The word ergonomics is derived from the Greek word: Ergos (work or labour) and Nomos (natural laws). Thereby, ergonomics literally means the laws of work.

Introduction

Ergonomics is the study of people in their workplace and is the process in which workplaces, products and systems are designed or rearranged so that they fit the people who use them. It aims to improve workspaces and environments to reduce the risk of injury.

The word ergonomics is derived from the Greek word: Ergos (work or labour) and Nomos (natural laws). Thereby, ergonomics literally means the laws of work.[1]

International Ergonomics Association definition: “Ergonomics is the scientific discipline concerned with the understanding of interactions among humans and other elements of a system, and the profession that applies theory, principles, data and methods to design in order to optimise human well-being and overall system performance.” [2]

Ergonomics is a science-based discipline. It brings together knowledge from anatomy and physiology, psychology, engineering and statistics and ensures that the designs complement the strengths and abilities of people who use it.[3]

Ergonomics Process:

Assess Risks

Plan Improvements

Measure Progress

Scale Solutions

Why is Ergonomics important?

In workplace, when body is stressed by an awkward posture, extreme temperature, or repeated movement, the musculoskeletal system can be affected. Hence ergonomics play major role in reducing these work related injuries or illness like computer vision syndrome, neck and back pain, and carpal tunnel syndrome etc.

To create safe, comfortable and productive workspaces by bringing human abilities and limitations into the design of a workspace, which includes the individual’s body size, strength, skill, speed, sensory abilities and attitudes.

To make employees more comfortable and increase productivity.[5][6]

How does Ergonomics work?

Data and information are collected from various disciplines and is used to design an equipment, modify or rearrange them in a way that it benefits people using them and helps to reduce the risk injuries that can happen.[7]

Anthropometry: body sizes, shapes; populations and variations

Biomechanics: muscles, levers, forces, strength

Environmental physics: noise, light, heat, cold, radiation, vibration body systems: hearing, vision, sensations

Applied psychology: skill, learning, errors, differences

Social psychology: groups, communication, learning, behaviors.

Mechanical and industrial engineering

Industrial design

Information design

Kinesiology

Physiology

Ergonomics Domains of Specialization

According to the International Ergonomics Association, there are three broad domains of ergonomics[8]:

Physical

Cognitive

Organizational

Physical Ergonomics

Physical ergonomics is very much focused on workplace ergonomics and takes human anatomical, anthropometric, physiological and biomechanical characteristics into consideration. It is all about building better working place with jobs designed to match capabilities of people resulting in better working experience. It is an approach or solution to deal with a number of work-related musculoskeletal disorders.[9][10]

Cognitive Ergonomics

Cognitive ergonomics is concerned with mental processes, such as perception, memory, reasoning, and motor response, as they affect interactions among humans. It is the field of study that focuses on how well the use of a product matches the cognitive capabilities of users.[11][12][13]

Organizational Ergonomics

Organizational ergonomics refers to the optimization of social technical systems, including their organizational structures, policies and processes. It includes team work, job shifts, work satisfaction, schedules and ethics.[14][15]

Benefits of Ergonomics

Reduced risk of work related injuries and illness[16]

Higher productivity[17]

Improved health

Improved mental insight

Better product quality

Decreased pain

Happy employee

Improved employee engagement

Better safety culture[18]

Further Reading

Sitting Ergonomics And The Impact on Low Back Pain

Office Ergonomics and Neck Pain

Introduction In 1857, Wojciech Jastrzębowski, in his book "An outline of Ergonomics, or the Science of Work" written in Polish first coined the word " Ergonomics". This term is derived from Greek words ergon (work) and nomos (laws)[1]. There are several definitions of ergonomics documented in literature. The terms "ergonomics" and "human factors" can be interchangeably used where the former originated in Europe and the latter is used in America[1] . According to the major definitions, ergonomics is both a science and technology. A science that instills fundamental learning and a technology which raises problems of design. This means that understanding of ergonomics contains all the elements of total human - environment system[2]317 million people across the world suffer irreparable loss of life and property every year as per the reports of International Labor Organization (ILO). Approximately 2.3 million people die every year due to work related accidents or illness. Financial losses up to 4% of global gross domestic product (GDP)[3] Studies have shown that major cause of musculoskeletal disorders are due to ergonomic risk factors at work place. This is due to factors like high repetition, excessive forces and awkward postures. Musculoskeletal disorders are the leading cause of disability especially in their working years causing lost earnings and worker compensation claims[4] Contextual Factors for Workplace Ergonomics[edit | edit source] Application of ergonomics involves real life settings. Hence application of ergonomic findings in practice needs a good grasp of context at individual and societal levels. Contextual factors for the application of ergonomics at various levels involves financial, technological, legal, organizational, social, political and professional factors[2]Due to work and workplace environment barriers like noise, light, postures, load, pace and work content, problems like quality deficiencies, human errors and ergonomic problems arise. This affects satisfaction and wellbeing of a person. To achieve this, the environment should be such that possibility of performing to a high standard at work is provided[5] Workplace stress puts a lot of pressure on a person. People suffer from confusion, worry, and anxiety are caused due to change in job. This is attributed to change in organization, salary, promotions, increase or decrease in work force and social changes[6] Work itself can be a major source of stress[7] Working conditions affect a person can have a positive or negative effect and can affect them psychologically. This can affect the productivity of the organization. Studies have shown significant relationship between physical factors, ergonomics and job satisfaction of employees. There has been an association found between physical, environmental, safety, and psychological aspects of ergonomics and job satisfaction of employees [3] Faulty Ergonomics leading to Musculoskeletal Problems[edit | edit source] Persistently working with a faulty body position during work leads to Musculoskeletal problems. These positions are described as under and assumed while doing work[3] Hands above the head or arms above the shoulder for more than two hours a day Hand/s below knee for more than two hours a day Bent neck or back over 20 degrees for more than two hours a day Hunchback position for more than two hours a day Working on knees for more than 2 hours a day Working in a sitting position without back support or leg support as it applies static load on the muscles of lower limbs. Sitting with elbows high or too far from the body Working in small confined spaces such that joints are in full flexion or extension for prolonged periods Performing repetitive or prolonged movements. These movements puts pressure on muscles and tendons. Severity of this depends on repetition of activity, speed of movement, number of muscles involved, the force needed and body position while working. For example - Repetitive wrist movements with wrist extension more than 45 degrees and wrist flexion more than 30 degrees. Using keyboard, mouse or calculator in a steady state for more than four hours a day Principles of ergonomics at Workplace[edit | edit source] Following care must be taken while at work[3] Work tools can be arranged such that they are easily accessible Performing work tasks at / from the right appropriate height Reduce excessive force Take care of work posture Reduce excessive repetitions Minimize fatigue Minimize direct contact pressure between body and work equipment Adjust / Change the work position frequently during the work shift Remove obstacles and provide easy access Work environment must be comfortable and airy Cordial atmosphere and good participation at work place Improve and upgrade work organization Fourth Industrial Revolution and Ergonomics[edit | edit source] With the advances in the technology development, manufacturing process becomes more efficient. But it brings changes in work pattern and this in turn can endanger employee well-being and puts their existing skills and knowledge on stake[8]We are into an era of Fourth Industrial Revolution (Industry 4.0). In 2011, Germany introduced the concept of Industry 4.0[9]. Industry 4.0 is the result of development of information and communications technologies and rapid technological development[10]. Technological development such as digitalization, artificial intelligence, additive manufacturing, cyber-physical systems, cloud computing, rapid rise in automation and robotics in the manufacturing industry[9][10]. With the development in production technology, there has been an obligation to human safety at work which makes manufacturing work task safer in terms of occupational accidents and diseases[11]Inspite of all this, technological development has not been able to solve all existing challenges of worker's health, safety and workplace productivity[8]. To overcome this challenge, scientific discipline of Human factors and ergonomics (HF/E) is introduced. It is a scientific discipline to optimize simultaneously overall system performance and human well-being in different work contexts[8]. Human Factors and Ergonomics (HF/E)[edit | edit source] HF/E is a design-oriented framework that is used for improving compatibility, effectiveness, safety, ease of performance, well-being of humans and quality of life[12]It is a scientific discipline that applies theoretical principles, data, nethods and enables understanding of interactions among humans and other elements of a system. Basics of anatomical, anthropometric, physiological and biomechanical characteristics related to activities performed by workers / stakeholders are considered. Apart from Physical functions, cognitive ergonomics that focuses on mental processes like perception, memory, information processing, reasoning and responses are also taken into account to some extent[8] Strategies of ergonomics-[edit | edit source] According to the International Ergonomics Association (IEA, 2000) there are three broad categories of ergonomic specialization: physical ergonomics, cognitive ergonomics and organizational ergonomics which can be further grouped into microergonomics and macroergonomics[13] Micro ergonomics Strategy - This strategy focuses on the man - machine system where the prime focus is on the improvement of workspace, interface design to prevent risk in the system's routine functioning. It relies on three fields - anthropometrics, physiology and cognitive psychology[14] Macro ergonomics strategy - This strategy aims at enhancing the socio-technical system and studying the effect of organizational structures on human behaviour and safety. It has a focus of improving the system as a whole. It acts on the number, training and satisfaction of staff members, equipment quality and maintenance, improving physical environment, quality of work processes and sufficient quality and quantity of economic production and thus it is an approach of the design of socio-technical systems[14] Meso ergonomics strategy - defined as an open systems approach to human factors and ergonomics (HFE) theory and research . Here the relationship between the variables in atleast two different system levels is studied where the dependent variables are human factors and ergonomic constructs[13]. It is a multilevel interpretation of the relationship between the two and provides insights into the safety of the system as a whole [15] In HF/E , the concept of Organizational ergonomics stands above and shifts the understanding from individual - centric micro ergonomics to organisational and system - centric macro ergonomics. This does not mean that the individual level micro ergonomics has to be neglected. Rather is promotes effective macro ergonomic designs by focussing on the micro ergonomic design and provides optimal ergonomic compatibility of different components with the system structure as a whole[16] HF/E apart from looking at work systems like workers and organizations, also focuses on products i.e. consumer, services and business goods. It focuses on all kinds of activities beyond paid workers and includes stakeholders like users, consumers, citizens, patients etc with different charactersitics in all different types of domestic, leisure, sports, transport and other environments[17] Resources[edit | edit source] bulleted list x or numbered list x

Ergonomics for Daily Life - Physiopedia

Introduction [1] Ergonomics are an important factor when establishing an environment that provides optimal productivity. Three types of ergonomics include cognitive-Cognitive ergonomics is centred around the mental aspect that plays a role in ergonomics. organizational-Organizational ergonomics pertains to the importance of having a sound structure within a social-technical system. This includes organizational structures, policies, and processes physical-Physical ergonomics is geared towards ergonomics used in the workplace and deals with musculoskeletal disorders possibly associated with the workplace. Understanding the importance of physical ergonomics contributes to optimizing your approach to day-to-day operations. Physical Ergonomics[edit | edit source] Understanding the intricacies of ergonomics is paramount in establishing environments that promote optimal productivity and overall well-being. In this article, we will delve into the realm of physical ergonomics, a domain where your expertise as a physiotherapist holds significant weight, exploring its importance in daily life and providing evidence-based insights. Physical ergonomics entails a comprehensive evaluation of the human body, considering its anatomy, physiology, and anthropometry. As a physiotherapist, you're well aware of how these factors contribute to understanding structure, motion, function, and performance, all of which play a crucial role in evaluating and addressing body mechanics and posture. The Importance of Applying Physical Ergonomics in Daily Life[edit | edit source] A pertinent question to ask in the application of physical ergonomics…What is the importance of applying physical ergonomics in daily life? Habits of postural stress, poor posture, body mechanics, and/or even clothing choices over a period of time may lead to musculoskeletal injuries/disorders (MSK disorders).[2] A few common examples of MSK disorders caused by poor habits in the workplace include: low back pain, carpal tunnel syndrome, neck pain, and/or shoulder stiffness.[3] [4] A concept to consider and appreciate is that the human body does not only move primarily in the sagittal and frontal plane to complete daily activities, but also in the transverse and scaption plane. For example, a cashier might coordinate a slight twist of their trunk to grab groceries to scan and then bag the items while a stocker might twist their trunk and move in the scaption plane to restock pasta boxes on a shelf. Setting the human body in a position that optimizes movement would be critical to reducing the chances of developing MSK disorders. Below are a few examples of daily activities with consequences that may lead to MSK disorders and how we can refine those activities. Ergonomics of Daily Life[edit | edit source] Driving: Technique to improve: adjust mirrors, lift seat at the right height, backrest adjustment, headrest position [5] Consequences: poor vibration attenuation, poor postural support leading to hunching, increased stress and headaches[6] [7] Bathroom hygiene: [8] Technique: Position toiletry items where they are easily accessible, check the lighting in the bathroom, and adjust the height of the sinks .[9] Consequences: Neck & back pain, falls / injuries. Typing and computer work:[10] Technique: Ergonomic keyboard, standing desk, proper postural orientation, taking breaks. Consequences: Neck pain, tension & stress, carpal tunnel syndrome. Phone:[11] Technique: Neutral spine alignment, limiting time and messaging, increasing voice commands, taking persistent rest breaks, avoiding holding the phone below chest height. [12][13] Consequences: neck pain and ache, tension & stress, aching in the fingers, visual strain and headaches. Case study[edit | edit source] Case Study 1: Office Ergonomics Intervention[edit | edit source] Patient Profile: Name: Mr. Sharma Occupation: Software Developer Chief Complaint: Chronic neck and back pain due to prolonged computer use. Intervention: Implemented ergonomic changes to Mr. Sharma's workstation, including an adjustable chair, ergonomic keyboard, and regular breaks for stretching exercises. Conducted education sessions on maintaining proper posture during computer work. Outcome: Significant reduction in neck and back pain. Improved work productivity and job satisfaction..[14] Case Study 2: Driving Ergonomics for a Cab Driver[edit | edit source] Patient Profile: Name: Ms. Patel Occupation: Taxi Driver Chief Complaint: Lower back pain and stiffness after long hours of driving. Intervention: Adjusted the driver's seat for proper lumbar support. Taught specific stretching exercises to be performed during breaks. Emphasized the importance of regular posture checks during driving. Outcome: Reduced lower back pain and stiffness. Improved awareness of ergonomic practices while driving.[15] Case Study 3: Home Office Ergonomics[edit | edit source] Patient Profile: Name: Ms. Khan Occupation: Freelance Writer Chief Complaint: Shoulder and wrist pain related to extended periods of typing at a makeshift home office. Intervention: Provided recommendations for an ergonomic desk and chair setup. Suggested the use of an ergonomic keyboard and mouse. Taught specific exercises to prevent and alleviate shoulder and wrist pain. Outcome: Reduction in shoulder and wrist pain. Increased productivity in a comfortable home office environment.[16] Professional Tips and Tricks for Physiotherapists

1. Comprehensive Assessment: Conduct a thorough assessment of the patient's work environment, considering both physical and psychosocial factors. Personal Insight: In my experience, addressing the root cause requires a holistic view of the patient's daily activities, not just the immediate symptoms.[17] 2. Tailored Exercise Programs: Design personalized exercise programs focusing on strengthening and stretching specific muscle groups affected by poor ergonomics. Personal Insight: I've found that empowering patients with targeted exercises fosters an active approach to maintaining musculoskeletal health.[18] 3. Educate on Proper Posture: Provide education on maintaining correct posture