Science – systematic enterprise that builds and
organizes knowledge in the form of testable explanations and predictions about
the world. An older and closely related meaning still in use today is that of
Aristotle, for whom scientific knowledge was a body of reliable knowledge that
can be logically and rationally explained.
- Basis of science
- Scientific method – body of techniques for investigating phenomena, acquiring new knowledge, or correcting and integrating previous knowledge. To be termed scientific, a method of inquiry must be based on gathering empirical and measurable evidence subject to specific principles of reasoning.
- Scientific community
- Branches of science
- Natural sciences
§ Biology – The study of life and living organisms,
including their structure, function, growth, origin, evolution, distribution,
and taxonomy.
§ Anatomy
– The study of the structure of living things.
§ Biochemistry
– The study of substances found in biological organisms.
§ Biophysics
– interdisciplinary science that uses the methods of physical science to study
biological systems.[1] Studies included under the branches
of biophysics span all levels of biological organization, from the molecular
scale to whole organisms and ecosystems.
§ Botany – The study of plant life.
§ Cell biology
– The study of cells. Their physiological properties, their structure, the
organelles they contain, interactions with their environment, their life cycle,
division and death.
§ Genetics –
The study of genes, heredity, and variation in living organisms.
§ Immunology
– The study of immune systems in all organisms.
§ Paleontology – The study of prehistoric life,
including organisms' evolution and interactions with each other and their
environments (their paleoecology).
§ Dinosaurs –
diverse group of animals that were the dominant terrestrial vertebrates for
over 160 million years, from the late Triassic period (about 230 million years
ago) until the end of the Cretaceous (about 65 million years ago), when the
Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event led to the extinction of most dinosaur
species at the close of the Mesozoic era.
§ Zoology – The study of the animal kingdom, including
the structure, embryology, evolution, classification, habits, and distribution
of all animals, both living and extinct.
§ Ants – more than 12,000 species of social
insects evolved from wasp-like ancestors, that live in organised colonies which
may consist of millions of ants.
§ Birds – feathered, winged, bipedal,
endothermic (warm-blooded), egg-laying, vertebrate animals. There are about
10,000 living species of birds.
§ Sharks – type of fish with a full
cartilaginous skeleton and a highly streamlined body. The earliest known sharks
date from more than 420 million years ago.
§ Physical
science – encompasses the
branches of science that study non-living systems, in contrast to the life
sciences. However, the term "physical" creates an unintended,
somewhat arbitrary distinction, since many branches of physical science also
study biological phenomena.
§ Astronomy –
The study of celestial objects (such as stars, planets, comets, nebulae, star
clusters and galaxies) and phenomena that originate outside the Earth's
atmosphere (such as the cosmic background radiation).
§ Chemistry – The study of matter, especially its
properties, structure, composition, behavior, reactions, interactions and the
changes it undergoes.
§ Organic chemistry
– The study of the structure, properties, composition, reactions, and
preparation (by synthesis or by other means) of carbon-based compounds,
hydrocarbons, and their derivatives.
§ Water – chemical substance with the chemical
formula H2O. Its molecule contains one oxygen and two hydrogen atoms connected
by covalent bonds. Water is a liquid at ambient conditions, but it often
co-exists on Earth with its solid state, ice, and gaseous state (water vapor or
steam).
§ Earth science – all-embracing term for the sciences related
to the planet Earth. It is arguably a special case in planetary science, the
Earth being the only known life-bearing planet.
§ Geography – study of the Earth and its lands,
features, inhabitants, and phenomena. A literal translation would be "to
describe or write about the Earth".
§ Geology – The
study of the Earth, with the general exclusion of present-day life, flow within
the ocean, and the atmosphere. The field of geology encompasses the
composition, structure, physical properties, and history of Earth's components,
and the processes by which they are shaped. Geologists typically study rock,
sediment, soil, rivers, and natural resources.
§ Geophysics
– the physics of the Earth and its environment in space; also the study of the
Earth using quantitative physical methods. Includes Earth's shape; its
gravitational and magnetic fields; its internal structure and composition; its
dynamics and their surface expression in plate tectonics, the generation of
magmas, volcanism and rock formation. Geophysical methods are also applied to
the hydrological cycle including snow and ice; fluid dynamics of the oceans and
the atmosphere; electricity and magnetism in the ionosphere and magnetosphere
and solar-terrestrial relations; and analogous problems associated with the
Moon and other planets.
§ Meteorology
– The study of the atmosphere.
§ Tropical
cyclones – storm systems characterized by a large low-pressure
center and numerous thunderstorms that produce strong winds and heavy rain.
§ Physics – The study of matter and its motion through
spacetime, along with related concepts such as energy and force. More broadly,
it is the general analysis of nature, conducted in order to understand how the
universe behaves.
§ Energy – A scalar physical quantity that
describes the amount of work that can be performed by a force. Energy is an
attribute of objects and systems that is subject to a conservation law.
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