Properties of Water
1. Structure
Water is made of 2 hydrogen atoms bonded to 1 oxygen atom in a bent shape.
2. States of MatterSolid (Ice), Liquid (Water), Gas (Vapor).Melting Point = 0°C, Boiling Point = 100°C.
3. DensitySolid: 0.917 g/cm³, Liquid: 0.997 g/cm³, Gas: 0.6 g/cm³.
Maximum density = 1 g/cm³ at 3.98°C.
4. Universal SolventWater can dissolve many substances due to its polarity.
5. Surface TensionSurface tension of water is σ = 0.072 J/m².
It forms a film that can resist an external force.
6. Capillary ActionWater can rise in thin tubes against gravity due to cohesion and adhesion.
7. Polarity & Dipole MomentWater is a polar molecule due to its asymmetric shape and bond angle (104.5°).
Dipole moment µ = 1.855 D.
8. Heat of Vaporization∆Hv = 2260 J/g (energy required to convert liquid to vapor).
9. Specific Heatc = 4.186 J/g°C (amount of heat needed to raise the temperature of 1 g of water by 1°C).
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