Formation of a Rainbow
A rainbow is formed when sunlight passes through water droplets in the atmosphere. Three main optical processes are involved:
1. Refraction and dispersion: Sunlight enters a raindrop and bends. Because different colours bend by different amounts, white light separates into its component colours.
2. Internal reflection: The separated light reflects from the inner surface of the raindrop.
3. Refraction again: As the light leaves the droplet, it bends once more, further separating the colours.
This produces the visible spectrum: Violet, Indigo, Blue, Green, Yellow, Orange, and Red (VIBGYOR).
For a primary rainbow, red appears on the outer edge and violet on the inner edge. A rainbow is usually seen when the Sun is behind the observer and raindrops are in front.
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