A CASE STUDY OF CO2 REMOVAL SYSTEM
PROBLEMS/FAILURES IN AN AMMONIA PLANT
PROBLEMS/FAILURES IN AN AMMONIA PLANT
The paper addresses the various problems/failures experienced in the CO2
removal system of an Ammonia Plant in a short span operation of less
than one year. Probable causes of failures and the corrective steps
taken to avoid such failures in future, have also been discussed.
V.K. BALI and A.K. MAHESHWARI
IFFCO Aonla Unit, Bareilly
Uttar Pradesh, India
INTRODUCTION
Located at Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh in India, Indian Farmers Fertiliser Cooperative Ltd, operates two Ammonia plants, each with a name plate capacity of 1350 MTPD of ammonia. Both of these plants have been designed based on Haldor Topsoe technology with steam reforming of natural gas and/or naphtha. Ammonia-1 is designed for natural gas feed stock and was commissioned in 1988. Ammonia-2 was commissioned in December,1996 and is designed for both Natural Gas & Naphtha feed stocks. The Benfield process was selected for the CO2 removal system of Ammonia-1 which has been converted into Giammarco- Vetrocoke (GV) dual activator system in April,1997 for achieving lower CO2 slip and energy savings. For Ammonia-2 plant, the GV dual activator low energy process has been selected for CO2 removal system from the design stage. The paper describes the problems/failures experienced in the CO2 removal system of Ammonia-2 plant during very first year of its operation.
V.K. BALI and A.K. MAHESHWARI
IFFCO Aonla Unit, Bareilly
Uttar Pradesh, India
INTRODUCTION
Located at Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh in India, Indian Farmers Fertiliser Cooperative Ltd, operates two Ammonia plants, each with a name plate capacity of 1350 MTPD of ammonia. Both of these plants have been designed based on Haldor Topsoe technology with steam reforming of natural gas and/or naphtha. Ammonia-1 is designed for natural gas feed stock and was commissioned in 1988. Ammonia-2 was commissioned in December,1996 and is designed for both Natural Gas & Naphtha feed stocks. The Benfield process was selected for the CO2 removal system of Ammonia-1 which has been converted into Giammarco- Vetrocoke (GV) dual activator system in April,1997 for achieving lower CO2 slip and energy savings. For Ammonia-2 plant, the GV dual activator low energy process has been selected for CO2 removal system from the design stage. The paper describes the problems/failures experienced in the CO2 removal system of Ammonia-2 plant during very first year of its operation.
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The Power of Root Cause Pre-failure Analys
The Power of Root Cause Pre-failure Analys
Abnormal wear is not like a bad rash, which tends to go away on its own in time. Instead, it’s more like early-stage cancer, which requires intervention and treatment. Oil analysis has exceptional abilities to detect abnormal conditions, both root cause (like dirty oil) and predictive (active failure in progress).
Root cause failure analysis is post-mortem. It starts with failure and works backward in search of one or more root causes. The knowledge gained reveals a plan of needed change that will prevent or delay the recurrence of similar failures. Failure is indeed a strategic teacher of better ways to design, manufacture and maintain machines.
Abnormal wear is not like a bad rash, which tends to go away on its own in time. Instead, it’s more like early-stage cancer, which requires intervention and treatment. Oil analysis has exceptional abilities to detect abnormal conditions, both root cause (like dirty oil) and predictive (active failure in progress).
Root cause failure analysis is post-mortem. It starts with failure and works backward in search of one or more root causes. The knowledge gained reveals a plan of needed change that will prevent or delay the recurrence of similar failures. Failure is indeed a strategic teacher of better ways to design, manufacture and maintain machines.
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Understanding Oil Color
Understanding Oil Color
"Is there an oil color standard for oil analysis? We have taken samples of engine lubricants, and some have colors that look like coffee with milk. Is this color acceptable in oil analysis? Do you know the color standard in oil analysis?"
Color can be used as an indicator of oil health, and in many cases it is a reliable field indicator. However, color alone cannot tell the whole story of the oil’s condition.
"Is there an oil color standard for oil analysis? We have taken samples of engine lubricants, and some have colors that look like coffee with milk. Is this color acceptable in oil analysis? Do you know the color standard in oil analysis?"
Color can be used as an indicator of oil health, and in many cases it is a reliable field indicator. However, color alone cannot tell the whole story of the oil’s condition.
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Petroleum Minister welcomes the Budget 2017 -18 proposals to boost Oil and Gas Sector
Ministry of Petroleum & Natural Gas01-February, 2017 15:51 IST
Petroleum Minister welcomes the Budget 2017 -18 proposals to boost Oil and Gas Sector
Minister of State (I/C) for Petroleum and Natural Gas, Shri Dharmendra Pradhan welcomed the Budget 2017-18 proposals announced by Union Minister for Finance and Corporate Affairs, Shri ArunJaitley in the Parliament today.
Petroleum Minister welcomes the Budget 2017 -18 proposals to boost Oil and Gas Sector
Minister of State (I/C) for Petroleum and Natural Gas, Shri Dharmendra Pradhan welcomed the Budget 2017-18 proposals announced by Union Minister for Finance and Corporate Affairs, Shri ArunJaitley in the Parliament today.
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Total expenditure in Budget for 2017-18 has been placed at`21.47 lakh crores and this is expected to have multiplier effects and lead to higher growth.
Ministry of Finance01-February, 2017 14:30 IST
The Union Minister for Finance and Corporate Affairs, Shri Arun Jaitley presented the General Budget 2017-18 in Parliament today
Total expenditure in Budget for 2017-18 has been placed at`21.47 lakh crores and this is expected to have multiplier effects and lead to higher growth.
The total resources being transferred to the States and the Union Territories with Legislatures is Rs.
The Union Minister for Finance and Corporate Affairs, Shri Arun Jaitley presented the General Budget 2017-18 in Parliament today
Total expenditure in Budget for 2017-18 has been placed at`21.47 lakh crores and this is expected to have multiplier effects and lead to higher growth.
The total resources being transferred to the States and the Union Territories with Legislatures is Rs.
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EXTREME WEATHER EVENTS IN THE MONTH OF JANUARY
KAKINADA
EXTREME WEATHER EVENTS IN THE MONTH OF JANUARY
CLIMATOLOGICAL TABLE
PERIOD: 1981-2010
EXTREME WEATHER EVENTS IN THE MONTH OF JANUARY
CLIMATOLOGICAL TABLE
PERIOD: 1981-2010
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Local Weather Report and Forecast For: Kakinada Dated :Jan 31, 2017
Local Weather Report and Forecast For: Kakinada Dated :Jan 31, 2017
Tuesday, January 31, 2017
Hourly Weather History & Observations
Tuesday, January 31, 2017
Hourly Weather History & Observations
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Total Viable Count
Total Viable Count
Total Viable Count (TVC), also known as (ACC) gives a quantitative idea about the presence of microorganisms such as bacteria, yeast and mold in a sample. To be specific, the count actually represents the number of colony forming units (cfu) per g (or per ml) of the sample.
A TVC is achieved by plating dilutions of the culture until 30-300 colonies exist on a single plate.
A high TVC count is usually attributable to poor quality.
Total Viable Count (TVC), also known as (ACC) gives a quantitative idea about the presence of microorganisms such as bacteria, yeast and mold in a sample. To be specific, the count actually represents the number of colony forming units (cfu) per g (or per ml) of the sample.
A TVC is achieved by plating dilutions of the culture until 30-300 colonies exist on a single plate.
A high TVC count is usually attributable to poor quality.
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colony-forming unit (CFU or cfu) is a measure of viable bacterial or fungal cells.
Rafik Karaman · Al-Quds University
Dear Ozge,
For calculating the colony forming unit bacteria, please see the following text:
colony-forming unit (CFU or cfu) is a measure of viable bacterial or fungal cells. In direct microscopic counts (cell counting using haemocytometer) where all cells, dead and living, are counted,but CFU measures only viable cells.
Dear Ozge,
For calculating the colony forming unit bacteria, please see the following text:
colony-forming unit (CFU or cfu) is a measure of viable bacterial or fungal cells. In direct microscopic counts (cell counting using haemocytometer) where all cells, dead and living, are counted,but CFU measures only viable cells.
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