Glossary of firefighting
A
- A-side: Front of the fire building, usually front door facing
street, but may be facing parking area where first apparatus arrives;
other sides labeled B (left), C (rear), D (right), as necessary when
speaking of or staffing structure fire Sectors.
- Above-ground storage tank: Storage tank that is not buried. Compare Underground storage tank.
Unburied tanks are more prone to physical damage, and leaks are
released to the air or ground, rather than the soil surrounding a buried
tank.
- Accelerant: flammable fuel (often liquid) used by some
arsonists to increase size or intensity of fire. May also be
accidentally introduced when HAZMAT becomes involved in fire.
- Accountability: The process of emergency responders (fire,
police, SAR, emergency medical, etc...) checking into and making
themselves announced as being on-scene during an incident to an incident
commander or accountability officer. Through the accountability system,
each person is tracked throughout the incident until released from the
scene by the incident commander or accountability officer. This is
becoming a standard in the emergency services arena primarily for the
safety of emergency personnel. This system may implement a name tag
system or personal locator device (tracking device used by each
individual that is linked to a computer).
- AFA: Automatic Fire Alarm/Actuating Fire Alarm
- Aircraft rescue and firefighting (ARFF):
a special category of firefighting that involves the response, hazard
mitigation, evacuation and possible rescue of passengers and crew of an
aircraft involved in an airport ground emergency.
- Alarm:
(1) system for detecting and reporting unusual conditions, such as
smoke, fire, flood, loss of air, HAZMAT release, etc.; (2) a specific
assignment of multiple fire companies and/or units to a particular
incident, usually of fire in nature; (3) centralized dispatch center for interpreting alarms and dispatching resources. See fire alarm control panel.
- All companies working: Status report at fire scene indicating
that available manpower is busy, and more resources may become
necessary if incident is not controlled soon.
- Ammonium nitrate: component of ANFO; contents of two ships that exploded in Texas City Disaster, killing over 500 people, including all 28 volunteer firefighters at the scene.
- ANFO: Ammonium Nitrate Fuel Oil combination making a high explosive.
- Apparatus: A term usually used by firefighters describing a piece of equipment, usually a company vehicle.
- Arson: the crime of maliciously (or perhaps recklessly) setting fire to property, especially a dwelling.
Punishable in various degrees, depending upon the circumstances.
Occasionally occurs as a psychotic act of a mentally ill firefighter.
- Authority having jurisdiction
(or AHJ): organization or agency with legal authority over a given type
of incident (e.g., fire, EMS, SAR, arson, HAZMAT); may change or
overlap as incident changes, as where fire becomes arson investigation
once danger is over, or Motor Vehicle Accident becomes police business
after vehicle extrication, fire, and HAZMAT issues are complete.
- Autoextended fire: structure fire that has gone out a window
or other opening on one floor and ignited materials above, on another
floor or other space (attic, cockloft).
- Available flow: total amount of water that can be put on a
fire, depending upon water supply, pump size, hoses, and distance to the
fire. IC must assess available flow to determine whether additional
apparatus or streams are required. See Fire flow requirement.
B
- BA Set: Breathing Apparatus Set consisting of a face-mask and compressed air cylinder
- Backdraft:
A fire phenomenon caused when heat and heavy smoke (unburned fuel
particles) accumulate inside a compartment, depleting the available air,
and then oxygen/air is re-introduced, completing the fire triangle and causing rapid combustion.
- Backfiring:
Also known as a "controlled burn," it's a tactic used in wildland
firefighting associated with indirect attack, by intentionally setting
fire to fuels inside the control line. Most often used to contain a
rapidly spreading fire, placing control lines at places where the fire
can be fought on the firefighter's terms.
- Back burning: Australian term, for Backfiring, above.
- Backflow preventer:
Automatic valve used in hose accessories to ensure water flows only in
one direction. Used in permanent fire department connections (FDC) to sprinklers and dry standpipes, as well as portable devices used in firefighting.
- Backstretching: Doing a fire to hydrant procedure.
- Bank down: What the smoke does as it fills a room, banks down
to the floor, creating several layers of heat and smoke at different
temperatures—the coolest at the bottom.
- Bail-out. The act of completing a quick egress away from a fire room, on a ladder. This is done if flashover conditional are imminent.[1]
- Boiling liquid expanding vapor explosion (BLEVE):
Explosion of a pressure tank containing an overheated material when the
vapor expansion rate exceeds the pressure relief capacity (e.g., steam
boiler or LPG tank). If the contents are flammable, the rapidly released vapor may react in a secondary fuel-air explosion, usually violent and spectacular.
- Bomber: Australian term for fixed wing fire-fighting aircraft. Also called "water bomber".
- Box (Alarm): A mailslot or other file system containing a
notecard with a planned response to an incident type. For example, a
reported structure fire on Some Road would be tagged with Box 6; the
notecard in Box 6 would contain the list of apparatus from various fire
stations that should be dispatched to that incident. Assigning Boxes to
areas (or even specific structures) significantly facilitated the
process of getting the right tools to the right place on the initial
dispatch, and helped eliminate the guesswork of "which department has
what" on the fire scene. Boxes later evolved to contain escalation
procedures - on the "2nd alarm", the Box would contain the next group of
apparatus from various fire stations, etc. Modern CAD systems
now abstract the Box Alarm concept, and allow box definitions to be
triggered based on arbitrary geographic area, time of day, incident
type, weather, and any other planned situation. For a given hydranted
area, the "Summer" box will contain the usual response of engine, truck,
and rescue companies. In the winter, however, the box may be modified
(automatically, or manually) to include water tankers on the
initial dispatch, to handle the case of frozen hydrants. The term "Box"
comes from the fire alarm pull boxes that were commonplace in major
cities for well over fifty years. This was a telegraph system that
involved bells to ring out the box number. This system was in place from
the 1920s (or earlier) to well into the 1960s and 1970s in some cities.
Boston was one of the first (if not THE first) major U.S. Cities to
have a telegraph alarm system. They installed it in 1852. The Boston
Fire Department still uses this system of paper rolls and bells. The
modern use of "box cards" based upon an imaginary box location for
dispatch or move up is often known as the "Phantom Box System".
- Bus: another term for ambulance.
- Bushfire: Australian term, for wildfire, below.
C
- Call Firefighter: In the U.S., call firefighters respond as
needed on a part-time basis to all types of emergencies. Call
firefighters train with their local engine companies in their districts.
Call firefighters are utilized in three different ways. “First
Responder" call firefighter units, are those units that are staffed
entirely by paid call firefighters. These firefighters respond to all
emergency incidents within their jurisdictional areas and are supported
by full-time companies from adjoining jurisdictions. "Supplemental" call
firefighter units are those units that staff a second engine company
from a station that is also staffed by a full-time company. These units
respond to all multi-unit responses in their district, and cover the
station when the career companies are committed. "Augmentation" call
firefighters are assigned to an existing career company and respond
directly to the scene to augment that company's staffing. See also Retained firefighter (U.K.)
- Can: Slang for a fire extinguisher.
- Career Firefighter: (U.S.) A person whose primary employment
is as a firefighter for a municipality or other agency or company and
who derives the majority of his earned income working in the fire
service. See also Wholetime firefighter (U.K.)
- Charge a hose: To make water pressure available on a hose in
final preparation for its use. This is done on the scene after the hose
is deployed, but prior to entering the fire danger area. (Also known as
"Charge the line")
- Charged hose: A hose that is filled with water and
pressurized; ready to use. The charged line is much more difficult to
move than one not yet charged.
- Chauffeur: See Engineer.
- Chief officer: An executive officer of the fire department, as contrasted with a tactical Company officer. Typical Chief officers include the Fire chief,
Assistant and Deputy Fire Chief, Battalion or Division or District
Chiefs (who may each supervise Fire Captains), Watch Commanders and the Scottish Fire Master.
- Chimney fire: Fast and intense fire in a chimney flue in which accumulated creosote and other combustion byproducts ignite. These often extend fire into the roof or attic, especially with defective chimneys or when the mortar becomes hot enough to melt.
- Class A: A fire involving combustibles such as wood, paper, and other natural materials. See Fire Classes.
- Class B: A fire involving flammable liquids such as gasoline or other fuels. See Fire Classes.
- Class C: An electrical fire. See Fire Classes.
- Class D: A fire involving metals, such as sodium, titanium, magnesium, potassium, uranium, lithium, plutonium and calcium. See Fire Classes.
- Class E (Europe/Australia): A composite Class A/Class B fire that is not also a Class C fire.
- Class F (Europe/Australia): See Class K.
- Class K: A fire involving cooking oils. Technically, this is a subclass of Class B. See Fire Classes.
- Cockloft: structural space above ceiling and below rafters,
often connecting adjacent occupancies and permitting fire to spread
laterally, often unseen.
- Collapse zone: The area around a structure that would contain
debris if the building were to collapse. This is generally 1.5x the
height of the structure.
- Combustion: When materials smolder or burn. See main article for technical details.
- Commissioner: Civilian administrator of the fire services, appointed or elected in some cities, such as the New York City Fire Commissioner.
- Company: Two or more firefighters
organized as a team, led by a fire officer, and equipped to perform
certain operational functions. Compare with platoon and unit.
- Company officer : A fire officer, typically a lieutenant or captain, who leads a team of two or more firefighters in a tactical company.
- Compartment Fire: An "Isolated" fire, or a fire which is
"boxed in" or "closed off" from the rest of the structure. An example of
this is a fire in a room where all the windows and doors are closed
preventing the fire from spreading to other rooms.
- Confined space:
Usually refers to a "confined space rescue." This involves a space that
may have very limited access, little or no room to maneuver, poor air
or light, and very likely other hazards. A trench cave-in, a collapsed
building, a sewer or utility vault rescue, or a problem in and around
industrial equipment are some examples.
- Conflagration:
A large, typically urban, fire involving numerous structures; loosely
defined as enveloping an area equivalent to one or more square blocks.
Compare with firestorm.
- Crash Tender: A pump capable of spraying foam used at airports.
- Crew Resource Management (CRM): Training developed by NASA
based on the concept that the primary cause of the majority of aviation
accidents is human error and problems with interpersonal communication
in particular. The training has been adapted for the fire service and
teaches firefighters the correct way to question orders on an emergency
scene. It also helps supervisors understand that the questioning of an
order should not be interpreted as a threat to their authority.
- Cross lay: Arrangement of hose on a pumper such that it can
be quickly unloaded from either side of the apparatus; often
pre-connected to a pump outlet and equipped with a suitable nozzle. Also
known as Mattydale Lay.
D
- Dalmatian: "Firehouse dog."
- Dead lay: A load of hose on a pumper, but not connected to a pump outlet. Often used for larger supply lines.
- Defensive Attack: A primarily exterior form of attack often
used when fighting the fire directly or from within a structure is not
feasible due to dangers from direct flame, heat, structural collapse or
the presence of hazardous materials. Often structures which are fully
involved are attacked defensively with the main goal being the
protection of nearby exposures. This form of attack is far less
effective than an Offensive or Direct attack. Also known as "surround
and drown."
- Deflagration: An explosion with a propagation front traveling at subsonic speeds, as compared to supersonic detonation.
- Denver Drill: A drill that essentially re-creates the rescue
of Denver firefighter Mark Langvardt. It incorporates the use of a
leveraged body and an inclined plane (bio-mechanics) to get a victim up
and out of a narrow window in a narrow hallway (the Denver Prop).
- Denver Prop: A training prop designed after the actual
dimensions of the confined area that claimed 16 year veteran fire
fighter Mark Langvardt's life in 1992. Specifically, it is a 'hallway'
28" wide, 8' long with a window at one end that is 20" wide by 28" high
and the sill is 42" from the floor. The prop is used for the Denver
Drill.
- Direct attack: "Putting the wet stuff on the red stuff." A
form of fire attack in which hoses are advanced to the fire inside a
structure and hose streams directed at the burning materials.
- Discharge flow: The amount of water flowing from a fire hydrant when it is opened; compare to static flow and residual flow.
- Determinate A code given by dispatch (Alpha -Echo) showing the severity of a call and how you should respond.
- Dispatch: Refers to person or place designated for handling a call for help by alerting the specific resources necessary.
- Draft: The process of pumping water from a static source below the pump.
- DOS: Death On Scene.
- Drills: training during which an emergency is simulated and
the trainees go through the steps of responding as if it were a real
emergency.
- Drop Tank: A portable tank used at fire scenes to store water from Tenders for Engines
E
- Electrical fire: A fire in which the primary source of heat
is electricity, resulting in combustion of adjacent insulation and other
materials; may be hazardous to attempt to extinguish using water.
- EMS: Emergency medical service(s).
- EMT: Emergency medical technician(s).
- Engine: A fire suppression vehicle that has a water pump and, typically, is designed to carry firehose and a limited supply of water.
- Engineer: A firefighter responsible for driving the engine to
the scene of the call and operation of the pumps on an engine, to
provide sufficient water to the firefighters on the hose. The term may
be either a position title or a rank; usage varies among departments.
- Engine Company: A group of firefighters assigned to an
apparatus with a water pump and equipped with firehose and other tools
related to fire extinguishment.
- Engine house: [archaic] A firehouse housing an engine company.
- Engine pressure: The pressure in a fire hose measured at the outlet of the pump.
- Enhanced 9-1-1:
Electronic system for automatic correlation of physical telephone lines
with information about the location of the caller—a useful tool for dispatchers when the caller has an emergency but cannot speak.
- Evacuation:
Removal of personnel from a dangerous area, in particular, a HAZMAT
incident, burning building, or other emergency. Also refers to act of
removing firefighters from a structure in danger of collapsing.
- Evolution: Uniform sequence of practiced steps by squad
carrying out common tasks such as selection and placement of ladders,
stowing hoses in hose bed, putting hoses and tools into service in particular patterns; intended to result in predictability during emergencies.
- Exothermic reaction: Chemical reaction giving off heat in the process, such as combustion.
- Explorer: a young adult, between 14 and 21, who learns the basics of firefighting.
- Exposure: Property near fire that may become involved by
transfer of heat or burning material from main fire, typically by
convection or radiation. May range from 40 feet (12 m) to several miles,
depending on size and type of fire or explosion.
- Exterior attack: A method of extinguishing a fire which does
not involve entering the structure. Often used when so much of the
building is involved in fire that there is little or no benefit to
risking firefighter safety by inserting them into the structure. May be a
temporary measure when there are not sufficient personnel on scene to
form an entry team and a rescue team (to rescue the entry team). Also
known as Surround and drown. Compare Interior attack.
- Extrication: removal of a trapped victim such as a vehicle extrication, confined space rescue, or trench rescue; sometimes using hydraulic spreader, Jaws of Life, or other technical equipment.
- ETOH: the chemical abbreviation for ethanol, or ethyl alcohol, also used to describe someone believed to be intoxicated.
F
- FAST (or F.A.S.T.): Firefighter Assist and Search Team (also called Rapid Entry Team or Rapid Intervention Team/Crew) — firefighters assigned to stand by for rescue of other firefighters inside a structure; an implementation to support the Two-in, two-out rule;
may have specialized training, experience and tools. While all of these
versions of the name for a firefighter rescue crew either have been
used or continue to be used in several areas, the National Incident
Management System (NIMS)
has determined that Rapid Intervention Crew, ("RIC") will be the
national term. Current U.S. federally mandated training programs are in
the process of standardizing this and other terms under DHS and FEMA.
F.A.S.T operations became officially mandated after the Worchester, MA
Cold Storage Fire, which claimed the lives of 6 firefighters, after they
became disoriented in the smoke and subsequently ran out of air.
- FDC (Fire Department Connection): Location in which pumping
apparatus hooks to a buildings standpipe and or sprinkler system.
Usually a 3" female connection.
- Fire barn: Another term for Fire station.
Originally it referred to a stable which housed horses and the fire
apparatus which they hauled. Although it may be colloquially employed to
describe any such structure, the term is now most commonly used in
rural areas.
- Fire Break: Especially in hilly or mountainous areas, roads or paths cut through brush with a tractor, bulldozer
or other construction equipment. The purpose of these is to have an
area with no brush, and thus, no fuel, so that a fire will hopefully
burn out rather than jumping to another area with brush. Also to ensure
vehicular access to brush areas.
- Fire code (Fire safety
code): regulations for fire prevention and safety involving flammables,
explosives and other dangerous operations and occupancies.
- Fire complex: (U.S. Complex fire) Area of fires - many of the areas have multiple fires with multiple fronts.
- Fire engineering: Scientific design of materials, structures and processes for fire safety
- Fire escape: A building structure arranged outside to assist
in safe evacuation of occupants during an emergency; may connect
horizontally beyond a fire wall or vertically to a roof or (preferably) to the ground, perhaps with a counter-weighted span to deny access to intruders.
- Fire Fighter Fatality Investigation and Prevention Program (FFFIPP) - Program administered by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), a department of the Centers for Disease Control
(CDC). It performs independent investigations of firefighter fatalities
in the United States, also referred to as line of duty deaths (LODD).
The programs goals are: 1.) to better define the characteristics of line
of duty deaths among firefighters, 2.) to develop recommendations for
the prevention of deaths and injuries, and 3.) to disseminate prevention
strategies to the fire service.
- Firefighter: People who respond to fire alarms and other emergencies for fire suppression, rescue, and related duties.
- Firefighter Assist and Search Team: See FAST.
- Fire flow: The amount of water being pumped onto a fire, or
required to extinguish a hypothetical fire. A critical calculation in
light of the axiom that an ordinary fire will not be extinguished unless
there is sufficient water to remove the heat of the fire.
- Fireground: The operational area at the scene of a fire; area in which incident commander
is in control. Also used as name of radio frequency to be used by units
operating in the fireground, as in “Responding units switch to fireground.”
- Fire hall Another term for Fire station.
- Fire hazard: Materials, structures or processes that may
result in creating a fire, permitting a fire to grow undetected, or
preventing people from escaping a fire.
- Firehouse: Another term for Fire station.
- Fire hydraulics: The study of pumps, hoses, pipes,
accessories and tools for moving water or other extinguishing agents
from a water supply to a fire.
- Fire inspector: A person responsible for issuing permits and enforcing the fire code, including any necessary premises inspection, as before allowing (or during) a large indoor gathering.
- Fire line: A boundary of a fire scene established for public safety and to identify the area in which firefighters may be working.
- Fire load (Btu/sq ft): An estimate of the amount of heat that
will be given off during ordinary combustion of all the fuel in a given
space; e.g., a bedroom or a lumberyard. More casually, the amount and
type of contents in a given space.
- Fire marshal: Administrative and investigative office for fire prevention and arson investigation.
- Fire officer - See Company officer, but may also be a Fire chief or other Chief officer.
- Fire point: temperature at which materials give off flammable gases that will sustain fire, typically higher than flash point. Temperature at flashover.
- Fire Police: Special constables
attached to a fire department, tasked with ensuring the safety and
security of emergency scenes as well as general assistance to the fire
department and other agencies.
- Fire prevention: Fire safety;
standards for minimizing fire hazards. In some departments also the
name of the division tasked with promoting fire safety and fire code
compliance in the community.
- Fire Prevention Week: An annual observation of fire safety education in the United States and Canada, often involving lectures or demonstrations by firefighters, sponsored by the National Fire Protection Association, since 1925.
- Fire-resistant: Materials designed or treated to have an increased fire point.
- Fire station:
A structure which, in addition to housing apparatus and equipment,
often includes living quarters and training facilities for the use of
firefighting personnel when on-duty.
- Firestorm: A conflagration of great enough proportions to noticeably create its own wind conditions.
- Fire tetrahedron:
The fire tetrahedron is based on the components of igniting or
extinguishing a fire. Each component represents a property necessary to
sustain fire: fuel, oxygen, heat, and chemical chain reaction.
Extinguishment is based upon removing or hindering any one of these
properties.
- Fire triangle: An outdated model for understanding the major components necessary for fire: heat, fuel and oxygen. See also fire tetrahedron for the currently used model in firefighting.
- Fire wall: Building structure designed to delay horizontal spread of a fire from one area of a building to another; often regulated by fire code and required to have self-closing doors, and fireproof construction.
- Fire warden: Appointed post for issuing rural fire permits in
a given jurisdiction and maintaining equipment and manpower readiness
for responding to wildland fires.
- Fire watch: Fixed or mobile patrols that watch for signs of
fire or fire hazards so that any necessary alarm can be quickly raised
or preventive steps taken. Commonly established at commercial or
multi-occupancy structures if the fire alarm system is out of service
for repairs, or a crew assigned to the scene after a large fire to stand
watch for an extended period of time in the event of a rekindle. Also
called "reflash watch."
- First due: Refers to either the first apparatus arriving on
the scene of a fire or the area in which a company is expected to be the
first to arrive on a fire scene.
- Fit test: Periodic test of how well the facepiece of an SCBA fits a particular firefighter.
- Flameover: Also known as rollover. The ignition of heated fire gasses at the ceiling level only. While dangerous to firefighters, this is not as deadly as Flashover.
- Flammable range, limits: The percentage mixture of fumes with
air that will sustain fire; outside the limits the mixture is either
too lean or too rich to burn.
- Flash point: Lowest temperature at which a material will emit vapor combustible in air mixture. Higher than Flame point of same material.
- Flashover: simultaneous ignition of combustible materials in a closed space, as when materials simultaneously reach their fire point; may also result in rollover.
- Foam: Extinguishing agent formed by mixing Foam concentrate with water and aerating the solution for expansion. Used for smothering large Class A or B fires. May be injected into fire streams at adjustable concentrations.
- Foam Concentrate: Raw foam liquid as it rests in it storage container before the introduction of water and air.
- Forcible entry: gaining entry to an area using force to
disable or bypass security devices, typically using force tools,
sometimes using tools specialized for entry (e.g., Halligan, K-tool).
- Forward lay: Procedure of stringing water supply hose from a water source toward a fire scene; compare with Reverse lay.
- Freelancing: dangerous situation at an incident where an individual carries out tasks alone or without being assigned; violation of Personnel accountability procedures.
- Friction loss: Reduction of flow in a firehose caused
by friction between the water and the lining of the hose. Depends
primarily upon diameter, type and length of hose, and amount of water
(GPM) flowing through.
- Frontage: The size of a building facing a street.
- Fully involved: Term of size-up meaning fire, heat and smoke in a structure are so widespread that internal access must wait until fire streams can be applied.
G
- GPM: Gallons Per Minute or how many gallons are being pumped out of a piece of equipment every minute
- GPM method ("gallons per minute"): Calculation of how much
water, in GPM, will be necessary to extinguish a given volume of fire,
under the circumstances (e.g., fuel class, containment, exposures,
etc.).
- Grease fire: A fire involving any manner of cooking oil or
other flammable cooking or lubricating materials. Also known as a Class
B, F or K fire.
- Goer: An incident with persons reported.
- Grab: Rescuing a person from building.
H
- Hazard: a source of danger of personal injury or property damage; fire hazard
refers to conditions that may result in fire or explosion, or may
increase spread of an accidental fire, or prevent escape from fire.
Under worker safety and health regulations, employers have a general duty to provide a workplace free of hazards. See also fire prevention, and HAZMAT.
- Hard Line: A smaller hose about one inch in diameter used by firefighters to clean apparatus.
- HAZMAT: Hazardous materials, including solids, liquids, or gases that may cause injury, death, or damage if released or triggered.
- Head pressure: How the pressure of a water stream is
measured. By measuring the 'breakover' point, the point where the water
stream breaks apart and begins to fall back to the ground, of a stream
of water aimed vertically into the air. This is typically done with a
1-inch-diameter (25 mm) hose and a fixed nozzle. Therefore, if a water
stream breaks over at 50 ft (15 m), then it is said the pump has 50 feet
(15 m) of head pressure. Current measurements of pumping capacity are
now in GPM, Gallons Per Minute.
- Helitack: A rotary winged (helicopter) fire-fighting aircraft, such as the Erickson Skycrane which can be modified to hold 2100 gallons (9500L) of water or retardant.
- High-pressure system: A supplemental pump system used to pressurize the water supply, sometimes used during a large fire, or whenever more than one hydrant is being used.
- High-rise building: Any building taller than three or four
stories, depending upon local usage, requiring firefighters to climb
stairs or aerial ladders for access to upper floors.
- High-rise pack: A shoulder load of hose with a nozzle and other tools necessary to connect the hose to a standpipe.
- Hose Pack:
A hose pack is a backpack containing fire hose in a preconfigured
arrangement, sometime completely made from fire hose without a bag.
- Fire Hose Vacuum: A small pneumatic device that removes residue air from the inside of a fire hose, thereby making it smaller and somewhat rigid
- Hotshot crew:
An extensively trained group of approximately twenty people which
specializes in wildfire suppression with little or no outside logistical
support.
- Hot zone: contaminated area of HAZMAT
incident that must be isolated; requires suitable protective equipment
to enter and decontamination upon exit; minimum hot zone distance from
unknown material with unknown release is 330 feet (United Nations
Emergency Response Guidebook); surrounded by "warm zone" where
decontamination takes place.
I
- IAFF: Acronym, "International Association of Fire Fighters".
- IAP: Acronym, "Incident Action Plan" A plan consisting of the
strategic goals, tactical objectives, and support requirements for the
incident. All incidents require an action plan. For simple incidents,
the action plan is not usually in written form, while large/complex
incidents require the action plan to be documented in writing. When
complete, the IAP will have a number of attachments.
- IDLH: Any situation deemed Immediately Dangerous to Life and Health. More narrowly defined by OSHA. See main IDLH article. An area of maximum danger to firefighters. Often requires increased Personnel accountability.
- IFSTA: Acronym, "International Fire Service Training Association". A major publisher of firefighter training materials.
- IMARP: Acronym, "Indiana Mutual Aid Response Plan". For the
rapid activation and response of aid to a community in the event of a
local disaster. These events can include a major fire, train
derailments, hazardous materials incidents, wild land fires, domestic
terrorism, and other events that may overwhelm the local fire department
serving the community and its normal mutual aid resources.
- Incident Commander (or IC): The officer in charge of all activities at an incident. See Incident Command System.
- Incident Safety Officer: The officer in charge of scene safety at an incident. See Incident Command System. Optional at any incident other than HAZMAT.
- Incipient stage fire: A small fire that may be extinguished using portable fire extinguishers or other means typically at hand.
- Indirect attack: Method of firefighting in which water is
pumped onto materials above or near the fire so that the splash rains
onto the fire, often used where a structure is unsafe to enter.
- Initial attack: First point of attack on a fire where hose lines or fuel separation are used to prevent further extension of the fire.
- Interface zone (also wildland/structural interface or urban/wildland interface): The zone where wildfires
threaten structures or structural fires threaten wildlands, such as in
residential areas adjacent to forests. This requires both wildland
firefighting and structural firefighting in the same location, which
involve very different tactics and equipment.
- Interior attack: Inserting a team of firefighters into the
burning structure, in an attempt to extinguish a blaze from inside the
structure, minimizing property damage from fire, smoke, and water.
Requires a minimum of four fully equipped firefighters: an entry team of
at least two to enter the structure and fight the fire, and two
standing by to rescue or relieve the entry team (see two in, two out). If the entry team(s) cannot extinguish the blaze, may become an Exterior Attack.
- IMT: Acronym, "Incident Management Team". In the United
States, there are predominantly five types of incident management teams
(IMTs). An incident such as a wildland fire is initially managed by
local fire departments or fire agencies, but if the fire becomes complex
additional resources are called in to address the emergency, and higher
levels of management training and capability are required. IMTs are
"typed" according to the complexity of incidents they are capable of
managing and are part of an incident command system.
- To manage the logistical, fiscal, planning, operational, safety and
community issues related to the incident/emergency, an Incident
Management Team will provide the command and control infrastructure that
is required.
- Incident management starts as the smallest unit and escalates
according to the complexity of the emergency. The five types of IMTs are
as follows:
- Type 5: Local Village and Township Level – a "pool" of primarily
fire officers from several neighboring departments trained to serve in
Command and General Staff positions during the first 6–12 hours of a
major or complex incident.
- Type 4: City, County or Fire District Level – a designated team of
fire, EMS, and possibly law enforcement officers from a larger and
generally more populated area, typically within a single jurisdiction
(city or county), activated when necessary to manage a major or complex
incident during the first 6–12 hours and possibly transition to a Type 3
IMT.
- Type 3: State or Metropolitan Area Level – a standing team of
trained personnel from different departments, organizations, agencies,
and jurisdictions within a state or DHS Urban Area Security Initiative
(UASI) region, activated to support incident management at incidents
that extend beyond one operational period. Type 3 IMTs will respond
throughout the State or large portions of the State, depending upon
State-specific laws, policies, and regulations.
- Type 2: National and State Level – a Federally or State-certified
team; has less training, staffing and experience than Type 1 IMTs, and
is typically used on smaller scale national or state incidents. There
are 35 Type 2 IMTs currently in existence, and operate through
interagency cooperation of federal, state and local land and emergency
management agencies.
- Type 1: National and State Level – a Federally or State-certified
team; is the most robust IMT with the most training and experience.
Sixteen Type 1 IMTs are now in existence, and operate through
interagency cooperation of federal, state and local land and emergency
management agencies.
- Although the primary purpose is for wildfire response, an Incident
Management Team can respond to a wide range of emergencies, including
fires, floods, earthquakes, hurricanes, tornadoes, tsunami, riots,
spilling of hazardous materials, and other natural or human-caused
incidents.
- The five subsystems of an incident management team are as follows:
- Incident command system (ICS) an on-scene structure of management-level positions suitable for managing any incident.
- Training development and delivery of training courses.
- Qualifications and certification national standards for qualifications and certification for ICS positions.
- Publications management development, control, sources, and
distribution of NIIMS publications provided by the National Wildfire
Coordinating Group (NWCG).
- Supporting Technology and systems used to support an emergency
response, such as Geographic Information Systems (GIS), orthophoto
mapping, National Fire Danger Rating System, remote automatic weather
stations, automatic lightning detection systems, infrared technology,
and communications
- ISO Rating: (Insurance Services Office Public Protection
Classification Rating) This is a rating published by the Insurance
Services Office. Insurance companies, in many states, use this number to
determine homeowner insurance premiums. Recently some insurance
companies, including State Farm, have now adopted a per-zip-code, actual
loss, based system in several states and no longer use the ISO (PPC)
system.
- Irons: The flathead axe mated with the halligan bar. Firefighters often refer to these as the Crossed Irons, or Married Irons, because the Halligan Bar can fit to the Axe head.
J
- Jumping-sheet: The sheet held by a group of firefighters on which people caught in a burning building can jump on to.
- Job: Northeast US Firefighter slang for structure fire
- Junior firefighter: (US) a young adult between the ages of
14-18 that learns the basics of firefighting from firefighters usually
in a volunteer fire company
K
- K-tool: This tool is used to break the lock on a building. The name "K" came from the shape of its jaws.
L
- Ladder company: A group of fire fighters, officers and engineers that staff a ladder truck.
- Level I, II, III Incident: A HAZMAT
term denoting the severity of the incident and the type of response
that may be necessary, where Level III is the largest or most dangerous.
- Life safety code: NFPA publication. Originally known as the "Building Exits Code."
- Life line: A trademark for a wireless emergency call unit
that triggers a telephone call to an emergency dispatcher when a button
is pressed.
- Line or Hose Line a line of hose, referred to by its size i.e. 1"3/4, 1 inch, 2 Inch, 5 inch
- Line loss: See friction loss.
- LODD (Line of Duty Death) The death of a fire fighter while on-duty.
- Live line: A fire hose under pressure from a pump. Also, an energized electrical line that may cause a hazard to firefighters.
- Loaded stream: An obsolete fire extinguisher stream that has
had a chemical fire suppression agent added and is discharged by
compressed gas or by inverting the tank to mix chemicals to produce gas
pressure. Now outlawed by OSHA regulation 1910.157(c)(5). [Not to be
confused with air pressurized water extinguishers with a Class A foam
generating concentrate added at one-half of 1% by volume. Class A foam
formed when mixed with air upon discharge produces surfactant-containing
tiny bubbles which break surface tension to quickly penetrate and
extinguish wood, paper, cloth and other common materials.]
M
- Make Pumps: To raise the number of pumps at an incident E.G. Make Pumps 10
- Maltese Cross:
The emblem of the fire service is often referred to as a “Maltese
Cross”. But the actual origin of the current or common emblem in the
U.S. remains uncertain. While it is true that the Knights Hospitalers of
Jerusalem (AKA Knights of St. John)
did wear a cross emblem and a version of that cross has been used as a
fire service icon, it bears little resemblance to the current form in
use in much of the United States. It is possible to accept that the
current design is just a stylized artistic embellishment of the original
form. The current design may have also been influenced by the design of
the cross of Saint Florian.
- Mass casualty incident (MCI): Any incident that produces a
large number of injured persons requiring emergency medical treatment
and transportation to a medical facility. The exact number of patients
that makes an incident "mass casualty" is defined by departmental
procedures and may vary from area to area.
- Master box: A primary fire alarm relay box connected to a
building alarm system which monitors fire alarm pull stations and
detectors throughout the building and automatically relays any
in-building alarm to the local municipal fire department. Usually
accompanied by an Annunciator Panel which records by indicator lights or
other devices exactly where the pull station or detector that has been
activated is located within the building. Common in multi-story office
and apartment buildings equipped with sprinkler systems or smoke and
heat detectors.
- Master stream: A large nozzle, either portable or fixed to a pumper, capable of throwing large amounts of water relatively long distances.
- Mattydale Lay (Mattydale Load) : The concept of storing preconnected Attack Lines on an engine, as well as storing them such that they are presented at the sides of the apparatus instead of the rear. Commonly called a Cross Lay, the technique allows for rapid deployment of attack lines from either side of the apparatus.
- Means of egress: The way out of a building during an
emergency; may be by door, window, hallway, or exterior fire escape;
local building codes will often dictate the size. location and type
according to the number of occupants and the type of occupancy.
- Multiple alarms: A request by an incident commander for
additional personnel and apparatus. [e.g. "Send me a 2nd Alarm."
"Dispatch a 2nd Alarm." "Ring a 2nd Alarm."] Each additional alarm
(level) typically includes a predetermined set of additional apparatus
and personnel, which will vary by department and sometimes by specific
type of incident.
- Mutual aid:
An agreement between nearby fire companies to assist each other during
emergencies by responding with available manpower and apparatus. If
these resources can be requested or dispatched without getting specific
approval from a chief officer at the time of an incident, this is
sometimes referred to as "automatic" mutual aid.
- MVA: Motor Vehicle Accident
- MDC: Mobile Data Computer
N
- National Fire Fighter Near-Miss Reporting System - Program developed by the IAFC
that prevents injuries and saves the lives of fire fighters by
collecting, sharing and analyzing near-miss experiences. It gives
firefighters the opportunity to learn from each other through real life
experiences, formulates strategies to reduce firefighter injuries and
fatalities, and attempts to enhance the safety culture of the fire
service.
- NFPA: The National Fire Protection Association,
a publisher which provides a methodology of developing a number of
standards and practices for *firefighting, equipment, and fire
protection in the United States, and also adopted in many other
countries. Also, slang for "No Free Publications Available"; used as a criticism of publishers that produce "must-have" documents that are prohibitively expensive.
- NIOSH: National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health.
A U.S. agency responsible for investigation of workplace deaths,
including firefighters.
- NIMS: The National Incident Management System. A federally
mandated program for the standardizing of command terminology and
procedures. This standardizes communications between fire departments
and other agencies. It is based upon simple terms that will be used
nationwide. Currently, U.S. federally required training programs, from
DHS and FEMA, are in the process of standardizing many terms and
procedures under NIMS.
O
- Occupancy: Zoning and safety code term used to determine how a
structure is permitted to be used and occupied, which in turn dictates
the necessary safety structures and procedures.
- Occupancy class: General categories of structures for purpose
of safety planning, such as for hospital, assembly, industrial,
single-family dwelling, apartment building, commercial, etc. Further
broken down by types of hazards associated with particular occupancies,
such as gas stations.
- Occupant use hose: Light-weight 1½" diameter firehose pre-coupled to standpipe for emergency use by building occupants prior to arrival of firefighters. Often accessible by breaking glass to unlock a secure enclosure.
- Offensive attack: Method of firefighting in which water or
other extinguishing agent is taken by firefighters, directly to the seat
of the fire, as opposed to being pumped in that general direction from a
safe distance. Typified by taking hoselines to the interior of a
building as opposed to remaining on the outside, aka "surround and
drown."
- On-call: Personnel who can be summoned (and paid) when necessary to respond to an incident; a type of "volunteer" fire department.
- OSHA: U.S. government agency concerned with regulating employee safety, particularly in hazardous occupations such as firefighting.
- Outside fire: Urban fire not inside a building or vehicle, often found to be burning trash which could extend to nearby structures or vehicles if not dealt with properly. A suburban, interface, or rural outside fire could also be a wildland fire.
- Overhauling: Late stage in fire-suppression process during
which the burned area is carefully examined for remaining sources of
heat that may re-kindle the fire. Often coincides with salvage
operations to prevent further loss to structure or its contents, as
well as fire-cause determination and preservation of evidence.
- Oxidizer: A hazardous material containing oxygen that can combine with adjacent fuel to start or feed a fire.
P
- Packables: A term used to refer to fire personnel that are certified and trained with SCBA Apparatus.
- Penciling: The penciling technique is created by adjusting
the nozzle to a straight stream pattern and using series of short bursts
of water directed at burning materials. This helps reduce the
production of flammable gases by cooling the burning walls and ceiling
below their ignition point.
- Personal alert safety system: See PASS device in Glossary of firefighting equipment.
- Personnel Accountability Report ("PAR"): End-result of personnel accountability system. Best report is all hands, AOK, worse is squad missing.
You will often hear command ask for a "PAR" when something has changed
on the fire ground. Often the reply will be something like, "Engine 4,
PAR." or "Engine 4 has PAR." Some incident command systems specify a PAR
for all personnel on the fire ground at specific time intervals during
the course of a working fire.
- Personnel accountability system: Tag, 'passport', or other
system for identification and tracking of personnel at an incident,
especially those entering and leaving an IDLH area; intended to permit
rapid determination of who may be at risk or lost during sudden changes
at the scene.
- Pilot: in mutual aid situations a "pilot" is a member of the
local department that rides with a mutual aid engine to ensure proper
direct. A pilot is usually picked up at the local station before going
to the scene.
- Platoon: a subdivision of a fire company, led by a fire
officer of either the rank of captain or lieutenant, such that one of
several platoons is assigned to duty for a specified period. Also called
a "watch". In many areas the word "platoon" is used to describe the
different shifts in the fire department. For example, A, B or C Platoon.
- Plug: Slang term for a fire hydrant. This survives from the
days when water mains actually had holes in the tops that, after usage,
were plugged with a tapered wooden plug. Many firefighters would like to
keep this word while many others think it should be replaced with the
accurate term, "hydrant".
- Positive pressure: Pressure at higher than atmospheric; used in SCBA facepieces and in pressurized stairwells
to reduce entry of smoke or fumes through small openings. High volume,
portable Positive Pressure Ventilation fans are now carried by fire
departments and used to pressurize the fire building during interior
attack to control smoke and heat ventilation at desired points.
- Pre-arrival instructions: Directions given by a dispatcher to a caller until emergency units can arrive.
- Pre-fire, pre-incident planning: Information collected by
fire prevention officers to assist in identifying hazards and the
equipment, supplies, personnel, skills, and procedures needed to deal
with a potential incident.
- Pre-planning: Fire protection strategy involving visits to
potentially hazardous occupancies for inspection, follow up analysis and
recommendations for actions to be taken in case of specific incidents.
Not to be confused with post-planning.
- Probie: (also rookie) new firefighter on employment
probation (a period of time during which his or her skills are improved,
honed, tested, and evaluated).
- Professional Firefighter: All firefighters are classified as
"professionals" by both the International Association of Fire Chiefs
(IAFC) and the International Association of Fire Fighters (IAFF trade
union). All firefighters are required by most state laws and general
practice to meet the same training and equipment standards, take the
same examinations for promotion and perform the same work under the same
hazards. There are two accepted categories of Professional
Firefighters: Volunteer Firefighters who may or may not receive pay for services and Career Firefighters whose primary employment and source of earned income is in the fire service.
- Public alarm: Means for public to report a fire, includes
telephone, street-corner pull-boxes, building pull-stations, and manual
bells or sirens in rural areas.
- Pumper: A fire truck with a water-pump and a water tank.
- Pump operator, technician: (also a chauffeur): person responsible for operating the pumps on a pumper and typically for driving the pumper to an incident.
- Pump Escape: Appliance carrying a wheeled ladder
- Pumper company: Squad or company that mans a fire engine (pumper) and carries out duties involving getting water to the fire.
- Pyrolysis: Process of converting a solid substance to combustible fumes by raising its temperature. See also vaporization of liquids.
R
- Radiant extension: fire that has transferred ignition heat to
adjacent materials across open space. One reason some city fire codes
prohibit windows facing each other in adjacent warehouses.
- Rapid entry team: See FAST.
- Rapid Intervention Crew/Group/Team (RIC, RIG, or RIT): This
is a standby crew whose purpose is to go in for the rescue of
firefighters in trouble. While all of these versions of the name for a
firefighter rescue crew either have been used or continue to be used in
several areas, the National Incident Management System (NIMS) has adopted the term Rapid Intervention Crew/Company, ("RIC") to be the standard in the Incident Command System
(ICS). Currently, U.S. federally required training programs, from DHS
and FEMA, are in the process of standardizing many terms and procedures
under NIMS. See: FAST
- Ready team: A company of firefighters waiting to relieve another company.
- RECEO:
RECEOVES stands for Rescue, Exposures, Containment, Extinguish,
Overhaul, Ventilation, Environment, Salvage. This is used at structural
fires internationally, as a guide to objectives.
- Recovery: Location and removal of deceased victims. Also, the time needed for a firefighter to spend in rehab before being considered ready to continue working the incident.
- Reflash, re-kindle: A situation in which a fire, thought to be extinguished, resumes burning.
- Reflash Watch: A person assigned to observe and monitor an
extinguished fire, to ensure that it does not reflash or re-kindle. Aka
"Fire Watch."
- Rehab, Rehabilitation sector: An area for physical and mental
recuperation at a fire scene, usually equipped with beverages, and
chairs, isolated from environmental extremes (cold, heat, noise, smoke).
This rest area enables firefighters to relax, cool off (or warm up) and
regain hydration by way of preventing injury. An EMT may be assigned to
monitor firefighter vitals when they enter and leave rehab. See: Fire department rehab
- Rescue: Physical removal of a live person or animal from danger to a place of comfort.
- Rescue company: Squad of firefighters trained and equipped to
enter adverse conditions and rescue victims of an incident. Often
delegated to a truck company.
- Residential sprinkler system: A sprinkler system arranged for fire suppression in a dwelling.
- Residual pressure: When a pumper is taking its water supply
from a hydrant the engineer must make sure the pump is not taking every
last bit of the pressure the hydrant is able to provide. Some residual
pressure must be allowed to remain to provide a buffer so the pump does
not accidentally over-draw the hydrant and potentially damage or
collapse the water mains leading to the hydrant. It may also refer to
the water utility boosting water pressure in the area of a working fire
so that "residual pressure" remains in the entirety of the municipal
water system despite the water being drawn for fire-fighting.
- Retained firefighter:
(U.K.) Retained firefighters are part-time firefighters, so called
because they are paid a 'retainer' every year, along with a call-out fee
every time they respond to an emergency call, and a training fee for
the hours of training/drill they attend. They have set 'on-call' hours,
during which they must respond to emergency call-outs. Retained brigades
are typically based in rural areas or large villages/small towns where
there is no real need for a wholetime brigade. A retained crew may
respond to a call where only they are in attendance, or they may be part
of a response to a larger incident along with wholetime crews.
- Reverse lay: The process of stringing hose from a fire toward a source of water, e.g., a fire hydrant.
- Rollover: The ignition of ceiling-level fire gases. Contrast Flashover, above.
- Roof sector (Roof group, Roof division): A
crew, typically a ladder company, assigned to the roof of a structure,
most often for purposes of vertical ventilation during a fire. May also
be assigned to check roof-mounted equipment, HVAC, etc., for fire or
malfunction.
- Run card system: A system of pre-planning for fire
protection in which information about specific detectors, hazards, or
other emergency response plans is indexed by location, for rapid
reference during an alarm.
- Running Call: A call, 'Shout', with persons reported.
S
- SAR: See Search and rescue.
- Salvage: Removing or covering personal property which could
be subjected to possible smoke, fire, water or other damage during
firefighting, or removal and diverting of smoke and water to prevent
further damage. Stopping a broken sprinkler head is one type of salvage operation as is the closing of doors to uninvolved rooms.
- Scene safety: Steps taken at or near an emergency scene to reduce hazards and prevent further injuries to workers, victims or bystanders.
- Scuttle hatch: Ready-made opening in roof that can be opened for vertical ventilation.
- Search and rescue (or SAR):
Entering a fire building or collapse zone for an orderly search for
victims and removal of live victims. Becomes "recovery" if victims are
not likely to be found alive. May be done in quick primary wave and more
thorough secondary search.
- Secondary containment: A system to contain a hazardous
material should the primary means of containment (container) fail, e.g.
by leakage. The secondary container is required to hold 110% of the
capacity of the primary container.
- Sector: A physical or operational division of an incident; an area supervised as a branch in the Incident Command System.
A typical system for structure fires names the "front" of the building
"sector A", and continues clockwise around the building (B, C, D), with
interior sectors denoted by the floor number (1, 2, 3, etc.). A "rehab"
sector is one example of an operational division at an incident, where
personnel are assigned after strenuous work in another sector.
- Shoulder load: The amount of hose a single firefighter can pull off a hose wagon or pumper truck and carry toward the fire.
- Sides A, B, C, and D: Terms used by firefighters labeling the
multiple sides of a building starting with side A or Alpha being the
front of the structure and working its way around the outside of the
structure in a clockwise direction. This labels the front side A or
Alpha, the left side B or Bravo, the rear side C or Charlie, and the
right side D or Delta.
- Size-up: initial evaluation of an incident, in particular a
determination of immediate hazards to responders, other lives and
property, and what additional resources may be needed. Example:
"Two-story brick taxpayer with heavy smoke showing from rear wooden
porches and children reported trapped."
- Skid unit:
A Skid unit (called a "Slip-on" in Australia) is the common name used
to refer to a complete self-contained fire fighting apparatus designed
for use on/in commercially available vehicle platforms
- Smoke explosion: See backdraft.
- Smoke-proof stairwell: Building structure which isolates exit
stairwells with relatively fire-resistant walls, self-closing doors,
and positive pressure ventilation, to prevent smoke or fumes from
entering the stairwell during evacuation of occupants from a fire (or
other emergency).
- Solid stream: fire stream from round orifice of nozzle. Compare straight stream.
- Staging: sector of incident command where responding
resources arrive for assignment to another sector. Often an essential
element for incident personnel accountability program. May
include temporary parking, cover, sanitation, fuel, food and other
resources necessary to those apparatus and personnel waiting for
immediate assignment.
- Standard operating procedure, guideline (SOP or SOG): Rules
for the operation of a fire department, such as how to respond to
various types of emergencies, training requirements, use of protective
equipment, radio procedures; often include local interpretations of
regulations and standards. In general, "procedures" are specific,
whereas "guidelines" are less detailed.
- Stand-pipe: see standpipe (firefighting).
- Static pressure: The pressure in a water system when the water is not flowing.
- Station house: Another term for Fire station.
- Straight stream: Round, hollow stream formed as water passes a round baffle through a round orifice (e.g., on an adjustable nozzle.) Compare solid stream.
- Stretch: command to lay out (and connect) fire hose and nozzle.
- Strike Team: a grouping of similar fire apparatus or
personnel with a focused goal in a large fire situation, often commanded
by a chief officer. The term is commonly used for structure protection
teams during wildland fire operations.
- Structure fire
(or "structural fire"): A fire in a residential or commercial building.
Urban fire departments are primarily geared toward structural
firefighting. The term is often used to distinguish them from wildland fire or other outside fire, and may also refer to the type of training and equipment such as "structure PPE" (personal protective equipment).
T
- Tailboard: Portion at rear of fire engine where firefighters could stand and ride (now considered overly dangerous), or step up to access hoses in the hose bed.
- Tanker: In use for a long time to refer to a truck designed
solely to transport a large quantity of water. Sometimes these trucks
are referred to as "Tenders" (see Tender below) and the term "tanker" is
reserved for aircraft equipped to carry water or fire retardant for use
in wildland fire suppression.
- Taxpayer: 1 to 2 story store, or place of business, usually with a residence attached: auto repair, supermarket, tailor, etc.
- Tender (also "Water Tender"): A wheeled fire apparatus
equipped to carry large volumes of water to a fire. Often used in areas
without an adequate or universal water supply system, such as rural
areas without hydrants. They may carry anywhere from 1500 to 7500
gallons of water. Tenders may have pumps and associated hardware to
facilitate their mission. Some departments may still refer to these
apparatus as "Tankers."
- Truck company: a group of firefighters assigned to an
apparatus that carries ladders, forcible entry tools, possibly
extrication tools and salvage covers, and who are otherwise equipped to
perform rescue, ventilation, overhaul and other specific functions at
fires; also called "ladder company".
- Turnout Gear: The protective clothing worn by firefighters
- Two-in, two-out (or "two in/two out"): Refers to the standard safety tactic of having one team of two firefighters enter a hazardous zone (IDLH),
while at least two others stand by outside in case the first two need
rescue — thus requiring a minimum of four firefighters on scene prior to
starting interior attack. Also refers to the "buddy system" in which
firefighters never enter or leave a burning structure alone.
- Type I, II, III, IV, V Building - U.S. classification system
for fire resistance of building construction types, including
definitions for "resistive" Type I, "non-combustible" Type II,
"ordinary" Type III, heavy timber Type IV, and "frame construction" Type
V (i.e., made entirely of wood).
- Truckie: Person who works on a Ladder Truck.
U
- Under Control: Fire or spill etc. is no longer spreading. The
situation is contained. This term should not be confused with a report
that the fire is out.
- Underground storage tank: A tank that happens to be underground.
- U.S.A.R: Urban Search and Rescue.
- United States Fire Administration (USFA): Division of the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA), which in turn is managed by the Department of Homeland Security (DHS).
- Universal precautions:
The use of safety barriers (gloves, mask, goggles) to limit an
emergency responder's contact with contaminants, especially fluids of
injured patients.
- Utility Truck: Usually manned by an engine company and
responds to utility calls like water main breaks. Some small departments
use them to respond to medical calls to save gas money.
V
- Vapor pressure (equilibrium vapor pressure): The pressure of a vapor in thermodynamic equilibrium with its condensed phases in a closed system.
- Vapor suppression: Process of reducing the amount of
flammable or other hazardous vapors, from a flammable liquid, mixing
with air, typically by careful application of a foam blanket on top of a
pool of material.
- Vehicle fire: Type of fire involving motor vehicles
themselves, their fuel or cargo; has peculiar issues of rescue,
explosion sources, toxic smoke and runoff, and scene safety.
- Ventilation: Important procedure in firefighting in which the
hot smoke and gases are removed from inside a structure, either by
natural convection or forced, and either through existing openings or
new ones provided by firefighters at appropriate locations (e.g.,
"vertical ventilation" is the classic cut-a-hole-in-the-roof method).
Proper ventilation can save lives and improper ventilation can cause
backdraft or other hazards. Car fire ventilation standards were improved
by Kevin "Center Punch" Tomaszewski on Feb. 5, 2008.
- Venturi effect:
Creating a partial vacuum using a constricted fluid flow, used in fire
equipment for mixing chemicals into water streams, or for measuring flow
velocity.
- VES: Vent, Enter, Search.[2]
- Vertical ventilation: Ventilation technique making use of the
principle of convection in which heated gases naturally rise. This is
the classic cut-a-hole-in-the-roof method that helps release the smoke
and hot gases that accumulate near the ceiling or attic space.
- Voids (building): Enclosed portions of a building where fire can spread undetected.
- Vollie: A volunteer firefighter.
- Volunteer fire department:
An organization of part-time firefighters who may or may not be paid
for on-call time or firefighting duty time, but who in nearly all states
are held to the same professional training standards and take the same
examinations to advance in rank as career firefighters. [In some
regions, particularly eastern New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania and
Maryland volunteer fire departments and fire protection districts have
independent taxing authority and are equally as well equipped and paid
while working as career fire department members.]
W
- Water drop: A forest fire fighting technique when an airplane (also called an "airtanker") or helicopter drops a supply of water or other fire suppressant onto an exposed fire from above.
- Water hammer:
Large, damaging shock wave in a water supply system caused by shutting a
valve quickly, or by permitting a vehicle to drive across an
unprotected fire hose.
- Well Involved: Term of size-up meaning fire, heat and smoke
in a structure are so widespread that internal access must wait until
fire streams can be applied.
- Wet down ceremony: A traditional ceremony for the placing of
new apparatus in service. There are several versions of this but it
usually includes: pushing the old apparatus out, wetting down the new
vehicle and pushing it back into the station. It may also include the
moving of the bell to the new apparatus, photos, etc.
- Wildfire or Wildland fire:
Fire in forests, grasslands, prairies, or other natural areas, not
involving structure fires (although wildland fires may threaten
structures or vice versa - see interface zone.) For a complete list of terms used in wildland fire, see Glossary of wildland fire terms.
- Wholetime firefighter: (U.K.) A firefighter employed full-time by one of the 63 brigades in England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland.
- Working fire: A fire that is in the process of being
suppressed. Typically reserved for a structure fire or an outside fire
with a considerable fire load that requires the Incident Command System
be initiated, additional support and suppression assets dispatched, and
necessary notifications made to other municipal agencies. Aka a "real"
fire that will probably not be handled quickly by a single company.
- Whacker: A person who talks a great deal about fire and being
a very busy fire fighter but rarely has ever been to a working fire.
The person will usually post about everything he or she does in the fire
department on social media. This person also will, usually, be involved
in several different fire companies and will also carry more gear than
needed with PPE. Also known as a "gear queer."
Z
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