A penstock is a large pipe that carries water from a higher-elevation reservoir toward a hydroelectric turbine. As the water moves downward, the difference in elevation creates hydraulic head, producing pressure and increasing the water’s energy.

 A penstock is a large pipe that carries water from a higher-elevation reservoir toward a hydroelectric turbine. As the water moves downward, the difference in elevation creates hydraulic head, producing pressure and increasing the water’s energy.

The fast-moving, pressurized water enters the turbine, causing its blades to rotate. The turbine drives a generator, which converts this mechanical energy into electrical energy. This process allows flowing water to produce electricity without directly burning fossil fuels.

Hydropower demonstrates how the natural movement of water can be transformed into useful renewable energy.