Preventive measures include proper drainage design and regular maintenance to ensure water doesn't accumulate on road

 1. Hydrostatic Pressure: Prolonged water accumulation increases pressure on the pavement, leading to cracks and structural weaknesses.

2. Erosion: Water can erode the sub-base and subgrade layers, weakening the pavement support.

3. Freeze-Thaw Cycles: In colder climates, water can freeze and expand within cracks, causing further deterioration.

4. Material Degradation: Water can weaken materials like asphalt, leading to potholes and surface failures.

5. Loss of Adhesion: Moisture can strip the binding agents within asphalt, reducing durability.

Preventive measures include proper drainage design and regular maintenance to ensure water doesn't accumulate on road

surfaces.