The properties of carbon
dioxide gas
Do you know that carbon
dioxide gas is produced from the breathing of humans and animals , It is
produced from the combustion of coal or hydrocarbons , the fermentation of
liquids , and It is a colorless ,
tasteless and odorless gas .
You must know that carbon
dioxide gas ( CO2 ) one of the most stable of all molecules as it consists of a single carbon atom covalently bonded to
two atoms of oxygen , and this bond is very strong , and it is a gas at
standard temperature and pressure .
Carbon dioxide gas
We have to know that
carbon dioxide gas can change the pH of water and it dissolves slightly in the
water to form a weak acid called carbonic acid , and it is a greenhouse gas as
it transmits visible light but it
absorbs strongly in the infrared and near-infrared .
You have to know that most
carbon dioxide units are slightly acidic by nature , the level of acidity can
be modified by dissolving the molecules in the
water , it is soluble in ethanol
and in acetone , It is easily dissolves in the water , so it is not collected
by the displacement of water .
Everybody should know that
carbon dioxide gas reacts with alkalis to give carbonates and bicarbonates , it
is a linear covalent molecule , it is an acidic oxide , and it reacts with the
water to give carbonic acid .
Everybody must know that
carbon dioxide gas reacts with magnesium to form magnesium oxide ( white powder
) and carbon or coal ( black substance ) that deposits on the wall of the
cylinder .
Everyone have to know that
carbon dioxide gas does not burn and does not help in burning , so it is used
in extinguishing the fires , and it is heavier than the air , so it is
collected by upward displacement of air .
You have to know that
carbon dioxide gas is prepared by adding dilute hydrochloric acid to calcium
carbonate , it is prepared by upward displacement of air because it is heavier
than the air , and it is not collected by displacement of water as it easily
dissolves in the water , and it is also prepared by adding lemon juice or
vinegar to sodium bicarbonate ( the backing powder ) .
Carbon dioxide gas
properties .
You have to know that
carbon dioxide gas forms a solid substance at temperatures below -70 degrees
Celsius ( -94° Fahrenheit ) , It may also transform into a liquid when it is
dissolved in the water under constant pressure , it is very stable , and it is
largely unaffected as it interacts with many other materials in the atmosphere
.
Everyone should know
that when we inhale carbon dioxide
gas at concentrations much higher than
the usual atmospheric levels , it can produce a sour taste in the mouth and a stinging
sensation in the nose and throat , as carbon dioxide gas dissolves in the
mucous membranes and saliva , and it forms a weak solution of carbonic acid .
Do you know that carbon dioxide gas molecule is moderately
reactive and is non-flammable ? but it will support the combustion of metals
such as magnesium , it contains two
double bonds and it has a linear shape , It has no electrical dipole , and it is fully oxidized .
The properties of carbon
dioxide gas
Properties of saturated liquid Carbon Dioxide -
CO2 -
density, specific heat capacity, kinematic viscosity, thermal conductivity and
Prandtl number can be found in the table below
|
|
|
|
|
|
-50
|
1156
|
1.84
|
0.086
|
0.119
|
2.96
|
-40
|
1118
|
1.88
|
0.101
|
0.118
|
2.46
|
-30
|
1077
|
1.97
|
0.112
|
0.117
|
2.22
|
-20
|
1032
|
2.05
|
0.115
|
0.115
|
2.12
|
-10
|
983
|
2.18
|
0.110
|
0.113
|
2.20
|
0
|
927
|
2.47
|
0.105
|
0.108
|
2.38
|
10
|
860
|
3.14
|
0.097
|
0.101
|
2.80
|
20
|
773
|
5.0
|
0.087
|
0.091
|
4.10
|
30
|
598
|
36.4
|
0.070
|
0.080
|
28.7
|
- 1 kg/m3 = 0.0624 lb/ft3
- 1 J/(kg K) = 2.389x10-4
kcal/(kg oC) = 2.389x10-4 Btu/(lbm oF)
- 1 W/(m K) = 0.85984 kcal/(h m oC)
= 0.5779 Btu/(ft h oF) = 0.048 Btu/(in h oF)
- 1 m2/s = 104 St = 106
cSt = 10.764 ft2/s= 38750 ft2/h
Carbon dioxide gas is produced from the combustion of coal or hydrocarbons,
by fermentation of liquids and the breathing of humans and animals, and by
volcanoes.
Carbon dioxide is at a low concentration in the atmosphere and acts as a
greenhouse gas. Carbon dioxide is used by plants to produce carbohydrates. The
photosynthesis process releases oxygen to the atmosphere.
Carbon dioxide gas is colorless and heavier than air and has a slightly
irritating odor.
Freezing point is
-78.5 oC where it forms carbon dioxide snow
or dry ice.
Solubility of CO2 in Water
To calculate the CO2
emission from a fuel the carbon content of the fuel must be multiplied with the
ratio of molecular weight CO2 (44) to the
molecular weight Carbon 12 -> 44 / 12 = 3.7
Carbon Dioxide emission can be
calculated as
qCO2 = cf / hf
CCO2/Cm (1)
where
qCO2 = specific CO2
emission (CO2/kWh)
cf = specific carbon
content in the fuel (kgC/kgfuel)
hf = specific energy
content (kWh/kgfuel)
Cm = specific mass Carbon
(kg/mol Carbon)
CCO2 = specific
mass Carbon Dioxide (kg/mol CO2)
Emission of Carbon Dioxide - CO2
- when combustion some common fuels are indicated in the table below.
Note! Heat loss - 55-75% - in power
generation is not included in the numbers.
Fuel
|
Specific
Carbon Content
(kgC/kgfuel)
|
Specific
Energy Content
(kWh/kgfuel)
|
Specific
CO2 Emission
(kgCO2 /kgfuel)
|
Specific
CO2 Emission
(kgCO2/kWh)
|
Coal (bituminous/anthracite)
|
0.75
|
7.5
|
2.3
|
0.37
|
Gasoline
|
0.9
|
12.5
|
3.3
|
0.27
|
Light Oil
|
0.7
|
11.7
|
2.6
|
0.26
|
Diesel
|
0.86
|
11.8
|
3.2
|
0.24
|
LPG - Liquid Petroleum Gas
|
0.82
|
12.3
|
3.0
|
0.24
|
Natural Gas, Methane
|
0.75
|
12
|
2.8
|
0.23
|
Crude Oil
|
|
|
|
0.26
|
Kerosene
|
|
|
|
0.26
|
Wood 1)
|
|
|
|
0.39
|
Peat 1)
|
|
|
|
0.38
|
Lignite
|
|
|
|
0.36
|
Bio energy
|
0
|
-
|
|
02)
|
1) Commonly viewed as a Bio fuel
2) Bio Energy is produced from biomass derived from any
renewable organic plant, including
- dedicated energy crops and trees
- agricultural food and feed crops
- agricultural crop wastes and residues
- wood wastes
- aquatic plants
- animal wastes
- municipal wastes and other waste materials
Emissions of CO2
can contribute to climate change. Combustion of bio energy don't add to the
total emission of carbon dioxide as long as the burned bio mass don't exceed
the renewed production. (Emission of CO2 when combusting wood
is in reality approximately 0.18 kg/kWh)
A variety of bio fuels can be
made from biomass resources, including
- ethanol
- methanol
- biodiesel
- Fischer-Tropsch diesel
- gaseous fuels like hydrogen or methane
Since
CO2 is exhaled by people at predictable levels the
content of Carbon Dioxide -
CO2 - in air may be a significant
indication of air quality.
A measure of
CO2 indicates the amount of fresh air supply:
- 15 cfm
ventilation rate per occupant corresponds to 1000 ppm CO2
- 20 cfm
ventilation rate per occupant corresponds to 800 ppm CO2
Normal CO2 Levels
The effects of increased CO
2 levels on adults at good health can
be summarized:
- normal
outdoor level: 350 - 450 ppm
- acceptable
levels: < 600 ppm
- complaints
of stiffness and odors: 600 - 1000 ppm
- ASHRAE and
OSHA standards: 1000 ppm
- general
drowsiness: 1000 - 2500 ppm
- adverse
health effects expected: 2500 - 5000 ppm
- maximum allowed concentration within a
8 hour working period: 5000 ppm
The levels above are quite normal and maximum levels may occasionally happen
from time to time.
Extreme and Dangerous CO2 Levels
- slightly
intoxicating, breathing and pulse rate increase, nausea: 30,000 ppm
- above plus
headaches and sight impairment: 50,000 ppm
- unconscious,
further exposure death: 100,000 ppm
·
The carbon
dioxide - CO2 - concentration in a room with people can
be used as an indication of the ventilation systems efficiency. It's even
possible to modulate the ventilation system capacity to the number of people
and their activity by measuring the carbon dioxide concentration in the air.
·
The carbon dioxide
emission from persons and their activity:
Activity
|
Respiration per Person
(m3/h)
|
Carbon Dioxide Emission per Person
(m3/h)
|
Sleep
|
0.3
|
0.013
|
Resting or low activity work
|
0.5
|
0.02
|
Normal work
|
2 - 3
|
0.08 - 0.13
|
Hard work
|
7 - 8
|
0.33 - 0.38
|
·
Example - Carbon Dioxide
Emission in a Cinema
·
In a cinema with 100
persons at low to normal activity the emission of carbon dioxide will be in
the range of 0.02 to 0.08 m3/h per person.
·
The total emission will
be in the range of 2 to 8 m3/h.
Carbon
Dioxide Concentration in Rooms
The carbon dioxide concentration in rooms can be used to indicate air
quality and ventilation system efficiency