Meteorology (from Greek:
μετέωρον, metéōron, "high in the sky"; and λόγος, lógos,
"knowledge") is the interdisciplinary
scientific study of the atmosphere that focuses on weather processes
and forecasting (in contrast with climatology).Meteorological phenomena are
observable weather events which illuminate and are explained by the science of
meteorology. Those events are bound by the variables that exist in Earth's atmosphere.
They are temperature,
pressure, water vapor,
and the gradients and interactions of each variable, and how they change in
time. The majority of Earth's observed weather is located in the troposphere.
Meteorology, climatology,
atmospheric physics, and atmospheric chemistry are sub-disciplines of
the atmospheric sciences. Meteorology and hydrology
compose the interdisciplinary field of hydrometeorology.
Weather
The state of the atmosphere at a
given time and place, with respect to variables such as temperature, moisture,
wind velocity, and barometric pressure.
Climate encompasses the
temperatures, humidity, rainfall, atmospheric particle count and numerous other
meteorogical
factors in a given region over long periods of time, as opposed to the term weather, which
refers to current activity. The climate of a location is affected by its
latitude, terrain, persistent ice or snow cover, as well as nearby oceans and
their currents. Climates can be classified using parameters such as
temperature and rainfall to define specific climate types.
Major primary pollutants produced by human activity include:
Sulfur
oxides (SOx) especially sulfur
dioxide are emitted from burning of coal and oil.
Nitrogen oxides (NOx) especially nitrogen
dioxide are emitted from high temperature combustion. Can be seen as the
brown haze dome above or plume downwind of cities.
Carbon
monoxide is colourless, odourless, non-irritating but very poisonous gas.
It is a product by incomplete combustion of fuel such as natural gas, coal or
wood. Vehicular exhaust is a major source of carbon monoxide.
Carbon dioxide (CO2), a greenhouse
gas emitted from combustion.
Particulate matter (PM), measured as smoke and
dust. PM10 is the fraction of suspended particles 10 micrometers
in diameter and smaller that will enter the nasal cavity. PM2.5 has
a maximum particle size of 2.5 µm and will enter the bronchies and lungs.
Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), harmful to the ozone layer
emitted from products currently banned from use.
Ammonia
(NH3) emitted from fertilizer industries and agricultural
processes.
Odors, such as from
garbage, sewage, and industrial processes
Radioactive pollutants produced by nuclear explosions, war explosives,
and natural processes such as the radioactive
decay of radon.
Secondary pollutants include:
Particulate matter formed from
gaseous primary pollutants and compounds in photochemical smog, such as nitrogen
dioxide.
Ground level ozone (O3) formed from
NOx and VOCs.
Peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN) similarly
formed from NOx and VOCs.
Carbon dioxide
emissions
Total CO2 emissions
106 Tons of CO2
per year:
United States: 2,790
China: 2,680
Russia: 661
India: 583
Japan: 400
Germany: 356
Australia: 226
South Africa: 222
United Kingdom: 212
South Korea: 185
Per capita CO2
emissions
Tons of CO2 per year per capita
Australia: 10
United States: 8.2
United Kingdom: 3.2
China: 1.8
India: 0.5
Environmental Aspects: The Basics
The identification of
environmental aspects is an important step towards recognizing their impacts on
our planet. This proves helpful in setting and formulating objectives, targets,
and other programs that may be directed towards solving environmental problems.
1. Definition of
Environmental Aspect
Environmental Aspect is an element of an organization's activities, products or services that can interact with the environment. There are two types of environmental aspects:
Environmental Aspect is an element of an organization's activities, products or services that can interact with the environment. There are two types of environmental aspects:
(i) Direct Environmental
Aspect Activities over which a company can be expected to have an influence
and control. For example, emissions from processes.
(ii) Indirect Environmental
Aspect Actual or Potential activities over which the organization can be
expected to have an influence, but no control. For example, supply chain
controlled aspects, customer controlled aspects, aspects managed elsewhere
within the same company.
2. Identification of
Environmental Aspects
(a) Identify Activities, Services and Products.
(b) Draw up an inventory of all operations and processes, identify releases (normal, abnormal, accidental, and emergency situations).
(c) Consider direct and indirect environmental aspects.
(d) Consider:
(a) Identify Activities, Services and Products.
(b) Draw up an inventory of all operations and processes, identify releases (normal, abnormal, accidental, and emergency situations).
(c) Consider direct and indirect environmental aspects.
(d) Consider:
Emissions to air.
Release to water.
Waste Management.
Contamination of land.
Impact on communities.
Use of raw materials and natural
resources.
Other local environmental and
community issues.
3. Records of Environmental Aspects
Review based on sound
understanding of environmental issues associated with the process.
Check that both Direct and
Indirect Environmental Aspects have been included.
Check the method of assigning
significance.
Check that both actual and
potential aspects have been included.
Check that legislative
requirements have been taken in view.
Environmental Aspect and Impact: The Basics
In the study of environment,
it is essential to identify each possible environmental aspect and impact of it
on our surroundings. The various environmental aspects each have a number of
different impacts on the environment. Potential impacts must also be
identified.
1. Commonly Used Definitions in
the Study of Environmental Aspect and Impact
1.1. Environmental Impact Any change to the environment whether adverse or beneficial (wholly or partially) resulting from an organization's activities products or services.
1.2. Significant Impact The activity that results in substantial breach of statutory regulations under abnormal conditions.
1.1. Environmental Impact Any change to the environment whether adverse or beneficial (wholly or partially) resulting from an organization's activities products or services.
1.2. Significant Impact The activity that results in substantial breach of statutory regulations under abnormal conditions.
Knowledge of environmental aspect and impact is necessary in order to have a thorough awareness of the world we live in.
2. Identification of Environmental Aspect and Impact
Inputs and Outputs of a
manufacturing process
3. Cause and Effect
Activity Spray Painting
Aspect Emissions of Solvent to air
Impact Global Warming plus Ozone Depletion
Activity At start up of spray painting
Aspect Emissions of Solvent to water
Impact Water Pollution
Activity Spray on to the ground for 5 seconds
Aspect Contamination of land
Impact Land Pollution
Activity Spray Painting
Aspect Emissions of Solvent to air
Impact Global Warming plus Ozone Depletion
Activity At start up of spray painting
Aspect Emissions of Solvent to water
Impact Water Pollution
Activity Spray on to the ground for 5 seconds
Aspect Contamination of land
Impact Land Pollution
4. Potential
Environmental Impacts
4.1 Natural Resources
Possible Aspect Over consumption
Impact Depletion of minerals, raw materials, and energy sources
Possible Aspect Habitat destruction
Impact Depletion of living resources
4.1 Natural Resources
Possible Aspect Over consumption
Impact Depletion of minerals, raw materials, and energy sources
Possible Aspect Habitat destruction
Impact Depletion of living resources
4.2 Air
Possible Aspect CO2, CH4 fossil fuel combustion
Impact Global warming
Possible Aspect CO2, CH4 fossil fuel combustion
Impact Global warming
Possible Aspect CFCs, halons, other chlorinated
compounds
Impact Ozone layer depletion
Impact Ozone layer depletion
Possible Aspect SO2 Nox NH3
Impact Acid precipitation
Impact Acid precipitation
Possible Aspect Automobile, bus, truck emissions
Impact Rising ground level ozone
Impact Rising ground level ozone
Possible Aspect Industrial emissions : evaporation
Impact Exposure to hazardous gases
Impact Exposure to hazardous gases
Possible Aspect Energy installations
Impact Exposure to smoke
Impact Exposure to smoke
Possible Aspect Nuclear installation, wastes, natural
sources
Impact Exposure to radioactivity
4.3 Land
Possible Aspect Hazardous or radioactive waste, air deposition
Impact Contamination
Impact Exposure to radioactivity
4.3 Land
Possible Aspect Hazardous or radioactive waste, air deposition
Impact Contamination
Possible Aspect Mining, construction, drainage
Impact Disturbance and soil erosion, loss of soil cover, water logging, disturbs groundwater, loss of habitats
4.4 Visual, Noise, Nuisance
Possible Aspect Construction
Impact Visual
Impact Disturbance and soil erosion, loss of soil cover, water logging, disturbs groundwater, loss of habitats
4.4 Visual, Noise, Nuisance
Possible Aspect Construction
Impact Visual
Possible Aspect Production, processes, waters
Impact Dust
Impact Dust
Possible Aspect Machinery, traffic
Impact Odor, noise, vibration
Impact Odor, noise, vibration
Identifying the Source of Pollution
Pollution has greatly damaged
our planet and continues to do so. There are different kinds of pollutants,
each of which come from different sources. It is essential to identify the
source of pollution, in order to be able to formulate a policy to eliminate it
altogether.
1. Pathway of
Pollutant:
A Pollutant is released along a pathway. This pathway allows migration of the pollutant to a target of varying sensitivity. This causes impact, harm, damage, or injury to the target. The source of pollution varies from case to case.
A Pollutant is released along a pathway. This pathway allows migration of the pollutant to a target of varying sensitivity. This causes impact, harm, damage, or injury to the target. The source of pollution varies from case to case.
2. The Source of
Pollution and Its Forms
Different products, processes and activities of our industrialized world together form the major source of pollution. The forms of pollution are as follows:
Different products, processes and activities of our industrialized world together form the major source of pollution. The forms of pollution are as follows:
Solid
Liquid
Gaseous
Different forms of pollutant have different properties for
mobility, migration and impacts, and each of these properties vary according to
the source of pollution.
2.1. The Source of
Pollution: Solid Pollutants
Sources of solid pollution are as follows:
Sources of solid pollution are as follows:
Contaminated Land.
Contaminated Debris (Toxic metals, Petrol pumps)
Spillage of Leakage of Raw Materials, Products or Wastes
(Powders, Resins, Granules, etc.)Release of smoke and solids.
2.2. The Source of Pollution: Liquid Pollutants
Sources of liquid pollution are
as follows:
Spilled Raw Material,
Consumables, Wastes. Leakage from Machinery and Pipe work.
Damaged Supply Lines and Drains 'Deliberate'
Discharge of Effluent.Mobilization of Soil contamination – 'Leaching'.
2.3. The Source of Pollution:
Gaseous Pollutants
Sources of Gaseous pollution are
as follows: Process Fumes, Wastes. Decomposition of Organic Materials –
Landfills and Waste. Evaporation of Organic and Volatile Chemicals. Naturally
occurring Radioactive Gases.
Evidences of Environmental Effects
Most of the actions that we
undertake as a result of living in an industrialized society affects the
environment in a number of ways. It is therefore necessary to be aware of the
consequences of our actions on the environment that we live in.
1. Commonly Used
Definitions in Environmental Effects
1.1 What Is Environment?
Environment is the surrounding,
in which an organization operates, including air, water, land, industrial
resources and interaction with human beings and other living creatures
including plants. It extends from within the house or within the company and
spreads over the global system or society. Hence it is up to us to keep a watch
on the way in which our different activities lead to different environmental
effects whether beneficial or harmful.
1.2 What Is Pollution?
The presence of pollutants (that
is, solid, liquid and gaseous substances in such concentrations which may prove
harmful to the environment) in the environment is known as pollution.
Increasing levels of pollutants all around us have led to adverse environmental
effects.
2. Evidences of
Environmental Effects
2.1 Loss of
Biodiversity
It has been estimated that there could be as many as 50 million species of organisms on the earth. It is estimated that within thirty years, a third of this will become extinct if the present trend continues.
It has been estimated that there could be as many as 50 million species of organisms on the earth. It is estimated that within thirty years, a third of this will become extinct if the present trend continues.
2.2 Atmospheric
Effects
Global warming stratospheric ozone depletion, acid rain and air quality.
Global warming stratospheric ozone depletion, acid rain and air quality.
2.3 Water Pollution
Sewage, chemical, air, other wastes, contamination of lakes, rivers etc.
Sewage, chemical, air, other wastes, contamination of lakes, rivers etc.
2.4 Land Contamination
Land filling, illegal dumping of toxic waste, industrial spillages and disused land. 3. The Relation of the Environmental Significance and Sources of Emissions
Problem Stratospheric ozone depletion.
Environmental Significance Degradation product of CFCs etc. Destroy stratospheric ozone layer which protects earth from excess UV sunlight).
Main Sources of Emission CFC, Halons, CH3CL, CCL4.
Land filling, illegal dumping of toxic waste, industrial spillages and disused land. 3. The Relation of the Environmental Significance and Sources of Emissions
Problem Stratospheric ozone depletion.
Environmental Significance Degradation product of CFCs etc. Destroy stratospheric ozone layer which protects earth from excess UV sunlight).
Main Sources of Emission CFC, Halons, CH3CL, CCL4.
Problem Depletion of resources.
Environmental Significance Consumption of Non renewable resources.
Main Sources of Emission Power generation, manufacture of products like coal, etc.
Environmental Significance Consumption of Non renewable resources.
Main Sources of Emission Power generation, manufacture of products like coal, etc.
Problem Acid rain.
Environmental Significance Reaction of acidic ions with water in atmosphere forms acidic precipitation.
Main Sources of Emission SO2, NOX, HCL, HF.
Environmental Significance Reaction of acidic ions with water in atmosphere forms acidic precipitation.
Main Sources of Emission SO2, NOX, HCL, HF.
Problem Water Quality.
Environmental Significance Pollution of ground water, rivers, lakes, estuaries and sea affects not only the ecosystems within these waters but ecosystem.
Main Sources of Emission Gross inorganic biological factors, phosphates, and nitrates, thermal.
Environmental Significance Pollution of ground water, rivers, lakes, estuaries and sea affects not only the ecosystems within these waters but ecosystem.
Main Sources of Emission Gross inorganic biological factors, phosphates, and nitrates, thermal.
Problem Air quality.
Environmental Significance
In addition to the other air problems (photochemical smog, acid rain, green
house effect) particulate affect dispersion mechanisms.
Main Sources of Emission Dark smoke, other particulates.
Main Sources of Emission Dark smoke, other particulates.
It has now become necessary to
reverse the harmful environmental effects caused by pollution. For better
understanding of the polluting effects and for monitoring and implementing
measures it is essential to go through the concept of the environment, analyze
the environmental aspects and impacts and use these for controlling
environmental issues by deriving tools like operational control procedures, for
both significant and non-significant aspects and continually improving further
the significant aspects by setting objective and targets and environment
management plans.
Attending to the Global
Environmental Problem
The global environmental
problem is a growing concern, and needs to be attended to immediately.
Spreading awareness of environmental problems, and responding to them without
delay is absolutely necessary to deal with the global problem effectively.
1. The Pressures that Drive Our
Attention to the Global Environmental Problem
Increasing complexity of
environmental issues.
Proliferation of laws and
regulations.
Increasing financial liabilities.
Greater public awareness.
Customer or consumer demand.
Competitive pressures and
opportunities.
Increasing insurance premiums.
2. How the Pressures that Drive
Our Attention to Tackling the Global Environmental Problem Can Be Dealt With
The Systematic Approach.
The Generic Approach (Applies to
all sectors).
The Proactive Approach.
The Voluntary Approach.
The System Based Approach.
Focusing on Legislative measures
and continuous improvement.
3. Actions that Will Help Tackle
the Global Environmental Problem and Improve Environmental Performance
Management Strategies.
Modifying organization structure
or roles and responsibilities to enhance effectiveness of Environmental
Management.
Modifying or formalizing
procedures.
Training and building awareness
of the global environmental problem.
Developing and building awareness
of the global environmental problem.
Developing, implementing,
monitoring, inspecting, record-keeping and reporting systems.
Technology Strategies.
In effect, we have to go in for a
system to control environment related issues and that system is available in EMS. (Environment Management System IS/ISO 14001: 1996
updated to IS/ISO 14001: 2004).
Formulating Environmental Policy
Targets
Environmental policy targets
are an integral part of any environmental policy. A number of issues have to be
considered when formulating environmental policy targets and objectives.
Environmental objectives might be dedicated to tasks like reduction of waste
and elimination of pollutants.
1. Issues to be Considered in
Environmental Policy Targets and Objectives
(a) How do environmental policy targets and objectives
reflect both the environmental policy and significant environmental impacts
associated with the organization’s activities, products or services?
(b) What have the employees responsible for achieving the environmental policy targets and objectives achieved in its development?
(c) How have the views of interested parties been considered?
(d) What specific measurable indicators have been established for the objectives and targets?
(e) How are the environmental policy targets and objectives regularly reviewed and revised to reflect desired improvements in environmental performance?
(b) What have the employees responsible for achieving the environmental policy targets and objectives achieved in its development?
(c) How have the views of interested parties been considered?
(d) What specific measurable indicators have been established for the objectives and targets?
(e) How are the environmental policy targets and objectives regularly reviewed and revised to reflect desired improvements in environmental performance?
2. Environmental Policy Targets and Objectives
Environmental objectives can include commitments to
Environmental objectives can include commitments to
Reduce waste and the depletion of
resources,
Reduce or eliminate the release
of pollutants into the environment,
Design products to minimize their
environmental impact in production, use and disposal,
Control the environmental impact
of sources of raw material,
Minimize any significant adverse
environmental impact of new developments,
Promote environmental awareness
among employees and the community.
3. List of Environmental Policy
Targets and Objectives
The objectives and targets are tabulated below by taking the example of solid waste disposal which is common for all industries. In the format can be revealed the present and achievable targets and their final relevance to the Environment Management Programme (EMP) for affecting improvements.
The objectives and targets are tabulated below by taking the example of solid waste disposal which is common for all industries. In the format can be revealed the present and achievable targets and their final relevance to the Environment Management Programme (EMP) for affecting improvements.
Objectives
Solid waste disposal
Targets
(a) Description Identification of sites for various wastes, segregation, storage in temporary sites, construction of permanent sites, storage and disposal
(b) Quantity (Consumption or Usage)
Solid waste disposal
Targets
(a) Description Identification of sites for various wastes, segregation, storage in temporary sites, construction of permanent sites, storage and disposal
(b) Quantity (Consumption or Usage)
Present Stored in
unidentified condition on land
Achievable Storage of
waste at identified places and their disposal as per procedure
Eliminate or Reduce Reduce
Performance Indicator
(A) Short Term;
(B) Long Term (50 % in each year). Complete removal of waste.
(A) Short Term;
(B) Long Term (50 % in each year). Complete removal of waste.
(c) Time Frame Will be
depicted in EMP (Environment Management Programme)
(d) Responsibility Section Head (HOS) or Stores
(d) Responsibility Section Head (HOS) or Stores
An Environmental Management Plan
for Solid Waste Disposal
There are several kinds of
environmental management plans and programs dealing with different aspects of
the environment. The problem of efficiently disposing of solid wastes is a
major problem. In this article is discussed an environment management program
for solid waste disposal.
Environmental Management Plan
No.01
An Environmental Management Plan for Solid Waste Disposal is depicted below in a format which is drawn from its objective and targets. Environment Management Plan takes place through both short term and long term measures. The Environment Management Plan is monitored under the heads of present status, responsibilities and target dates.
An Environmental Management Plan for Solid Waste Disposal is depicted below in a format which is drawn from its objective and targets. Environment Management Plan takes place through both short term and long term measures. The Environment Management Plan is monitored under the heads of present status, responsibilities and target dates.
Objective Solid waste
disposal
Present Status Stored in unidentified condition on land
Target Identification of sites for various wastes, construction of storage sheds and disposal thereof.
Responsibility Section Head
Present Status Stored in unidentified condition on land
Target Identification of sites for various wastes, construction of storage sheds and disposal thereof.
Responsibility Section Head
(A) Environmental Management Plan
for Solid Waste Disposal Through Short Term Measures
Segregation of present waste and
initiating of disposal action.
Identification of the site
depending on the type of waste.
Putting placards
Issuing instructions to all
including contractors for dumping waste in specified areas or sites.
Disposal of waste as per
procedure.
Work to start from --/--/-- as
per SI No. ---
(B) Environmental Management Plan
for Solid Waste Disposal Through Long Term Measures
Putting of proposal for
construction of permanent sites.
Approval of proposal by competent
authority and seeking financial approval by concerned authority.
Construction of site as per
proposal to start from --/--/--
Construction of site as per
proposal to end on --/--/--
Issuing instructions to all
including contractors dumping waste in specified areas.
Disposal of waste as per
Procedure ---, SI No. --- to start from --/--/--
The Benefits of Switching Over to
the ISO-14001 Standard
The ISO-14001 standard is an
international standard which deals mainly with environmental management. It is
a generic management system standard, and hence can be applied to all kinds of
organizations.
Why Should You Register With the ISO-14001 Standard?
(a) It is a great improvement tool.
(b) It works as a check on legislation compliance.
(c) It helps save costs.
(d) It is helpful in the process of waste management.
(e) It provides more market opportunities to the organization.
(f) It betters the organization's corporate image.
(g) It leads to greater customer demand.
(h) It helps formulate better emergency plans.
(a) It is a great improvement tool.
(b) It works as a check on legislation compliance.
(c) It helps save costs.
(d) It is helpful in the process of waste management.
(e) It provides more market opportunities to the organization.
(f) It betters the organization's corporate image.
(g) It leads to greater customer demand.
(h) It helps formulate better emergency plans.
However, do note that the ISO-14001 Standard is part of an
Integrated Management System that focuses on environment. It is not a
stand-alone.
What Are the Benefits of the
ISO-14001 Standard?
It helps provide market
place leverage.
It helps demonstrate
environmental leadership.
It provides an integrated
approach to Environmental Management.
It promotes sound Environmental
Management.
It is system dependent, and
not person dependent.
Why Should You Choose an
Environmental Management System Like the ISO-14001 Standard?
It provides a structured and
systematic approach.
It helps in the control of
environmental aspects.
It helps by checking that
the organization is complying with the various legislations.
It results in an
improvement of the environmental performance.
It works favorably with
quality management systems.
What Are the Potential
Indirect Benefits of Environmental Management Systems Like the ISO-14001
Standard?
It leads to an enhanced corporate
image.
It results in enhanced marketing
capabilities.
It improves staff morale.
It helps achieve better customer
relations.
It results in better community
relations.
An Introduction to A Few IS/ISO
Quality, Safety and Environmental Standards
In this article are discussed
a number of international safety, quality, and environmental standards. All of
these are interconnected and are areas to which sufficient attention must be
paid.
Quality, safety and environment
are closely connected with each other, and various management systems exist at
present. On comparison of a number of safety, quality and environmental
standards, we see that many clauses and sub-clauses are similar. Quality,
safety, and environment are important fields to which attention must be paid.
1. The various IS/ISO
safety, quality and environmental standards are given below:
(a) IS/ISO 9001:2000
(b) IS/ISO 14001:1996
(c) IS 18001:2000
(d) IS/ISO 19011:2002
(e) IS/ISO 14001:2004
(b) IS/ISO 14001:1996
(c) IS 18001:2000
(d) IS/ISO 19011:2002
(e) IS/ISO 14001:2004
2. Details of each
standard:
(a) IS/ISO 9001: 2000
(Quality Management Systems – Requirements):
This international standard specifies requirements for a quality management system where an organization wishes to demonstrate its ability to provide products that consistently meet customer needs and the necessary regulatory requirements. It attempts to promote customer satisfaction by applying the system effectively. In this are included certain processes that will keep on improving the system, and which will simultaneously assure conformity to the customer as well as to the appropriate regulatory needs. It is a certification against international standard.
This international standard specifies requirements for a quality management system where an organization wishes to demonstrate its ability to provide products that consistently meet customer needs and the necessary regulatory requirements. It attempts to promote customer satisfaction by applying the system effectively. In this are included certain processes that will keep on improving the system, and which will simultaneously assure conformity to the customer as well as to the appropriate regulatory needs. It is a certification against international standard.
(b) ISO 14001: 1996
(Environmental Management Systems – Specifications With User Guidance):
This international environmental standard specifies requirements for environmental management systems, to enable an organization to formulate a policy as well as objectives that consider the various legislative requirements and the important environmental impacts. The ISO 14001: 1996 can be applied to those environmental aspects which the organization can control and over which it can be expected to have an influence. It is applicable to the organization that hopes to put into practice, as well as look after and improve its Environmental Management System, while assuring itself that it is conforming to its environmental policy, and at the same time demonstrating this conformance to others. It applies to those organizations that seek certification or registration of their Environmental Management Systems, and which hope to make a self-determination and self-declaration of conformance with ISO 14001. It is a certification against international standard.
This international environmental standard specifies requirements for environmental management systems, to enable an organization to formulate a policy as well as objectives that consider the various legislative requirements and the important environmental impacts. The ISO 14001: 1996 can be applied to those environmental aspects which the organization can control and over which it can be expected to have an influence. It is applicable to the organization that hopes to put into practice, as well as look after and improve its Environmental Management System, while assuring itself that it is conforming to its environmental policy, and at the same time demonstrating this conformance to others. It applies to those organizations that seek certification or registration of their Environmental Management Systems, and which hope to make a self-determination and self-declaration of conformance with ISO 14001. It is a certification against international standard.
(c) IS 18001: 2000
(Occupational Health And Safety Management Systems – Specifications With
Guidance):
This standard prescribes requirements for an Occupational Health and Safety Management Systems, to enable an organization to formulate policy objectives, taking into account legislative requirements and information about significant hazards and risk which the organization can control and over which it can be expected to have an influence, to protect its employees and others, whose health and safety may be affected by the activities of the organization. It is not a certification against international standard; it is by national body only.
This standard prescribes requirements for an Occupational Health and Safety Management Systems, to enable an organization to formulate policy objectives, taking into account legislative requirements and information about significant hazards and risk which the organization can control and over which it can be expected to have an influence, to protect its employees and others, whose health and safety may be affected by the activities of the organization. It is not a certification against international standard; it is by national body only.
(d) ISO 19011:
2002 (Guidelines for Quality and /or Environmental Management System):
This international standard has the function of providing guidance on the principles of auditing, managing audit programs, conducting quality management system audits and environmental management system audits as well as guidance on the competence of quality and environmental management system auditors.
This international standard has the function of providing guidance on the principles of auditing, managing audit programs, conducting quality management system audits and environmental management system audits as well as guidance on the competence of quality and environmental management system auditors.
(e) ISO 19011:2002 (Guidance for
Improvement):
This deals with various ISO standards available for quality environmental safety and guidelines.
This deals with various ISO standards available for quality environmental safety and guidelines.
The Various Aspects of an
Environmental Impact Study
Environmental impact surveys
or studies have to be undertaken in order to find out what are the possible
impacts that might occur at a given site. Only once we have found out what the
possible impacts are, can we work out measures whereby those impacts may not
adversely affect the site.
1. An environmental impact study to evaluate the
significance of impact can be facilitated by considering the following:
[A] Environmental concerns:
[A] Environmental concerns:
scale of the impact
severity of the impact
probability of occurrence
duration of the impact
[B] Business concerns:
potential regulatory and legal exposure
difficulty of changing the impact
cost of changing the impact
effect of change on other
activities and processes
concerns of interested parties
effect on the public image of the
organization
2. An environmental impact study
can point out its significant issues:-
Issues that:
Result from a direct release of
prescribed noxious or persistent substances.
Result from poor management of
resources, raw materials or wastes.
Cause capital or revenue
expenditure which could be avoided
Currently cause the enterprise to
be out of compliance.
May result in civil litigation
and criminal procedures
Are perceived to be significant
by the public or customers
Restrict future strategic
development of the company
Affect validity of Insurance
3. An environmental impact study
can be used to attach significance to the impacts:-
Factors that may be considered in
doing this include the following:
It is an internal company
activity
It is not a comparison against
the size of another organization's similar aspects or impact
It is based or internally defined
and documented criteria
It is based on a consistent
application of those criteria.
4. An environmental impact study
also involves the evaluation of significance of impact:-
Significance impact evaluation of environmental aspect in
quantitatively evaluated by FMEA: - (Quantitative Method)
FMEA (Failure Mode and Effect Analysis)
FMEA (Failure Mode and Effect Analysis)
Most robust and reproducible
Based on ERPN (Environment Risk Priority Number)
EPRN = Severity x Occurrence x Failure to Detect
EPRN = Severity x Occurrence x Failure to Detect
Depending upon such factors it is classified as significant
and non-significant.
Significant Environmental Aspects in a Compressor
We associate the compressor with a great deal of noise
pollution. Working with a compressor can be a jarring experience for the nerves
and the ears. However, it is not as though there are no precautions that can be
followed while using a compressor. How do we control the significant
environmental aspects of a compressor? Find out by reading this article.
The significant environmental
aspects of all industrial units have to be studied and analyzed.
This entails significant environmental aspect studies using case studies. Objectives and targets, operational control procedures and environment management plans have to be drawn up. This article that provides a case study will prove helpful to industries that are drawing up an environment aspect register.
This entails significant environmental aspect studies using case studies. Objectives and targets, operational control procedures and environment management plans have to be drawn up. This article that provides a case study will prove helpful to industries that are drawing up an environment aspect register.
Case Study for the Evaluation of
Environment Aspect of a Compressor
Activity: Operation of a
Compressor
Identification of Aspects and Impacts (Inputs and
Outputs of a manufacturing process or operation):
Aspects: (a) Spillage of oil; (b) Noise pollution
Aspects: (a) Spillage of oil; (b) Noise pollution
During the operation of a compressor house, the following
are the significant environmental aspects and impacts. These are shown as
linkages:
Compressor Aspect: Spillage of oil
Compressor Impact: Soil and groundwater contamination
Compressor Impact: Soil and groundwater contamination
Compressor Aspect: Noise pollution
Compressor Impact: Health hazards
Compressor Impact: Health hazards
Evaluation of Environmental Aspects for a Compressor
1.
Aspect: Spillage of oil
Evaluation of Impact (Severity of Impact Scale: 1-5; Trivial-1, Fatal –5): 3
Legal and Other Required Regulations: Legal
Significant/Non-significant: Non-significant
OCP No.: OCP D/N No. 01
Aspect: Spillage of oil
Evaluation of Impact (Severity of Impact Scale: 1-5; Trivial-1, Fatal –5): 3
Legal and Other Required Regulations: Legal
Significant/Non-significant: Non-significant
OCP No.: OCP D/N No. 01
2.
Aspect: Noise pollution
Evaluation of Impact (Severity of Impact Scale: 1-5; Trivial-1, Fatal –5): 3
Legal and Other Required Regulations: Legal
Significant/Non-significant: Significant
OCP No.: OCP D/N No. 01
Aspect: Noise pollution
Evaluation of Impact (Severity of Impact Scale: 1-5; Trivial-1, Fatal –5): 3
Legal and Other Required Regulations: Legal
Significant/Non-significant: Significant
OCP No.: OCP D/N No. 01
An Environmental Management Program (EMP) for a
Compressor
An Environment Management Program (EMP) analysis for a
compressor consists of the following:
Objective: To avoid oil spillage during the running of an industrial compressor.
Present Status: Oil leakage is taking place regularly.
Target: To reach a point of zero oil spillage.
Responsibility: Section Head
Objective: To avoid oil spillage during the running of an industrial compressor.
Present Status: Oil leakage is taking place regularly.
Target: To reach a point of zero oil spillage.
Responsibility: Section Head
Find about the various terms that are commonly used in the
evaluation of significant aspects by the reading the article on Aspects.
Also, learn more about the Environmental Management Program by our
article of the same name.
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