Management Strategies for Air Pollution Due to Industries

The expected improvements due to the implementation of these management strategies, their disadvantages as well as examples are also included where possible. The strategies can be summarized as follows:

• Physical planning and zoning
• Promoting pollution control through tight measurers such as compulsory emission limits, enforcement of best available techniques, etc.,
• Cleaner production

Physical planning and zoning

Measure	Expected improvement of air quality and other advantages	Disadvantages	Comments and city examples
Restricting the location of new industries.	Improving the air quality in the respective areas.	Alienates potential investors and decrease of economic basis.	Katowice: Within the Ecologically Endangered Region it is no longer possible to establish new enterprises or develop existing ones which could significantly pollute the environment.
Controlling the emissions in sensitive areas (establishment of e.g. special control areas or smoke free zones).	Improving the air quality in the respective areas.	Financial implications due to setting up emission monitoring and enforcement.	Birmingham, UK: The Clean Air Act (1993) controls emissions of smoke and dust, through the implementation of the "Smoke-free zones".Johannesburg: A smoke-control zone to prohibit emissions of smoke from any location was declared.Targeted reductions of emissions of SO2 in Agra, following concern over the corrosive effects that ambient concentrations have on the Taj Mahal. Following extensive assessments, emissions from main industrial sources were appreciably reduced, lowering the SO2 concentration near the Taj Mahal by 75 per cent.
Relocation of existing industries out of sensitive areas.	Improving the air quality in the respective areas.	Financial implications in terms of compensations or higher infrastructure costs.	Pusan, Korea: relocation of those industries producing high concentrations of TSP away from residential areas.In Cairo, relocation of pollutive industry (lead smelters) outside the city.
Area planning based on emission assessments and air quality objectives (for all areas not only the sensitive ones)	Effective if being done in a consultative process.	High acceptance risks.	Ekaterinburg, Russia: Emission inventories are used to calculate the spatial distribution of pollutants and to determine Maximum Permissible Emissions per area (MPEs).Hong Kong: Air Quality Objectives have been established for different zones. They must be attained throughout each of the Air Quality zones. Emission controls take into account existing emissions sources and enable the development of rational, cost-effective emission abatement. Hong Kong needs very good air quality management because of the close proximity of residential and industrial areas.
Environmental Impact Assessment for new industries	Sensitising potential investors in introducing cleaner production	A potential barrier for attracting investments.	Lagos, Nigeria: Environmental Impact assessments of new industries are now mandatory.Same policy being implemented in the Philippines.