Wednesday, 2 April 2025
Cities in Super Swachh League
Ministry of Housing & Urban Affairs
azadi ka amrit mahotsav
Union Minister Shri Manohar Lal Khattar launches the toolkit for 9th edition of Swachh Survekshan today
India’s cleanest cities move into a newly created Super Swachh League
12 cities enter the maiden League
Cities placed in five population categories under New Swachh Survekshan
A range of new parameters added
Posted On: 17 JAN 2025 7:34PM by PIB Delhi
The Union Minister for Housing and Urban Affairs, Shri Manohar Lal Khattar, today launched the toolkit for 9th edition of Swachh Survekshan (SS), the world’s largest urban cleanliness survey, in its new avatar–simpler, sharper, systematic and all-inclusive. Secretary, MoHUA, Shri S. Katikithala was also present at the launch event. The launch was attended by JS & MD, SBM-U, Ms. Roopa Mishra, ACS, Principal Secretaries of Urban Development, State Mission Directors, Municipal Commissioners representatives from various States and Urban Local Bodies and officials from the MoHUA.
Initially launched by MoHUA in 2016, Swachh Survekshan drives urban sanitation improvement through citizen participation and third-party validation. For the year 2024, a special category - Super Swachh League has been introduced creating a separate league of cities excelling in cleanliness. The cities who have been in top 3 in at least 2 years in the last 3 years (2021-2023) have made the cut. There are 12 cities in the Super Swachh League. Moving ahead, top 3 ranking cities in each population category will move into the league for the subsequent years. ULBs in this league will be assessed on additional aspirational indicators and must maintain a score of 85% or higher to retain their position.
Cities in Super Swachh League
Very Small Cities (< 20,000 population) – Panchgani, Patan
Small Cities (20,000 – 50,000 population) - Vita, Sasvad
Medium Cities (50,000 – 3 Lakh population) – Ambikapur, Tirupati, New Delhi Municipal Council
Big Cities (3 – 10 Lakh population) – Noida, Chandigarh
Million Plus Cities (> 10 Lakh population) - Navi Mumbai, Indore, Surat
Speaking at the launch of the new toolkit for Swachh Survekshan, the Union Minister said, “To acknowledge the exceptional performance of cities in Swachh Survekshan, we are introducing the ‘Super Swachh League’, a competition among the cleanest cities. This reflects our shared commitment to cleanliness, and our continuous innovation keeps the Swachh Bharat Mission a global success even after 10 years. Our focus is on improving quality year after year, with simplified evaluation parameters that ensure clearer data from ULBs and maintain full transparency. This approach strengthens the mission’s reputation and drives ongoing progress in urban cleanliness.
Highlighting the impact of Swachh Survekshan, Secretary, MoHUA, Shri S. Katikithala said, “Swachh Survekshan stands as a remarkable testament to collaboration and collective responsibility, reflecting the nation’s commitment to making cleanliness a way of life. The introduction of the Super Swachh League in this year’s survey serves dual purposes: it encourages top-performing cities to strive for higher aspirational standards, while also motivating other cities to improve and aim for top ranks.”
Again, for the very first time, the cities have been classified into 5 population categories: Very Small, Small, Medium, Big, and Million-Plus. Each category will be assessed based on population and parameters tailored to its specific size and needs. Awards will be given to clean cities in each category. This makes the new Swachh Survekshan inclusive. Even Small Cities will be able to showcase their excellence along with the usual stalwarts like Indore and Surat.
This year, Cleanliness Target Units (CTUs) and adopting Swabhav Swachhata Sanskaar Swachhata – behaviour change in daily lives, have been included in the assessment. The evaluation will focus on key parameters such as eliminating difficult and dark spots, visible cleanliness, establishing Reduce Reuse Recycle Centres, and more. To foster the integration of swachhata values in educational institutions and inspire young minds to adopt cleanliness and sustainability, school assessments have been introduced this year as part of SS. Special focus has been laid on visible cleanliness and waste management at high foot fall tourist spots.
Packaged in a new framework, all indicators in the new SS toolkit have been organized into 10 buckets, with assessment parameters simplified for better understanding by the ULBs. These are: – i) Visible Cleanliness ii) Segregation, collection & transportation of waste iii) Solid waste management iv) Access to sanitation v) Used water management vi) Mechanization of desludging services vii) Advocacy for Swachhata viii) Strengthening of Eco-system & institutional parameters ix) Overall welfare of sanitation workers x) Citizen feedback and grievance redressal.
Furthermore, the implementation of projects approved by MoHUA will be closely monitored to ensure their timely and effective execution. Data accuracy will be verified, and inputs from ULBs will be tracked. In the event of any discrepancies or mismatch in the data, stringent penalties will be enforced.
For quality assurance, MoHUA implements comprehensive measures including training for on-field teams, surprise field visits, the use of non-resident city assessors, two levels of evidence quality checks, GPS tracking of assessor movements, a grievance redressal mechanism for ULBs, a dedicated assessor monitoring cell, and IT base through the Swachhatam Portal.
The last and final phase of Swachh Survekshan - Field Assessment for the 9th edition will commence on 15th Feb., 2025 and will be completed by the end of March 2025.
****
SK
(Release ID: 2093884) Visitor Counter : 8614
Read this release in: Urdu , Hindi
Share on facebook
Share on twitter
Share on whatsapp
Share on email
Share on linkedin
Swachh Survekshan is an annual urban sanitation and cleanliness survey conducted by the Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs (MoHUA) to assess and rank cities based on their cleanliness and sanitation efforts, fostering a spirit of healthy competition and citizen participation.
Swachh Survekshan is an annual urban sanitation and cleanliness survey conducted by the Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs (MoHUA) to assess and rank cities based on their cleanliness and sanitation efforts, fostering a spirit of healthy competition and citizen participation.
Here's a more detailed breakdown:
Purpose: To improve urban sanitation and cleanliness, encourage citizen participation, and foster a spirit of healthy competition among cities.
Conducting Body: Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs (MoHUA).
Frequency: Annual.
Key Goals:
To create awareness about the importance of cleanliness and sanitation.
To encourage citizen participation in sanitation efforts.
To improve service delivery to citizens.
To help India achieve the goal of sustainable sanitation and waste management.
Methodology: Swachh Survekshan employs a multi-pronged data collection approach and a robust assessment methodology.
Scope: The survey covers all cities across India.
Recent Initiatives:
Super Swachh League: A special category for cities excelling in cleanliness, with cities in the top 3 in at least 2 out of the last 3 years (2021-2023) being included.
Focus on Waste Management: Emphasizes waste to wealth, reduce, reuse, and recycle principles.
Citizen Feedback: Encourages citizen feedback on the progress of their city in achieving Swachhata.
Ward Ranking: Promotes ranking of wards within cities.
Awards: The survey culminates in the Swachh Survekshan Awards, recognizing the cleanest cities, states, and other categories.
Key Findings (2023):
Cleanest Cities: Indore and Surat were declared as the cleanest cities in India.
Cleanest State: Maharashtra was named the cleanest state.
Other Notable Awards: Mhow (Madhya Pradesh) was selected as the cleanest cantonment board, and Varanasi (Uttar Pradesh) was declared the cleanest Ganga town.
A 5 MW John Cockerill alkaline electrolyser, known for its large single-stack design, typically costs around $1,081,812.
A 5 MW John Cockerill alkaline electrolyser, known for its large single-stack design, typically costs around $1,081,812.
Here's a more detailed breakdown:
John Cockerill's 5 MW Electrolyser:
John Cockerill offers a 5 MW single-stack pressurized alkaline electrolyser, which is among the largest on the market.
Cost:
The price of a 5 MW alkaline electrolyser from John Cockerill (Cockerill Jingli Hydrogen) is around $1,081,812.
Technology:
John Cockerill uses alkaline electrolyser technology, which is a well-proven technology and accounts for approximately 85% of global electrolyser sales.
Large-Scale Projects:
John Cockerill's 5 MW electrolysers are designed for large-scale projects, making them suitable for green hydrogen production and other applications.
Greenko and John Cockerill Collaboration:
Greenko, a large energy storage company, has partnered with John Cockerill to supply 28 units of 5MW alkaline electrolysers for a green ammonia plant in Una, Himachal Pradesh, India.
Manufacturing Facility:
Greenko and John Cockerill are also jointly developing a 2 GW per year electrolyser manufacturing facility in Andhra Pradesh, India.
The India Meteorological Department (IMD), established in 1875, is the national meteorological service responsible for weather forecasting, climate monitoring, and disaster preparedness, playing a vital role in India's socio-economic development and disaster resilience.
The India Meteorological Department (IMD), established in 1875, is the national meteorological service responsible for weather forecasting, climate monitoring, and disaster preparedness, playing a vital role in India's socio-economic development and disaster resilience.
Here's a more detailed look at its significance and activities:
Significance:
National Meteorological Service:
IMD serves as the principal government agency for all matters related to meteorology and allied subjects.
Disaster Preparedness:
IMD's accurate cyclone warnings and early warnings for extreme weather events (like heatwaves, coldwaves, and floods) help minimize loss of life and property.
Sectoral Support:
IMD provides meteorological information for various sectors, including agriculture, irrigation, shipping, aviation, and offshore oil explorations.
Climate Monitoring and Research:
IMD conducts and promotes research in meteorology and allied disciplines, contributing to a better understanding of climate change and its impacts.
Economic Development:
IMD's services are crucial for supporting agriculture, water resource management, and other nation-building activities.
Global Leader:
IMD is one of six worldwide Regional Specialized Meteorological Centers, playing a crucial role in forecasting, naming, and disseminating warnings about tropical cyclones in the Indian Ocean north of the Equator.
Activities:
Weather Forecasting and Observation:
IMD collects and analyzes atmospheric data (temperature, humidity, air pressure, wind, and precipitation) to predict weather patterns and issue forecasts.
Monsoon Predictions:
IMD has a long history of predicting seasonal rainfall patterns, crucial for agricultural planning and water management.
Disaster Warning:
IMD issues early warnings for severe weather phenomena like tropical cyclones, heatwaves, coldwaves, and floods.
Research and Development:
IMD conducts research on various aspects of meteorology, including climate change, weather forecasting techniques, and satellite data analysis.
Collaboration and Partnerships:
IMD collaborates with national and international organizations to exchange knowledge and expertise in the field of meteorology.
Public Outreach and Awareness:
IMD engages in public outreach activities to enhance understanding of weather patterns and climate-related challenges.
Technology Advancement:
IMD leverages technology, including satellites and radars, to improve weather forecasting and monitoring capabilities.
Sectoral Support:
IMD provides services to various sectors, including agriculture, aviation, water management, and renewable energy.
Hydrometeorological Services:
IMD provides meteorological data and expertise for hydrology, water management, and river valley projects.
Agricultural Meteorology:
IMD provides weather-related information to farmers to improve crop yields and minimize the impact of adverse weather conditions.
The actinide group, also known as the actinide series or actinoids
The actinide group, also known as the actinide series or actinoids, comprises 15 radioactive elements from actinium (Ac) to lawrencium (Lr) in the periodic table, characterized by filling the 5f subshell.
Here's a more detailed look:
Definition:
The actinide series consists of the 15 elements following actinium (atomic number 89) and ending with lawrencium (atomic number 103).
Location:
These elements are typically placed below the main body of the periodic table to maintain its structure.
Key Characteristics:
Radioactivity: All actinides are radioactive, meaning their isotopes are unstable and decay over time.
Metallic Nature: They are all metallic elements.
Synthetic Elements: Many actinides are synthetic, meaning they are not found naturally on Earth and are produced in laboratories.
Similar Properties: They share similar chemical and physical properties, often forming cations (positively charged ions).
Examples of Actinides:
Actinium (Ac)
Thorium (Th)
Protactinium (Pa)
Uranium (U)
Neptunium (Np)
Plutonium (Pu)
Americium (Am)
Curium (Cm)
Berkelium (Bk)
Californium (Cf)
Einsteinium (Es)
Fermium (Fm)
Mendelevium (Md)
Nobelium (No)
Lawrencium (Lr)
The lanthanide group, also known as the lanthanides or rare earth elements,
The lanthanide group, also known as the lanthanides or rare earth elements, comprises 15 elements from lanthanum (La) to lutetium (Lu) with atomic numbers 57-71, characterized by their similar chemical and physical properties.
Here's a more detailed breakdown:
Elements:
The lanthanide series consists of the following elements: Lanthanum (La), Cerium (Ce), Praseodymium (Pr), Neodymium (Nd), Promethium (Pm), Samarium (Sm), Europium (Eu), Gadolinium (Gd), Terbium (Tb), Dysprosium (Dy), Holmium (Ho), Erbium (Er), Thulium (Tm), Ytterbium (Yb), and Lutetium (Lu).
Location in the Periodic Table:
These elements are placed in the f-block of the periodic table, specifically in the 4f orbitals, and are often placed below the main body of the periodic table for visual clarity.
Similar Properties:
Lanthanides share similar chemical and physical properties due to their similar electron configurations, particularly in the filling of the 4f orbitals.
Rare Earth Elements:
While often called "rare earth elements," the term is somewhat of a misnomer, as some lanthanides (like yttrium, cerium, lanthanum, and neodymium) are more abundant in the Earth's crust than some commonly used industrial elements.
Uses:
Lanthanides have various applications, including in magnets, lasers, fluorescent lamps, catalytic converters, and medical imaging.
Lutetium:
Lutetium (Lu), with atomic number 71, is sometimes considered a lanthanide, despite being a d-block element, because of its similar chemical behavior to the other 14 elements in the series.
Lanthanide Contraction:
As you move across the lanthanide series, there is a decrease in atomic and ionic radii, known as the lanthanide contraction.
Other Names:
The lanthanides are also sometimes referred to as the "lanthanoid elements"
Americium (Am), with atomic number 95, is a synthetic, radioactive, silvery-white metal, and a member of the actinide series,
Americium (Am), with atomic number 95, is a synthetic, radioactive, silvery-white metal, and a member of the actinide series, primarily used in smoke detectors and as a source of radiation in various applications.
Here's a more detailed look:
Discovery and Synthesis:
Americium was first synthesized in 1944 by Glenn Seaborg and his team at the University of Chicago, as part of the Manhattan Project.
Properties:
It's a radioactive metal, meaning it undergoes radioactive decay, emitting particles and energy.
It's a synthetic element, meaning it doesn't exist naturally on Earth and must be created in a laboratory.
It's a member of the actinide series, a group of radioactive elements that are typically found in the lower part of the periodic table.
It has a silvery-white appearance.
Isotopes:
Americium has no stable isotopes, meaning all its isotopes are radioactive.
The most common isotopes are americium-241 (241Am) and americium-243 (243Am).
241Am is used in ionization smoke detectors, and 243Am is the most stable isotope.
Uses:
Smoke Detectors: Americium-241 is used in ionization smoke detectors, where its alpha particles ionize the air, allowing a small electric current to flow. When smoke enters, it absorbs the alpha particles, disrupting the current and triggering the alarm.
Radiation Source: Americium is used as a source of radiation in various applications, such as in medical imaging, industrial gauges, and research.
Nuclear Research: It can also be used as a target material in nuclear research to make even heavier elements.
Health Effects:
Americium is radioactive and can be harmful if inhaled or ingested.
It accumulates in bones and can cause damage to surrounding tissues.
Exposure to americium can lead to health problems, including increased risk of certain cancers.
Advancements in Rapid Sand Filtration Technology
Rapid Sand Filtration: Efficient Water Treatment Method
This method cleans water quickly and effectively, making it safe for people to drink. Rapid sand filters can process water 60-100 times faster than slow sand filters, helping meet the high demands of urban water supplies.
The process works by passing water through layers of sand and gravel. As the water moves down, dirt and small particles get trapped in the spaces between sand grains. This leaves the water cleaner when it reaches the bottom. Every so often, the filter needs to be cleaned by reversing the flow of water to wash out the trapped dirt.
Rapid sand filtration is popular because it works well and doesn’t take up too much space. It can handle changes in water quality and flow rates, which makes it useful for treating river or lake water that might change with the seasons. Many cities and towns use this method to make sure their tap water is clean and safe to drink.
Overview of Rapid Sand Filtration
Rapid sand filtration is a key water treatment process. It removes particles from water quickly and efficiently. This method has evolved over time to become a standard in many treatment plants.
Defining Rapid Sand Filtration
Rapid sand filtration is a water purification technique. It uses sand beds to filter out impurities. Water flows through the sand at a high rate. This process can clean large volumes of wate.
The system has several parts:
Sand bed
Underdrain system
Backwash mechanism
Water enters the top of the filter. It moves down through the sand. Particles get trapped in the sand layers. Clean water comes out at the bottom.
Rapid sand filters work at higher speeds than slow sand filters. They can handle 2 to 10 gallons per minute per square foot. This makes them great for big water systems.
History and Development
Rapid sand filtration grew from older, slower methods. It became popular in the early 1900s. The need for clean water in growing cities drove its development.
Early filters used only sand. Modern filters often use multiple layers. These might include:
Anthracite coal
Sand
Gravel
Multi-medium filters improved filtration. They could remove more types of particles. This made water cleaner.
Automation changed rapid sand filtration. New systems can clean themselves. This process is called backwashing. It keeps filters working well for longer.
Comparison of Filtration Methods
Sand filtration is a key method for water treatment. Different types of filtration offer unique benefits and drawbacks. Let’s explore the main approaches and how they stack up against each other.
Rapid Sand vs. Slow Sand Filtration
Rapid sand filtration and slow sand filtration are two major techniques used in water treatment. They differ in several key aspects:
Application rate: Rapid sand filtration uses much higher velocities compared to slow sand. Rapid sand filters can process 0.4 to 3.1 m/hr, while slow sand filters handle 0.04 to 0.4 m/hr.
Filtration mechanism: Rapid sand filters work through the entire depth of the filter. Slow sand filters mainly clean water at the surface layer.
Maintenance: Rapid sand filters need frequent backwashing. Slow sand filters require less frequent but more extensive cleaning.
Cost: Rapid sand filtration has higher operating costs but lower land requirements. Slow sand filtration is cheaper to run but needs more space.
Other Filtration Technologies
Beyond sand filtration, there are other methods for water treatment:
Membrane filtration: This includes microfiltration, ultrafiltration, nanofiltration, and reverse osmosis. Each type removes particles of different sizes.
Microfiltration can remove particles from 0.05 to 1.0 µm. Reverse osmosis filters out the smallest particles, down to 0.0001 µm.
Diatomaceous earth filtration: This method uses fossilized algae to trap particles. It’s effective for smaller water systems.
Cartridge filtration: These compact filters are good for removing specific contaminants. They’re often used in homes or small-scale applications.
Components of a Rapid Sand Filtration System
Rapid sand filtration systems have three main parts that work together to clean water. These components are crucial for the system to work well and remove impurities.
Filter Media
The filter media is the heart of a rapid sand filtration system. It’s usually made of sand or other materials like anthracite coal. The sand grains are about 0.5 to 1 mm in size.
Filter media traps dirt and small particles as water flows through. The size and shape of the grains affect how well the filter works. Smaller grains can catch more particles but may clog faster.
Some systems use layers of different materials. This can help catch more types of impurities. The depth of the filter media is typically 24 to 30 inches.
Support Layers
Support layers sit below the main filter media. They keep the sand from washing away during filtration and backwashing.
These layers are made of gravel or larger sand particles. They get bigger as you go deeper into the filter. A typical setup might have:
Fine gravel: 1/8 to 1/4 inch
Medium gravel: 1/4 to 1/2 inch
Coarse gravel: 1/2 to 1 inch
The support layers help spread water evenly through the filter. This makes the whole system work better.
Underdrain System
The underdrain system is at the bottom of the filter. It collects the cleaned water after it passes through the filter media and support layers.
This system often has pipes with small holes or nozzles. These let water through but keep the filter media in place. The underdrain also helps during backwashing.
During backwashing, water flows backward through the filter to clean it. The underdrain spreads this water evenly. This helps remove trapped dirt and keeps the filter working well.
The design of the underdrain affects how well the filter works and how long it lasts. Good designs make sure water flows evenly and the filter cleans properly.
The Process of Rapid Sand Filtration
Rapid sand filtration cleans water through several key steps. This process removes impurities and makes water safe to drink.
Coagulation and Flocculation
Coagulation starts the rapid sand filtration process. Chemicals like alum are added to the water. These chemicals make tiny particles clump together.
The water then moves slowly, allowing the clumps to grow bigger. This step is called flocculation. The bigger clumps are easier to remove later.
Mixing paddles or baffles help the clumps form. The speed and time of mixing are important. Too much mixing can break up the clumps.
Sedimentation
After flocculation, the water flows into large tanks. Here, it sits still for a while. This lets the heavy clumps sink to the bottom.
The clumps form a layer of sludge. Clean water stays on top. This sludge is removed regularly to keep the tank clean.
Some plants use special plates or tubes. These help the clumps settle faster.
Filtration
The clearer water from sedimentation goes to the filter beds. These beds have layers of sand and gravel.
As water moves down through the sand, it traps leftover particles. The sand acts like a strainer, catching tiny bits that sedimentation missed.
Over time, the filter gets clogged. Plants clean the filters by backwashing. This means pushing water up through the filter to flush out trapped dirt.
Disinfection
The last step kills any remaining germs. Chlorine is the most common disinfectant. It’s added to the filtered water.
Other methods like UV light or ozone can also work. These kill bacteria and viruses without chemicals.
The water is tested to make sure it’s safe. Then it’s stored in tanks or sent directly to homes and businesses.
Operation and Maintenance
Proper operation and maintenance are crucial for rapid sand filtration systems. These tasks ensure the system runs efficiently and produces clean water consistently.
Backwashing Procedure
Backwashing cleans the filter media by reversing water flow. This process removes trapped particles and prevents clogging. To backwash:
Stop the filtration process.
Close the inlet valve.
Open the backwash valve.
Start the backwash pump.
Monitor the backwash water for clarity.
Stop when the water runs clear.
Close the backwash valve.
Open the inlet valve.
Resume normal filtration.
Rapid sand filtration typically requires backwashing every 24 to 72 hours. The frequency depends on water quality and filter load.
Regular Maintenance Tasks
Regular maintenance keeps the system running smoothly. Key tasks include:
• Daily checks of filter pressure and flow rate. • Weekly cleaning of filter surfaces. • Monthly inspection of valves and pumps. • Quarterly testing of filter media depth and condition. • Yearly replacement of worn parts.
Operators should keep detailed records of all maintenance activities. This helps track system performance and plan for future upgrades. Regular training ensures staff can handle routine tasks and troubleshoot issues effectively.
Applications of Rapid Sand Filtration
Rapid sand filtration is a versatile water treatment method. It cleans water for drinking, industry, and farming. This process removes particles and some microorganisms from water.
Municipal Water Treatment
Rapid sand filtration plays a key role in city water systems. Rapid sand filtration water treatment plants clean large amounts of water quickly. They use higher flow rates than slow sand filters.
These plants often use rapid sand filters as part of a larger system. The filters remove leftover particles after earlier treatment steps. This helps make water safe to drink.
Rapid sand filters in these plants can handle changing water quality. They work well for both surface water and groundwater sources.
Industrial Wastewater Treatment
Many industries use rapid sand filtration to clean their wastewater. It helps remove solid particles from water used in manufacturing.
The process can treat water from food processing, paper mills, and chemical plants. It often serves as a pre-treatment step before more advanced cleaning methods.
Rapid sand filters in industry can be customized. Filter media and flow rates are adjusted to match specific waste types.
Agriculture and Irrigation
Farmers use rapid sand filtration to clean water for crops. It removes sand, silt, and other particles that could clog irrigation systems.
The method helps protect sprinklers and drip irrigation equipment. This leads to more even water distribution in fields.
Rapid sand filters can also clean water from ponds or rivers for livestock. This improves animal health and farm hygiene.
Some large farms have their own rapid sand filtration systems. These systems can treat water from various sources for multiple uses on the farm.
Advancements in Rapid Sand Filtration Technology
Rapid sand filtration has seen major improvements in recent years. These upgrades have made the process more efficient and effective at removing contaminants from water.
Automation and Control Systems
Modern rapid sand filters now use advanced automation. Computer systems monitor and adjust filtration parameters in real-time. This leads to more consistent water quality and less human oversight.
Sensors track key metrics like flow rate, turbidity, and pressure drop. When readings fall outside set ranges, the system makes automatic adjustments. For example, it may trigger backwashing cycles or alter chemical dosing.
Remote monitoring allows operators to check filter performance from anywhere. This improves response times to issues. It also enables predictive maintenance, reducing unexpected downtime.
Rapid gravity sand filtration plants now use SCADA systems. These integrate all filtration processes into one control interface. This holistic view optimizes overall plant efficiency.
Improvements in Filter Media
New filter media materials enhance contaminant removal. Activated carbon layers trap organic compounds and improve taste and odor. Some plants use crushed recycled glass as a sustainable sand alternative.
Multi-media filters combine materials of different sizes and densities. This creates a gradient that captures particles more effectively. A typical layout may include anthracite, sand, and garnet layers.
Specialized coatings on filter media boost performance. Some coatings make the media antimicrobial, reducing biological fouling. Others alter surface charges to better attract specific contaminants.
Researchers are developing new filtration materials to target emerging pollutants. These aim to remove persistent chemicals like PFAS from water supplies.
Environmental Impact and Sustainability
Rapid sand filtration affects water resources and energy use. It offers benefits but also raises concerns about sustainability.
Water Conservation
Rapid sand filtration helps save water. It cleans water faster than slow sand filters. This means less water is lost during the process.
The system can handle large amounts of water quickly. This is good for places that need a lot of clean water.
But rapid sand filters need backwashing. This uses extra water to clean the filter. Some places reuse this backwash water to save more.
New designs try to use less water for backwashing. This makes the whole system more water-efficient.
Energy Efficiency
Rapid sand filtration uses energy to work. Pumps move water through the sand beds. This takes electricity.
Newer systems use gravity to help move water. This cuts down on energy use. Some places also use solar power for the pumps.
The energy use depends on the size of the system. Bigger systems often use more energy, but clean more water.
Some filters now have special materials that remove chemicals. This can save energy by doing more in one step.
Engineers work on making the pumps more efficient. This helps cut down on energy use over time.
Regulations and Standards
Rapid sand filtration is subject to various regulations and standards worldwide. These guidelines ensure safe and effective water treatment across different jurisdictions.
International Standards
The World Health Organization (WHO) provides global standards for rapid sand filtration. These guidelines focus on water quality targets and operational parameters.
Key WHO recommendations include:
Filtration rates between 4-12 m/h
Turbidity removal of 90-98%
Bacterial reduction of 90-99.9%
Many countries adopt WHO standards as a baseline for their national regulations. The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) also offers guidelines for water treatment processes, including rapid sand filtration.
Local Guidelines
In the United States, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) sets regulations for rapid sand filtration. These rules are part of the Safe Drinking Water Act.
EPA requirements include:
Maximum filtration rate of 4 gpm/ft²
Turbidity limits of 0.3 NTU in 95% of samples
Continuous turbidity monitoring
States may impose stricter standards. For example, California requires lower turbidity levels in some cases. The EU has its own Drinking Water Directive, which member states must follow. This directive sets parameters for water quality after filtration.
Frequently Asked Questions
What are the key components of a rapid sand filter?
A rapid sand filter has several essential parts. These include the filter tank, underdrain system, filter media, and backwash system.
The filter media typically consists of sand and gravel layers. Activated carbon may be added in some designs to improve contaminant removal.
How does backwashing in rapid sand filtration systems operate?
Backwashing cleans the filter by reversing water flow. This process lifts and separates trapped particles from the sand.
Water moves upward at high velocity, expanding the filter bed. Contaminants are flushed out and the filter is restored to peak efficiency.
What are the differences in performance between rapid sand and slow sand filtration systems?
Rapid sand filters operate at higher flow rates than slow sand filters. Rapid filtration uses 2-10 gallons per minute per square foot, while slow sand filters use much lower rates.
Rapid filters require more frequent cleaning but can handle higher turbidity. Slow sand filters provide better pathogen removal but need more space.
What specifications should be considered for filter media in rapid sand filtration?
Sand grain size is crucial for rapid sand filters. Effective size typically ranges from 0.4 to 0.7 mm.
Uniformity coefficient, which measures size consistency, should be 1.3-1.7. The sand depth is usually 24-30 inches.
How often should rapid sand filters be cleaned during regular operations?
Cleaning frequency depends on water quality and filter loading. Most rapid sand filters need backwashing every 24-72 hours.
More frequent cleaning may be required during periods of high turbidity. Regular monitoring helps determine optimal cleaning schedules.
What is the typical flow rate for water passing through a rapid gravity sand filter?
Rapid sand filters typically operate at
2-10 gallons per minute per square foot of filter surface area.
The exact rate varies based on filter design and water quality. Higher rates may reduce filtration effectiveness, while lower rates can improve performance.
© 2024 Water & Wastewater: Your Source for Water Clarity.
Tuesday, 1 April 2025
For autoclave lab third-party inspections, consider independent validation services that offer impartial evaluations, expertise, and compliance checks to ensure your autoclave's safety and effectiveness.
For autoclave lab third-party inspections, consider independent validation services that offer impartial evaluations, expertise, and compliance checks to ensure your autoclave's safety and effectiveness.
Here's a more detailed breakdown:
Why Third-Party Inspections?
Impartial Evaluation: Third-party inspectors are independent, free from any vested interest in the outcome, ensuring objective assessment.
Expertise and Specialization: They often possess specialized knowledge and experience in specific industries or equipment types.
Compliance with Standards: They ensure adherence to industry-specific standards, regulations, and international norms.
Risk Mitigation: Independent inspections can identify potential issues early, preventing costly problems later.
Enhanced Credibility and Trust: Third-party reports carry a high level of credibility due to their unbiased nature.
Types of Inspections:
Installation Qualification (IQ): This process documents all aspects of the autoclave installation, including components and testing equipment, ensuring a complete assessment.
Operational Qualification (OQ): This phase involves functional tests under various conditions and sterilization cycles to ensure consistent operation within predefined parameters.
Performance Qualification (PQ): This checks the performance of the device under real conditions, with a product, to ensure that the specified process requirements are met.
Spore Testing: Biological indicators (BIs) are used to test the autoclave's ability to kill highly resistant organisms, providing a high level of sterility assurance.
Chemical Indicators: These are easy to use and show if the autoclave reached a minimum temperature, but they cannot indicate the length of time the temperature was held.
Benefits of Third-Party Validation:
Ensuring Sterility: Proper validation ensures that the autoclave is effectively sterilizing equipment and materials.
Compliance: Third-party validation helps labs meet regulatory requirements and industry standards.
Reduced Risk: By identifying potential issues early, validation helps minimize risks associated with contaminated materials or equipment.
Enhanced Credibility: Third-party validation reports provide tangible proof of sterility testing, which can be crucial for legal or regulatory purposes.
Finding Third-Party Validation Services:
Research: Search for reputable companies specializing in autoclave validation and inspection services.
Contact: Reach out to potential providers to discuss your specific needs and requirements.
Compare: Compare different providers based on their expertise, experience, and pricing.
Mangroves as Guardians of Life and Livelihoods
Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change
azadi ka amrit mahotsav
Where the Land Meets the Sea
Mangroves as Guardians of Life and Livelihoods
Posted On: 01 APR 2025 2:36PM by PIB Delhi
As the morning tide gently laps against the shores of Navghar, Vandana Patil steps onto the damp earth of her village’s coastline. She recalls a time when the sea was generous, offering abundant crab and fish catch. But over the years, that generosity faded. "Earlier, we used to see unpredictable crab and fish catch and had to rely on other sources of livelihoods," she says, her voice carrying the weight of years spent worrying about an uncertain future.
a group of people standing in front of a building
The culprit was clear: the unchecked destruction of mangroves. The towering green guardians of the coastline had been silently disappearing, their roots no longer anchoring the land, their dense canopies no longer sheltering marine life. With every tree lost, so too was a piece of the community’s livelihood. Yet, many in Navghar remained unaware of the deep connection between the mangroves and their survival.
Change arrived in the form of a far-reaching initiative. The Government of India, in collaboration with the Green Climate Fund and UNDP, launched a project to enhance climate resilience in India's coastal communities. This initiative, operational across three coastal states-Andhra Pradesh, Maharashtra, and Odisha focused on conserving and restoring marine ecosystems, including mangroves, while creating climate-resilient livelihoods.
Navghar became a symbol of this transformation. In 2021, the project formed a Mangrove Co-Management Committee, bringing together village members, the Gram Panchayat, and women’s Self-Help Groups (SHGs). Their mission was twofold: protect the mangroves and revive local livelihoods. Women, often the most affected by economic instability, were placed at the forefront.
Through structured training, they learned sustainable crab farming techniques, creating new livelihood groups like Healthy Harvest and Wild Crab Aqua Farm. These groups now farm mud crabs over two acres of coastal land while ensuring the protection of mangroves from illegal cutting. The impact was immediate.
“Through our campaigns and drives, we have raised awareness about mangroves and their link to healthy fish catch and livelihoods,” explains Rohan Patil, president of the committee. “People no longer see them as just trees—they see them as protectors.”
By 2023, the once-barren coastline had transformed. The mangroves stood tall, shielding the land from erosion and storms, while the waters teemed with life again. The benefits extended beyond the environment. “The project helped us a lot,” Vandana shares. “Earlier, women worked only seasonally. Now, we have employment throughout the year. Besides, earlier we had to travel far and wide for crab farming; now, we can do it locally.”
What is Mangrove?
A mangrove is a salt-tolerant plant community found in tropical and subtropical intertidal regions. These ecosystems thrive in high-rainfall areas (1,000–3,000 mm) with temperatures ranging from 26°C to 35°C. Mangrove species are adapted to survive in waterlogged soils, high salinity, and frequent tidal surges. They serve as crucial biodiversity refuges and act as bio-shields against extreme climatic events. Additionally, rural populations depend on mangroves for biomass-based livelihoods.
India’s Progress in
Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change
Where the Land Meets the Sea
Mangroves as Guardians of Life and Livelihoods
Posted On: 01 APR 2025 2:36PM by PIB Delhi
As the morning tide gently laps against the shores of Navghar, Vandana Patil steps onto the damp earth of her village’s coastline. She recalls a time when the sea was generous, offering abundant crab and fish catch. But over the years, that generosity faded. "Earlier, we used to see unpredictable crab and fish catch and had to rely on other sources of livelihoods," she says, her voice carrying the weight of years spent worrying about an uncertain future.
The culprit was clear: the unchecked destruction of mangroves. The towering green guardians of the coastline had been silently disappearing, their roots no longer anchoring the land, their dense canopies no longer sheltering marine life. With every tree lost, so too was a piece of the community’s livelihood. Yet, many in Navghar remained unaware of the deep connection between the mangroves and their survival.
Change arrived in the form of a far-reaching initiative. The Government of India, in collaboration with the Green Climate Fund and UNDP, launched a project to enhance climate resilience in India's coastal communities. This initiative, operational across three coastal states-Andhra Pradesh, Maharashtra, and Odisha focused on conserving and restoring marine ecosystems, including mangroves, while creating climate-resilient livelihoods.
Navghar became a symbol of this transformation. In 2021, the project formed a Mangrove Co-Management Committee, bringing together village members, the Gram Panchayat, and women’s Self-Help Groups (SHGs). Their mission was twofold: protect the mangroves and revive local livelihoods. Women, often the most affected by economic instability, were placed at the forefront.
Through structured training, they learned sustainable crab farming techniques, creating new livelihood groups like Healthy Harvest and Wild Crab Aqua Farm. These groups now farm mud crabs over two acres of coastal land while ensuring the protection of mangroves from illegal cutting. The impact was immediate.
“Through our campaigns and drives, we have raised awareness about mangroves and their link to healthy fish catch and livelihoods,” explains Rohan Patil, president of the committee. “People no longer see them as just trees—they see them as protectors.”
By 2023, the once-barren coastline had transformed. The mangroves stood tall, shielding the land from erosion and storms, while the waters teemed with life again. The benefits extended beyond the environment. “The project helped us a lot,” Vandana shares. “Earlier, women worked only seasonally. Now, we have employment throughout the year. Besides, earlier we had to travel far and wide for crab farming; now, we can do it locally.”
What is Mangrove?
India’s Progress in Mangrove Conservation
India has made significant strides in mangrove conservation through a combination of robust regulatory frameworks and targeted promotional initiatives. As per the India State of Forest Report 2023 (ISFR-2023), India’s total mangrove cover stands at 4,991.68 sq. km, constituting 0.15% of the nation’s geographical area. There has been net increase of 363.68 Sq.km (7.86%) in Mangrove cover area of the country in 2023 as compared to 2013 and net increase of 509.68 Sq.km (11.4%) between 2001 and 2023.
West Bengal holds the largest share of the country's mangrove forests, accounting for 42.45% of the total cover, followed by Gujarat (23.32%) and the Andaman & Nicobar Islands (12.19%). Notably, Gujarat has recorded an impressive increase of 253.06 sq. km in mangrove cover between 2001 and 2023, attributed to large-scale plantations, community participation, and public-private partnerships.
Key Regulatory Measures
India has implemented a series of stringent legal frameworks to ensure mangrove protection:
- Coastal Regulation Zone (CRZ) Notification, 2019 under the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986, categorises mangroves as Ecologically Sensitive Areas (ESAs), restricting activities within a 50-metre buffer zone where mangrove cover exceeds 1,000 sq. m.
- Mandates compensatory replantation at a 3:1 ratio if mangroves are affected by development.
- Additional protection under the Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972, Indian Forest Act, 1927, and Biological Diversity Act, 2002, among others.
Key Promotional Initiatives and Achievements
- Mangrove Initiative for Shoreline Habitats & Tangible Incomes (MISHTI):
- Launched on 5 June 2023 to promote restoration and afforestation across 540 sq. km in 9 coastal States and 4 Union Territories.
- Implementation through convergence funding with the National Compensatory Afforestation Fund Management and Planning Authority (CAMPA).
- For FY 2024–25, ₹17.96 crore has been allocated to Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat, Kerala, Odisha, West Bengal, and Puducherry for the treatment and restoration of 3,836 hectares of degraded mangroves.
- National Coastal Mission – Conservation of Mangroves and Coral Reefs:
- Financial assistance for the conservation of 38 mangrove sites and 4 coral reef sites across the country.
- Operates on a 60:40 cost-sharing model between the Centre and States.
- ₹8.58 crore released to seven coastal States during 2021–23 for mangrove conservation.
- GCF-ECRICC Project (Green Climate Fund – Enhancing Coastal Resilience of Indian Coastal Community):
- Active since 2019 in Andhra Pradesh, Maharashtra, and Odisha.
- Aims to restore and conserve 10,575 hectares of mangroves.
- As of 2024, 3,114.29 hectares have been successfully restored.
Why Mangroves Matter
Mangroves: Nature’s Carbon Vault
As per World Wildlife Fund mangroves store 7.5–10 times more carbon per acre than tropical forests. Their loss contributes to 10% of global greenhouse gas emissions from deforestation. These coastal forests hold over 21 gigatons of carbon, 87% of which is locked in the soil beneath their roots. Restoring just 1.6 million acres of lost mangrove forests could capture an additional 1 gigaton of carbon.
A Tidal Shift Towards Sustainability
Navghar’s transformation reflects a broader movement sweeping across India’s coastline where communities are not just adapting to change but actively shaping it. The revival of mangroves, once overlooked and degraded, now stands as a testament to collective action and inclusive development.
Through the integration of science, policy, and grassroots participation, India is forging a path where ecological restoration directly uplifts local economies. Women like Vandana Patil are no longer passive witnesses to environmental loss but active custodians of their natural heritage, securing livelihoods while nurturing resilience.
This shift marks more than environmental progress. It signals a future where nature-based solutions become central to climate action and communities, once vulnerable, emerge as champions of sustainable change.
References
- https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2115836
- https://www.undp.org/india/stories/women-lead-charge-mangrove-restoration-maharashtra
- https://fsi.nic.in/isfr-2021/chapter-3.pdf
- https://fsi.nic.in/uploads/isfr2023/isfr_book_eng-vol-1_2023.pdf
- https://www.worldwildlife.org/initiatives/mangroves-for-community-and-climate
Santosh Kumar/ Sarla Meena/ Anchal Patiyal
(Release ID: 2117223) Visitor Counter : 68
Conservation
India has made significant strides in mangrove conservation through a combination of robust regulatory frameworks and targeted promotional initiatives. As per the India State of Forest Report 2023 (ISFR-2023), India’s total mangrove cover stands at 4,991.68 sq. km, constituting 0.15% of the nation’s geographical area. There has been net increase of 363.68 Sq.km (7.86%) in Mangrove cover area of the country in 2023 as compared to 2013 and net increase of 509.68 Sq.km (11.4%) between 2001 and 2023.
West Bengal holds the largest share of the country's mangrove forests, accounting for 42.45% of the total cover, followed by Gujarat (23.32%) and the Andaman & Nicobar Islands (12.19%). Notably, Gujarat has recorded an impressive increase of 253.06 sq. km in mangrove cover between 2001 and 2023, attributed to large-scale plantations, community participation, and public-private partnerships.
Key Regulatory Measures
India has implemented a series of stringent legal frameworks to ensure mangrove protection:
Coastal Regulation Zone (CRZ) Notification, 2019 under the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986, categorises mangroves as Ecologically Sensitive Areas (ESAs), restricting activities within a 50-metre buffer zone where mangrove cover exceeds 1,000 sq. m.
Mandates compensatory replantation at a 3:1 ratio if mangroves are affected by development.
Additional protection under the Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972, Indian Forest Act, 1927, and Biological Diversity Act, 2002, among others.
Key Promotional Initiatives and Achievements
Mangrove Initiative for Shoreline Habitats & Tangible Incomes (MISHTI):
Launched on 5 June 2023 to promote restoration and afforestation across 540 sq. km in 9 coastal States and 4 Union Territories.
Implementation through convergence funding with the National Compensatory Afforestation Fund Management and Planning Authority (CAMPA).
For FY 2024–25, ₹17.96 crore has been allocated to Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat, Kerala, Odisha, West Bengal, and Puducherry for the treatment and restoration of 3,836 hectares of degraded mangroves.
National Coastal Mission – Conservation of Mangroves and Coral Reefs:
Financial assistance for the conservation of 38 mangrove sites and 4 coral reef sites across the country.
Operates on a 60:40 cost-sharing model between the Centre and States.
₹8.58 crore released to seven coastal States during 2021–23 for mangrove conservation.
GCF-ECRICC Project (Green Climate Fund – Enhancing Coastal Resilience of Indian Coastal Community):
Active since 2019 in Andhra Pradesh, Maharashtra, and Odisha.
Aims to restore and conserve 10,575 hectares of mangroves.
As of 2024, 3,114.29 hectares have been successfully restored.
Why Mangroves Matter
Mangroves: Nature’s Carbon Vault
As per World Wildlife Fund mangroves store 7.5–10 times more carbon per acre than tropical forests. Their loss contributes to 10% of global greenhouse gas emissions from deforestation. These coastal forests hold over 21 gigatons of carbon, 87% of which is locked in the soil beneath their roots. Restoring just 1.6 million acres of lost mangrove forests could capture an additional 1 gigaton of carbon.
A Tidal Shift Towards Sustainability
Navghar’s transformation reflects a broader movement sweeping across India’s coastline where communities are not just adapting to change but actively shaping it. The revival of mangroves, once overlooked and degraded, now stands as a testament to collective action and inclusive development.
Through the integration of science, policy, and grassroots participation, India is forging a path where ecological restoration directly uplifts local economies. Women like Vandana Patil are no longer passive witnesses to environmental loss but active custodians of their natural heritage, securing livelihoods while nurturing resilience.
This shift marks more than environmental progress. It signals a future where nature-based solutions become central to climate action and communities, once vulnerable, emerge as champions of sustainable change.
References
https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2115836
https://www.undp.org/india/stories/women-lead-charge-mangrove-restoration-maharashtra
https://fsi.nic.in/isfr-2021/chapter-3.pdf
https://fsi.nic.in/uploads/isfr2023/isfr_book_eng-vol-1_2023.pdf
https://www.worldwildlife.org/initiatives/mangroves-for-community-and-climate
Click here to see PDF
Santosh Kumar/ Sarla Meena/ Anchal Patiyal
(Release ID: 2117223) Visitor Counter : 68
Share on facebook
Share on twitter
Share on whatsapp
Share on email
Share on linkedin
Subscribe to:
Posts (Atom)