For pre-monsoon surface water analysis, a standard set of 25 parameters should be analyzed

 For pre-monsoon surface water analysis, a standard set of 25 parameters should be analyzed. These parameters include general water quality indicators, nutrients, organic matter, major ions, and microbiological parameters. Additionally, a one-time analysis of micropollutants (pesticides and toxic metals) is recommended during the pre-monsoon period. 

Detailed Breakdown:

1. General Parameters:

Colour: Visual assessment of water's coloration.

Odour: Subjective evaluation of water's smell.

Temperature: Measurement of water's temperature.

pH: Measures the acidity or alkalinity of the water.

Electrical Conductivity (EC): Indicates the water's ability to conduct electricity, related to dissolved salts.

Dissolved Oxygen (DO): Measures the amount of oxygen available for aquatic life.

Turbidity: Measures the cloudiness or haziness of the water caused by suspended particles.

Total Dissolved Solids (TDS): Measures the total amount of dissolved substances in the water. 

2. Nutrients:

Ammoniacal Nitrogen (NH4-N): A form of nitrogen that can be toxic to aquatic life.

Nitrite and Nitrate Nitrogen (NO2+NO3): Forms of nitrogen that are important for plant growth but can cause eutrophication.

Total Phosphorus (Total-P): Another nutrient that can contribute to eutrophication. 

3. Organic Matter:

Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD):

Measures the amount of oxygen consumed by microorganisms in decomposing organic matter.

Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD):

Measures the total amount of oxygen required to oxidize all organic compounds in the water. 

4. Major Ions:

Sodium (Na): A common cation in water.

Potassium (K): Another common cation.

Calcium (Ca): A common cation, often associated with hardness.

Magnesium (Mg): Another common cation, also associated with hardness.

Carbonate (CO3): Anion that contributes to alkalinity.

Bicarbonate (HCO3): Anion that contributes to alkalinity.

Chloride (Cl): Anion found in salts.

Sulphate (SO4): Anion found in salts. 

5. Other Inorganic:

Fluoride (F):

Naturally occurring in some water sources, but can be harmful in high concentrations.

Boron (B):

Naturally occurring in some water sources, but can be harmful in high concentrations. 

6. Microbiological:

Total Coliforms: Indicator organisms for fecal contamination.

Fecal Coliforms: Indicator organisms specifically for fecal contamination. 

7. Micropollutants (Once a year pre-monsoon):

Pesticides:

A list of specific pesticides should be analyzed, including but not limited to: Alpha BHC, Beta BHC, Gamma BHC (Lindane), OP-DDT, PP-DDT, Aldrin, Dieldrin, Carbaryl, Malathian, Methyl Parathion, Anilophos, Chloropyriphos.

Toxic Metals:

A list of specific toxic metals should be analyzed, including but not limited to: Arsenic (As), Cadmium (Cd), Mercury (Hg), Zinc (Zn), Chromium (Cr), Lead (Pb), Nickel (Ni), Iron (Fe). 

Frequency:

Pre-monsoon: Once a year, analyzing all 25 parameters as listed above. 

Other months: Analyze a reduced set of 15 parameters, including general, nutrient, demand, major ions, and microbiological parameters, according to Water Quality Assessment from cseindia.org.