Battery convert chemical energy into electrical energy through redox reactions, where oxidation occurs at the anode and reduction at the cathode.

Battery convert chemical energy into electrical energy through redox reactions, where oxidation occurs at the anode and reduction at the cathode. Key parameters include voltage, capacity, energy, and power. Common battery types are lead-acid, nickel-cadmium, lithium-ion, and flow batteries. Battery storage systems, like BESS, store electrical energy from various sources and release it when needed. 

Working Principle:

Redox Reactions: Batteries utilize electrochemical reactions, specifically oxidation-reduction (redox) reactions. 

Anode (Negative Electrode): Oxidation occurs, releasing electrons. 

Cathode (Positive Electrode): Reduction occurs, accepting electrons. 

Electrolyte: An electrolyte facilitates the movement of ions between the electrodes, completing the circuit. 

Electron Flow: Electrons flow through an external circuit, creating an electrical current, from the anode to the cathode during discharge, and vice versa during charging. 

Battery Parameters:

Voltage:

The potential difference between the anode and cathode, measured in volts. 

Capacity:

The amount of electrical charge a battery can store, typically measured in ampere-hours (Ah) or milliampere-hours (mAh). 

Energy:

The total amount of energy a battery can deliver, measured in watt-hours (Wh) or milliwatt-hours (mWh). 

Power:

The rate at which a battery can deliver energy, measured in watts (W) or milliwatts (mW). 

State of Charge (SOC):

The current charge level of the battery, expressed as a percentage of its total capacity. 

Depth of Discharge (DOD):

The amount of charge that has been removed from the battery, expressed as a percentage of its total capacity. 

Cycle Life:

The number of charge-discharge cycles a battery can undergo before its performance degrades significantly. 

Types of Batteries:

Primary Batteries:

Non-rechargeable batteries, such as alkaline batteries. 

Secondary Batteries:

Rechargeable batteries, including lead-acid, nickel-cadmium, nickel-metal hydride, and lithium-ion. 

Flow Batteries:

Store chemicals in external tanks, allowing for flexible energy storage capacity. 

Solid-State Batteries:

Use solid electrolytes, offering potential improvements in safety and energy density. 

Battery Storage (BESS):

Purpose:

Battery energy storage systems (BESS) are used to store electrical energy for later use, often to integrate renewable energy sources, improve grid stability, and provide backup power.

Working:

BESS systems utilize rechargeable batteries to store electrical energy, which is then discharged to meet energy demands.

Components:

BESS typically includes batteries, a battery management system (BMS), a power conversion system (PCS), and an energy management system (EMS).