India’s Emission Efficiency
Fossil fuels are made up of hydrogen and
carbon. When fossil fuels are burned, the carbon combines with oxygen to
yield carbon dioxide. The amount of carbon dioxide produced depends on
the carbon content of the fuel; for example, for each unit of energy
used, natural gas emits about half and petroleum fuels about
three-quarters of the carbon dioxide by coal. The carbon emission factor
of a fuel simply tells us how much carbon will be released per unit
energy used.
India is a large, fast growing economy with a
very low consumption of energy but with a significant share of coal in
its primary energy mix. CO 2 emissions from consumption of fossil fuels
constitute more than half (~54% in 2000) of total GHG emissions in
India. India’s CO 2 emissions from fossil fuel combustion in the year
2004 were estimated at about 1.1 billion tonne. The CO 2 emissions will
continue to grow for some time, because there is a need to increase the
currently low per capita levels of energy use to support growth, reach
the Millennium Development Goals and eventually provide modern living
standards to all her citizens.
Most of the available projections undertaken by
reputed independent international organizations indicate that India’s
CO2 intensity per unit of GDP is likely to continue to decline through
2030-2050. India is a relatively low carbon economy by global comparison
by two measures, CO2 emissions per capita and CO2 emissions per unit of
GDP in PPP terms.
Energy Units, Calorific Values of various Fuels and Terminologies:
Energy Units
Unit
|
Equivalence in Joules
|
Other equivalence
|
Joule
|
||
Electron Volt
|
1.0622 x10 -19
|
|
Erg (erg)
|
10 -7
|
|
Calorie (cal)
|
4.187
|
|
British Thermal Unit (BTU)
|
1.055 x 10 3
|
|
Kilo calorie (K cal)
|
4.1868 x 10 3
|
|
Mega Joule (MJ)
|
10 6
|
238.85 k cal
|
Kilo Watt Hour (kWh)
|
3.6 x 10 6
|
3.6 MJ or 1 Unit or 860 k cal
|
Therm
|
1.055 x 10 8
|
10 5 BTU
|
Giga Joule (GJ)
|
10 9
|
278 kWh
|
Million BTU (MMBTU)
|
1.055 x 10 9
|
|
Terajoule (TJ)
|
10 15
|
|
Exajoule (EJ)
|
10 18
|
|
Quad (Quadrillion BTU)
|
1.055 x 10 18
|
~172 million barrels of Oil equivalent
|
Terawatt-year (TWyr)
|
3.1536 x 10 19
|
8760 Billion Units
|
Calorific Value of Various Fuels
| Fuel |
Unit
|
Calorific Value in Million tonnes of Oil equivalent (Mtoe)
|
| LNG |
Mt
|
1.23
|
| LPG |
Mt
|
1.13
|
| Motor Spirit (MS) |
Mt
|
1.10
|
| Kerosene |
Mt
|
1.064
|
| Oil (crude) |
Mt
|
1.00
|
| Diesel (HSD) |
Mt
|
0.95
|
| Furnace Oil |
Mt
|
0.904
|
| Natural gas |
Bm 3
|
0.90
|
| Charcoal |
Mt
|
0.693
|
| Soft coke |
Mt
|
0.6292
|
| Biogas |
Bm 3
|
0.4713
|
| Firewood |
Mt
|
0.45
|
| Indian Thermal Coal |
Mt
|
0.41
|
| Coal gas |
Bm 3
|
0.4004
|
| Indian Lignite |
Mt
|
0.2865
|
| Nuclear Electricity |
BkWh
|
0.261
|
| Cow-dung Cakes |
Mt
|
0.21
|
| Electricity |
BkWh
|
0.086
|
| Hydro Electricity |
BkWh
|
0.086
|
| Wind Electricity |
BkWh
|
0.086
|
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