Sc.), P.G.D.E.P.L.

Co-Supervisor Supervisor

Dr. S.P. Trivedi Dr. Y.K. Sharma

2005 (INDIA)

COVERED CONTENTS

List of Abbreviations (I and II)

9

I Part

10-136

Preface

11-13

CHAPTER I - Introduction 

14-33

CHAPTER II - Review literature

34-68

CHAPTER III - Materials and methods

69-78

CHAPTER IV- Results and discussions

· Pulp and paper mill effluent: petridish and pot, experiment No. 1 to 5

· Sewage effluent: experiment No.6

· Asbestos effluent: experiment No.7

· Distillery effluent: experiment No.8

· Sewage and asbestos effluent: experiment No.9

· Figures

· Photoplates

79-136

79-97

97-105

105-113

114-119

120-122

123-128

129-132

CHAPTER V- Conclusion: Suggestions and Recommendations.

133-134

Annexure

135-136

II Part

137-232

Preface

138-140

CHAPTER I - Introduction: legal provisions relating to environmental law.

141-150

CHAPTER II-Definitions of various terms, concepts and importance of compliance and enforcement and factors responsible for weaknesses of compliance and enforcement.

151-164

CHAPTER III-Status highlights the problems of compliance and enforcement in India.

165-180

CHAPTER IV -Judicial trend: views and directions of Supreme Court and High

Court decisions environmental compliance and enforcement effectiveness of environmental compliance and enforcement in polluting industries in India.

181-190

CHAPTER V-Effectiveness of environmental compliance and enforcement in Polluting Industry in India: a field survey.

191-198

CHAPTER VI -Conclusion: Suggestions and Recommendations.

199-210

 

Union Minister Shri Bhupender Yadav to Release India State of Forest Report 2023 in FRI, Dehradun Tomorrow

Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change

azadi ka amrit mahotsav

Union Minister Shri Bhupender Yadav to Release India State of Forest Report 2023 in FRI, Dehradun Tomorrow

Posted On: 20 DEC 2024 3:12PM by PIB Delhi

Union Minister of Environment, Forest and Climate Change Sh. Bhupender Yadav will release the India State of Forest Report (ISFR) 2023 in presence of Minister of State Sh. Kirti Vardhan Singh and Secretary, Smt. Leena Nandan tomorrow in FRI, Dehradun.

The event will be attended by the senior officers of the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEF&CC) and MoEF & CC organisations viz., ICFRE, WII, IGNFA, FRI, CASFOS, IRO, BSI, ZSI etc. The programme will also be attended by IFS probationers of IGNFA and SFS probationers of CASFOS.

The “India State of Forest Report (ISFR)” is brought out by Forest Survey of India (FSI) on a biennial basis since 1987. The report provides vital information on Forest and Tree resources of the country, based on two major activities viz., Forest Cover Mapping (FCM) and National Forest Inventory (NFI) of FSI. FSI has been publishing the report since 1987 and this report will be 18th such report in the series.

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Air Separation Unit (ASU): working principle and applications

Air Separation Unit (ASU): working principle and applications

Sep 30, 2024

air separation unit

The Air Separation Unit remains a key piece of equipment across a wide range of applications and industries. 

As the growing demand for industrial gasses continues to increase, the ASU provides a reliable and efficient method for producing these gasses at the required purity levels. At the same time, the air separation process offers a cost-effective means of producing high-purity gasses compared to other methods, generating them in large quantities, leading to economies of scale and reduced per-unit production costs over time.

But what exactly is an Air Separation Unit, how does it work and what are its key applications? Here’s a guide to the ASU, written from our experience in cryogenic engineering and design and manufacture of these structures.

What is an Air Separation Unit?

An Air Separation Unit (ASU) is an industrial facility used to separate atmospheric air into its primary components (namely nitrogen, oxygen, and, in some cases, argon and other rare gasses). These units are typically composed of elements such as air compressors, an air purification system, heat exchangers, cryogenic cooling systems and distillation columns, among others.

How does an Air Separation Unit work?

While there are various methods that can be performed by an Air Separation Unit, fractional distillation is the primary separation technique employed.

The main working principle behind an ASU is the separation of air via its liquefying and distilling processes. A simplified overview of how an ASU typically operates looks like this:

Compression: in this stage, atmospheric air is drawn into the ASU and passed through a series of compressors to increase its pressure. The purpose is to make the subsequent cooling and separation processes more efficient, with typical pressure ranges going between 5 and 10 bar gauge. 

Purification: before further processing, the compressed air is typically purified to remove impurities (including moisture, carbon dioxide, or trace contaminants). This step ensures that the separated gasses are of high purity and avoids issues such as the freezing or plugging of the cryogenic equipment.

Cooling: the now purified, compressed air is cooled down to cryogenic temperatures using a series of heat exchangers and refrigeration cycles. This results in liquefying the air, as cryogenic distillation relies on the differences in boiling points of the various components.

Separation: the now cold, liquefied air is fed into a distillation column (or a series of distillation columns), so that the air is separated into its primary components based on differences in boiling points:

Nitrogen has a lower boiling point (-196°C or -321°F) than oxygen (-183°C or -297°F).

Argon, if being separated, has an even lower boiling point (-186°C or -303°F).

cold box asu

As the air ascends the column, it is gradually warmed, and different components evaporate at their respective boiling points. For instance, oxygen-rich vapor rises to the top of the column, while nitrogen-rich liquid collects at the bottom. The argon, if present, is usually extracted as a side product at an intermediate point in the column.

Collection, storage and delivery: the separated gasses are collected and sent to storage tanks, either pressurized tanks or cryogenic tanks. From there, the gasses can then be distributed and supplied to various industries and applications, depending on their purity requirements.

Across these operations, it’s key for the Air Separation Unit to operate presenting a very tight integration of heat exchangers and separation columns, ensuring its efficiency.

Applications of an ASU

Healthcare: the use of oxygen and other technical gasses in the healthcare industry can benefit from an ASU

Industrial processes: the Air Separation Unit is part of the applied cryogenic technologies in the industry for processes such as metal fabrication, chemical production, and wastewater treatment. It’s also involved in generating high-purity gasses for the semiconductor industry for processes like wafer manufacturing and device fabrication.

Food and beverage: nitrogen is used as part of what are known as the ‘food gasses’, used in the food and beverage industry for packaging and preserving products.

Energy production: an ASU can provide high-purity oxygen for use in combustion processes in power plants and steel mills.

You must be interested: Cryogenic industrial solutions that every cryogenic company should offer

Cryospain, experts in ASU projects

With our two-decade knowledge and experience in cryogenic engineering, at Cryospain we are one of the leading suppliers of state-of-the-art air separation plants. Our strength lies in our capacity to adjust to each project’s needs, considering its full lifecycle, potential and limitations. 

Through a combination of innovative technologies and end-to-end engineering services, we’ve designed, manufactured and implemented a series of successful ASU projects, all while complying with the relevant standards. 

As such, our involvement goes from procuring the materials, to assembling the equipment, electrics and piping, as well as taking care of crucial processes such as factory acceptance testing (FAT) for the containerized ASU’s components. It’s precisely our capacity to dedicate to planning, drawings, calculations and 3D modeling that makes us our strength, so that we can provide a tailored, end-to-end service.

cryospain general catalog

Finally, we present an outstanding production capacity, with two large-scale workshops and two industrial hubs which sum up a combined 2600m2 dedicated to realizing our clients’ projects while guaranteeing the highest quality standards. 

Our success stories include: 

The provision of components for a containerized ASU project, a kind of prefabricated or modular ASU that facilitates transport, assembly, commissioning and installation. The result was a containerized ASU plant that presents cutting-edge rapid cooling and refrigeration technology, guaranteeing its cost-effectiveness. 

An integral cryogenic pipe-in-pipe system for a new Air Separation Unit in Ostrava (Czech Republic) for a major steel production company.

Two cryogenic piping projects in Poland and Russia, involving vacuum-insulated piping (VIP) for an Air separation unit (ASU) as part of a modern steel mill. The projects prioritized reducing its environmental impact in the area, so that it produces up to three times fewer emissions than a traditional mill.

Here are twelve strategic tips to enhance collaboration and productivity in high-performance teams, framed through the lens of leadership expertise and professional rigour:

 Here are twelve strategic tips to enhance collaboration and productivity in high-performance teams, framed through the lens of leadership expertise and professional rigour:

1. Foster Psychological Safety

Create an environment where team members feel safe to express their thoughts, share ideas, and take risks without fear of ridicule or punishment. Psychological safety enhances innovation and trust.

2. Clarify Roles and Responsibilities

Clearly define each team member's role, responsibilities, and expectations. Ambiguity can lead to inefficiency and miscommunication.

3. Establish a shared vision

Align the team around a common purpose and clearly defined goals. A shared vision fosters unity and provides a sense of direction.

4. Promote Open Communication

Encourage transparent, respectful, and regular communication. Use structured meetings and tools to facilitate information sharing.

5. Empower Decision-Making

Delegate authority where appropriate, allowing team members to take ownership of decisions within their domain. Empowerment leads to greater accountability and engagement.

6. Leverage Strengths and Diversity

Recognize and utilize the unique skills, experiences, and perspectives of each team member. Diverse teams are often more creative and resilient.

7. Implement Feedback Loops

Create a culture of continuous feedback by establishing regular check-ins, reviews, and debriefs. Feedback should be constructive, actionable, and timely.

8. Encourage Cross-Functional Collaboration

Break down silos and foster partnerships across different teams or departments. This leads to the cross-pollination of ideas and a broader understanding of organizational goals.

9. Invest in Professional Development

Provide opportunities for team members to upskill through training, workshops, or mentorship programs. Growth-minded teams perform better.

10. Celebrate Wins and Recognize Effort

Acknowledge achievements, both big and small. Recognition boosts morale and reinforces desired behaviours.

11. Manage Conflict Proactively

Address conflicts promptly and constructively. Use mediation and problem-solving techniques to turn disagreements into opportunities for growth.

12. Encourage Innovation and Experimentation

Foster a culture where trying new approaches and learning from failures is celebrated. High-performance teams thrive when they are encouraged to innovate.

By integrating these strategies, leaders can build teams that are not only productive but also collaborative, resilient, and driven by shared success.

Author: MDeOswald 

IMPACTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON WEATHER PATTERNS

Ministry of Earth Sciences

azadi ka amrit mahotsav

PARLIAMENT QUESTION: IMPACTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON WEATHER PATTERNS

Posted On: 19 DEC 2024 1:20PM by PIB Delhi

The Government has taken due note of Climate Change across the country and is making several efforts to assess and minimize the impact of climate change. The multi-faceted approach is aimed at addressing the potential impacts of climate change on the country's weather patterns, focusing on adaptation, mitigation, and resilience-building.

Key initiatives include:

National Action Plan on Climate Change (NAPCC): Launched in 2008, it outlines eight national missions that focus on promoting sustainable development while addressing climate change. These include missions on solar energy, energy efficiency, sustainable agriculture, and water conservation.

State Action Plans: States have also developed their own climate action plan in line with the NAPCC, addressing region-specific vulnerabilities such as extreme weather events (floods, droughts) and shifting monsoon patterns.

Disaster Management and Early Warning Systems: India has strengthened disaster preparedness through its National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA), which works closely with the India Meteorological Department (IMD) to minimize the impacts of extreme weather events (e.g., cyclones, heatwaves, floods).

Climate-Resilient Agriculture: The Government has promoted climate-resilient agricultural practices, such as drought-resistant crops, improved water management, and changes in cropping patterns to adapt to shifting rainfall and temperature patterns.

Renewable Energy Development: India is aggressively expanding renewable energy sources, particularly solar and wind, as part of its strategy to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and transition to a low-carbon economy.

Water Conservation: With increasing concerns over water scarcity, the Government has initiated various programs like the Jal Jeevan Mission and National Water Mission to improve water management and ensure sustainable water use, especially in drought-prone regions.

Policy and Financial Frameworks: The Government has also integrated climate change considerations into national policies and budgets, aligning with international climate agreements (e.g., the Paris Agreement). This includes setting emission reduction targets and focusing on climate financing for vulnerable sectors.

These efforts are aimed at reducing vulnerabilities and preparing the country for the diverse impacts of climate change, from altered monsoon patterns to more frequent extreme weather events.     

There has been a quantum increase in climate modeling research and climate science in India. Ministry of Earth Sciences (MoES) established the Centre for Climate Change Research (CCCR) at the Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology, Pune, to conduct research studies related to the science of climate change.

For the first time, the CCCR has developed an Indigenous climate model, namely the IITM-Earth System Model (IITM-ESM), which provides reliable future projections of Indian monsoon rainfall and is used in addressing climate variability and change issues across the region. The model is the first from India to contribute to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Sixth Assessment Report (IPCC-AR6). In addition, the CCCR has also led the Coordinated Regional Downscaling Experiment (CORDEX) for the South Asia region for generating high-resolution regional climate change projections, which are frequently utilized for assessments of the impacts of climate changes on different sectors.

Also, the Ministry of Earth Sciences, has recently published a Climate Change report titled "Assessment of Climate Change over the Indian Region". The report has assessed the impact of climate change across the country, covering all aspects of regional climate change, including the climatic extremes across India. The report is the first of its kind, and a comprehensive discussion has been made regarding the impact of human-induced global climate change on the regional climate and monsoon of the Indian subcontinent, adjoining the Indian Ocean and the Himalayas.

Apart from the above, IMD brought out the web-based online "Climate Hazard & Vulnerability Atlas of India," prepared for the thirteen most hazardous meteorological events, which cause extensive damages and economic, human, and animal losses. The climate Hazard and vulnerability atlas will help State Government authorities and Disaster Management Agencies plan and take appropriate action to tackle various extreme weather events.

India is actively collaborating with a number of international organizations to share data, expertise, and resources on climate resilience, as well as to address the broader challenges posed by climate change. This collaboration is part of India's efforts to not only contribute to global climate action but also to enhance its own adaptive capacity.

This information was given by Union Minister of State (Independent Charge) for Science & Technology and Earth Sciences, Dr. Jitendra Singh in a written reply in the Rajya Sabha today.

**

PARLIAMENT QUESTION: RISE IN EARTH'S TEMPERATURE

Ministry of Earth Sciences

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PARLIAMENT QUESTION: RISE IN EARTH'S TEMPERATURE

Posted On: 19 DEC 2024 1:22PM by PIB Delhi

The ministry has noted the rise in the planet's temperature and has assessed the impact of climate change across the country, covering all aspects of regional climate change.

To hold the planet's long-term average temperature below the 1.5 °C threshold, the world will have to reach net zero emissions by the year 2050, according to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). Despite not being a significant contributor to the problem of climate change, India has demonstrated a proactive stance by surpassing its fair share of efforts to address this global issue. The Indian Government remains steadfast in its commitment to combat climate change through various programs and initiatives, such as the National Action Plan on Climate Change (NAPCC) and the State Action Plan on Climate Change (SAPCC). These plans encompass specific missions in areas like solar energy, energy efficiency, water conservation, sustainable agriculture, health, Himalayan ecosystem preservation, sustainable habitat development, Green India, and strategic knowledge for climate change. The NAPCC serves as a comprehensive framework for all climate-related actions. Additionally, India has taken a proactive role in fostering international collaborations through initiatives such as the International Solar Alliance and the Coalition for Disaster-Resilient Infrastructure.

The IPCC Assessment Report 6 (AR6) documents that temperature rise to date has already resulted in profound alterations to human and natural systems, including increases in droughts, heatwaves, floods, extreme weather, sea level rise, and biodiversity loss, which are causing unprecedented risks to vulnerable persons and populations. Also, ministry's assessment report on climate change documents that the surface air temperature over India has risen by about 0.7 °C during 1901–2018, accompanied by an increase in atmospheric moisture content. The sea surface temperature in the tropical Indian Ocean increased by about 1 °C from 1951–2015.

Glaciers are highly sensitive to temperature changes, and rising temperatures will enhance glacier melt.

The melting of glaciers can have significant implications for human life and the environment, such as water availability, rising sea levels, etc. Melting glaciers can initially increase water flow, but reduced glacier mass can lead to decreased water availability later, affecting agriculture, drinking water, and ecosystems dependent on consistent water sources. Increased glacier melt may also trigger hazards like snow-ice avalanches, debris flows, glacial lake outburst floods (GLOFs), and devastating flash floods downstream.

Several Indian institutes/universities/organizations funded by the Government of India monitor Himalayan glaciers and have reported accelerated heterogeneous mass loss as given below:

The mean retreat rate of Hindu Kush Himalayan glaciers is 14.9 ± 15.1 meter/annum (m/a), which varies from 12.7 ± 13.2 m/a in Indus, 15.5 ± 14.4 m/a in Ganga and 20.2 ± 19.7 m/a in Brahmaputra River basins.

The glacier inventory prepared by the National Centre for Polar and Ocean Research (NCPOR) for the Chandra basin shows that it has lost about 6% of its glacial area during the last 20 years and 2.4 meter water equivalent (m.w.e.) to 9 m w.e. ice mass during 2013-2021.

The glaciers in the Bhaga basin lost a huge ice mass in the range 6 m.w.e. to 9 m.w.e. during 2008-2021. The annual rate of retreat of Chandra basin glaciers varied from 13 to 33 m/year during the last decade.

Glaciers in the Garhwal Himalaya show significant heterogeneities in glacier thinning and surface flow velocity patterns. The observed retreats are 15-20 m/year for the Dokriani Glacier in the Bhagirathi basin, 9-11 m/year for the Chorabari Glacier in the Mandakini basin, ~12 m/year at Durung-Drung and ~ 5.6 m/year at Pensilungpa glaciers in Suru basin.

This information was given by Union Minister of State (Independent Charge) for Science & Technology and Earth Sciences, Dr. Jitendra Singh in a written reply in the Rajya Sabha today.

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PARLIAMENT QUESTION: Need for preparedness in earthquake prone zones

Ministry of Earth Sciences

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PARLIAMENT QUESTION: Need for preparedness in earthquake prone zones

Posted On: 19 DEC 2024 1:25PM by PIB Delhi

The Kangra earthquake of 1905, one of the most devastating earthquakes in India’s history, serves as a reminder of the seismic risks faced by regions in the Himalayan belt, including Himachal Pradesh. The earthquake caused widespread destruction, loss of life, and left a lasting impact on the area. It highlighted the need for preparedness in earthquake-prone zones, especially through improved infrastructure, disaster management strategies, and public awareness.

Soon 100 more seismological observatories will be added to the seismological network of India by NCS-MoES. Typically, such initiatives are aimed at better earthquake monitoring, early warning systems, and research into seismic activity, but timelines for operationalization can vary. Currently National Centre for Seismology (NCS) under Ministry of Earth Sciences is the nodal agency involved in monitoring seismic activity across the country with the help of National network consisting of 166 stations. NCS conducts regular studies and maintain seismic networks to analyze earthquake data and disseminates this information to various stakeholders of national and state levels using advance technology. Details of earthquakes, which have been detected and reported in and around the country by the National Seismological Network are available on the website of NCS (seismo.gov.in).

The number of permanent seismological observatories in Himachal Pradesh are seven. Details of these observatories and earthquakes occurring in this region and countrywide are available on the website of NCS (seismo.gov.in). Given the heightened seismic activity in the region, the government is likely to continue efforts to expand the network of observatories to improve earthquake preparedness and response capabilities in Himachal Pradesh also.

This information was given by Union Minister of State (Independent Charge) for Science & Technology and Earth Sciences, Dr. Jitendra Singh in a written reply in the Rajya Sabha today.

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PQ on - Recycling of e-waste

Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change

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Parliament Question:- Recycling of e-waste

Posted On: 19 DEC 2024 6:01PM by PIB Delhi

Ministry has comprehensively revised the E-Waste (Management) Rules, 2016 and notified the E-Waste (Management) Rules, 2022 in November, 2022 and the same is in force since 1st April, 2023. The objective of the said rules is to take all steps required to ensure that e-waste is managed in a manner which shall protect health and environment against any adverse effects, which may result from such e-waste. These new rules intend to manage e-waste in an environmentally sound manner and put in place an improved Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) regime for e-waste recycling wherein all the manufacturer, producer, refurbisher and recycler are required to register on portal developed by the Central Pollution Control Board. The new provisions would facilitate and channelize the informal sector to formal sector for doing business and ensure recycling of e-waste in environmentally sound manner. Provisions for environmental compensation and verification & audit have also been introduced. These rules also promote Circular Economy through EPR regime and scientific recycling/disposal of the e-waste.

The objective of the said rules is directly aligned with the goals of the Swachh Bharat Abhiyan, focusing on e-waste reduction, reuse and proper disposal, accountability and environmental sustainability. By promoting recycling, refurbishing and reducing waste, these measures help conserve resources, lower greenhouse gas emissions, and support the broader agenda of sustainable development such as circular economy and resource efficiency.           

As per the E-Waste (Management) Rules, 2022, the urban and rural bodies have been given responsibilities under Schedule V of said Rules to ensure that e-waste, if found to be mixed with Municipal Solid Waste is properly segregated, collected and is channelized to registered recycler or refurbisher. It is also to ensure that e-waste pertaining to orphan products is collected and channelized to registered recycler or refurbisher, facilitate setting up e-waste collection, segregation and disposal systems and conducting training sessions to develop capacities of the urban and rural local bodies. Further, the industries who are producers of e-waste have also been given responsibilities for proper management of e-waste under rule 6 of the said Rules. As per the rules, producers are mandated to register on the EPR portal, obtaining and implementing Extended Producer Responsibility targets as per Schedule-III and Schedule-IV through the portal, creating awareness through media, publications, advertisements, posters or by any other means of communication. Producers are also mandated to file annual and quarterly returns in the laid down form on the portal on or before the end of the month succeeding the quarter or year, as the case may be, to which the return relates.

Plans to enhance awareness and establish effective e-waste recycling infrastructure across the country are as follows:

Implementation of E-Waste (Management) Rules, 2022 through enforcement of Action plan for Management of E-Waste. The Action Plan is being implemented through State Pollution Control Boards (SPCBs)/ Pollution Control Committees (PCCs). The action plan contains components on mass awareness of general public through Information, Education and Communication Plan to be framed by State Governments. The said Action Plan also includes checking informal traders, recyclers of e-waste have been taken-up as one of the action points. Drives for identification of informal activities are to be done by all the SPCBs along with the district administration of the State.

Integrate more stakeholders and improve transparency through e-waste EPR Portal.

Auditing of stakeholders through e-waste EPR Portal.

Managing uncollected, historical, and orphaned e-waste, through local bodies.

Co-ordination with state governments and local bodies to develop capacity for management of e-waste.

Organize programs to raise public awareness about e-waste management and recycling.

This information was given by Union Minister of State for Environment, Forest and Climate Change Shri Kirti Vardhan Singh in a written reply in the Rajya Sabha today.

*

Parliament Question:- National Biodiversity Strategy

Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change

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Parliament Question:- National Biodiversity Strategy

Posted On: 19 DEC 2024 6:00PM by PIB Delhi

India updated and submitted its National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan on 31st October 2024 on the Convention on Biological Diversity Portal during the recently concluded CBD COP-16 at Cali, Colombia. The Action Plan is fully aligned with the 4 goals and 23 targets set under the Kunming Montreal Global Diversity Framework (KMGBF), to be implemented in accordance with the national circumstances, priorities and capabilities.

India's National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan (NBSAP) comprehensively addresses conservation, sustainable use, benefit sharing and envisages protecting terrestrial and marine areas, restoring degraded ecosystems and reducing biodiversity threats through pollution control and invasive species management. Key priorities include species conservation, sustainable utilization of wild species, enhanced management of ecosystem services, improved access to green spaces in urban areas, and the development of wildlife corridors to reduce habitat fragmentation. Additionally, the plan emphasizes active community participation in biodiversity governance to ensure inclusive and sustainable outcomes.

The plan has been updated through a wider consultative process conducted across the country involving 23 central Ministries, several national and state-level organizations, communities, and other stakeholders following a Whole-of-Government and Whole-of-Society approach. It summarizes the country’s efforts towards conservation of biodiversity, highlighting achievements, identifying gaps and threats, and describes strategies and result- oriented action points to achieve the targets. The plan also provides an insight into the current status of biodiversity across the country and trends therein, existing policy and institutional framework, biodiversity expenditure and potentially possible biodiversity finance solutions.

The NBSAP ensures effective stakeholder participation inclusive of women, youth, marginalized, and vulnerable sections of the society, decentralized responsibilities, devolved power and authority, and intergenerational equity in planning and implementation.

This information was given by Union Minister of State for Environment, Forest and Climate Change Shri Kirti Vardhan Singh in a written reply in the Rajya Sabha today.

**

Parliament Question:- Integrated Development of Wildlife Habitats

Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change

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Parliament Question:- Integrated Development of Wildlife Habitats

Posted On: 19 DEC 2024 5:58PM by PIB Delhi

The Ministry provides financial assistance to States/UTs under the Centrally Sponsored Umbrella Scheme ‘Integrated Development of Wildlife Habitat’ which includes ‘Development of Wildlife Habitats’ and ‘Project Tiger and Elephant’ for conservation of wildlife habitats and management of human-wildlife conflict.

The details of funds released to States/UTs Governments including the State of Kerala during the current financial year under the Centrally Sponsored Schemes ‘Development of Wildlife Habitats’, ‘Project Tiger and Elephant’ are placed at Annexure-I and II

Annexure- I

Funds released to State/ UT Governments under CSS-‘Development of Wildlife Habitats’ during 2024-25.

(₹. in lakhs)

S.No.

Name of State/UT

2024-25

 (as on 11/12/2024)

Arunachal Pradesh

696.55

 

Assam

1234.46

 

Chhattisgarh

135.58

 

Goa

66.44

 

Haryana

116.49

 

Himachal Pradesh

172.31

 

Jammu & Kashmir

73.97

 

Jharkhand

71.94

 

Karnataka

800.82

 

Kerala

909.64

 

Madhya Pradesh

486.77

 

Maharashtra

622.07

 

Manipur

261.71

 

Meghalaya

389.59

 

Mizoram

344.32

 

Nagaland

1044.06

 

Odisha

882.50

 

Sikkim

221.17

 

Tamil Nadu

661.78

 

Uttar Pradesh

393.87

 

Uttarakhand

652.24

 

Lakshadweep

217.18

 

Grand Tota

10455.46

Annexure- II

Funds released to State/ UT Governments under CSS-‘Project Tiger and Elephant’ during 2024-25.            

(₹. in lakhs)

Sl. No.

State

2024-25

(as on 11/12/2024)

1

Andhra Pradesh

365.13

2

Arunachal Pradesh

629.11

3

Assam

2043.60

4

Bihar

126.14

5

Chhattisgarh

181.58

6

Haryana

20.40

7

Jharkhand

363.78

8

Karnataka

783.07

9

Kerala

221.37

10

Madhya Pradesh

2213.97

11

Maharashtra

1726.12

12

Manipur

14.62

13

Meghalaya

29.70

14

Mizoram

247.92

15

Nagaland

231.14

16

Odisha

563.40

17

Rajasthan

228.47

18

Tamil Nadu

1450.53

19

Telangana

291.68

20

Tripura

10.99

21

Uttarakhand

1207.53

22

Uttar Pradesh

1381.25

23

West Bengal

425.95

 

 

14757.48

 

 

This information was given by Union Minister of State for Environment, Forest and Climate Change Shri Kirti Vardhan Singh in a written reply in the Rajya Sabha today.

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VM/GS

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