Infographic Format: “Pipe Materials and Classification”

 Infographic Format: “Pipe Materials and Classification”

A. Pipe Materials Classification

1. Metals

   ├─ Ferrous

   │ ├─ Iron

   │ │ ├─ Wrought Iron

   │ │ └─ Cast Iron (Gray, Ductile, White, Malleable)

   │ └─ Steel

   │ ├─ High Alloy (e.g., Stainless Steel)

   │ ├─ Medium Alloy (e.g., Cr-Mo)

   │ └─ Carbon Steel

   │ ├─ High Carbon (>0.6%)

   │ ├─ Medium Carbon (~0.3%)

   │ └─ Low Carbon (<0.3%)

   └─ Non-Ferrous (Nickel, Copper, Aluminum alloys)

2. Non-Metals

   ├─ Non-Plastic (Concrete, Glass)

   └─ Plastic (Thermoplastics, Thermosets, Fiber Reinforced)

B. Cast Iron Overview

Wrought Iron: Tough, ductile, corrosion-resistant (low carbon <0.05%)

Cast Iron Types:

Gray: Graphite flakes, easy to machine (ASTM A48)

Ductile: Graphite nodules, shock resistant (ASTM A395)

White: Cementite-rich, brittle

Malleable: Annealed white iron, tough yet ductile (ASTM A47)

C. Carbon Steel Insights

Composed of <2% C, with elements like Si, Mn, S, P

Common Standards: ASTM A106, ASTM A53, API 5L

Alloy Elements:

Element Role

C (Carbon) Strength & hardness, but affects ductility

Mn Deoxidizer, improves strength

Si Improves castability

Cr Corrosion resistance, hardness

Mo High-temp strength, creep resistance

Ni Fracture toughness, austenitic structure at high %

Cu Atmospheric corrosion resistance

V Grain refinement, hydrogen resistance

D. Essential Characteristics of Pipe Materials

1. Chemical – Elements, impurities, alloy content

2. Physical – Density, conductivity, thermal expansion

3. Microstructure – Grain size, phase composition

4. Mechanical – Yield, ultimate strength, toughness, ductility