Ramsar Sites in India Safeguarding Wetlands of International Importance

 

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Ramsar Sites in India

Safeguarding Wetlands of International Importance

Posted On: 25 OCT 2026 9:43AM by PIB Delhi

India’s network of Wetlands of International Importance under the Ramsar Convention has expanded nearly fourfold since 2014. It has grown from 26 to 103 designated sites covering over 13.87 lakh hectares. Ranking first in Asia and third globally, these ecosystems safeguard biodiversity, buffer floods, recharge groundwater, and sustain livelihoods. Anchored by the Wetlands (Conservation and Management) Rules, 2017, the Government of India drives scientific and participatory conservation through the National Plan for Conservation of Aquatic Ecosystems (NPCA), Amrit Dharohar, MISHTI, and Mission Sahbhagita to secure long-term ecological resilience.

 

Ramsar Sites in India — At a Glance

As per the Ramsar Convention, "Wetlands are the areas of marsh, fen, peatland or water, whether natural or artificial, permanent or temporary, with water that is static or flowing, fresh, brackish or salt, including areas of marine water the depth of which at low tide does not exceed six metres”. Linking land and water, wetlands store fresh water, recharge groundwater, buffer floods and sustain fisheries and farming. They also shelter migratory birds and rich biodiversity, placing them among the most productive ecosystems on Earth.

Globally, these habitats are protected under the Convention on Wetlands or the Ramsar Convention, an intergovernmental treaty. It was adopted at Ramsar, Iran, on 2 February 1971 and entered into force in 1975. As on October 2026, it now includes 172 Contracting Parties and over 2,536 designated "Ramsar Sites" worldwide.

India, home to a large number of wetlands, became a Party to the Convention on 1 February 1982. It has steadily expanded its network since then. The country now has 103 Ramsar Sites, a nearly fourfold rise from just 26 sites in 2014. India’s network ranks first in Asia and third in the world in terms of number of sites. Collectively, these sites cover more than 13.87 lakh hectares across 28 States and Union Territories.

 

Understanding Ramsar Sites

A Ramsar Site is a wetland designated as a Wetland of International Importance under the Ramsar Convention. These sites are recognised for their ecological, botanical, zoological, limnological or hydrological significance. The Ramsar Convention rests on three pillars. These are the wise use of all wetlands, the designation and effective management of Ramsar Sites, and international cooperation on wetland conservation.

How a Wetland is Designated

In India, the process begins with the State Government or Union Territory Administration identifying a suitable wetland. The Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change then coordinates approval and forwards the proposal to the Ramsar Secretariat.

Criteria for Designation

A wetland must meet at least one of nine criteria to qualify as a Wetland of International Importance. The criteria fall into two groups, covering wetland types and the conservation of biological diversity.

Group	Criteria	A wetland should be considered internationally important
Group A: Wetland types
	Criterion 1	If it contains a representative, rare, or unique example of a natural or near-natural wetland type found within the appropriate biogeographic region.
Group B: Biological diversity
Criteria based on species and ecological communities	Criterion 2	If it supports vulnerable, endangered, or critically endangered species or threatened ecological communities.
	Criterion3	If it supports populations of plant and/or animal species important for maintaining the biological diversity of a particular biogeographic region.
	Criterion4	If it supports plant and/or animal species at a critical stage in their life cycles, or provides refuge during adverse conditions.
Specific criteria based on waterbirds	Criterion5	If it regularly supports 20,000 or more waterbirds.
	Criterion6	If it regularly supports 1% of the individuals in a population of one species or subspecies of waterbird.
Specific criteria based on fish	Criterion7	If it supports a significant proportion of indigenous fish subspecies, species or families, life-history stages, species interactions and/or populations that are representative of wetland benefits and/ or values and thereby contributes to global biological diversity.
	Criterion8	If it is an important source of food for fishes, spawning ground, nursery and/or migration path on which fish stocks, either within the wetland or elsewhere, depend.
Specific criteria based on other taxa	Criterion9	If it regularly supports 1% of the individuals in a population of one species or subspecies of wetland-dependent non-avian animal species.

 

Did You Know? A taxon is a group of organisms classified together based on shared characteristics, while taxa is the plural form, referring to multiple groups. For example, flowering plants, such as roses, form a plant taxon, while butterflies belong to an insect taxon. Major taxa in biodiversity include amphibians, reptiles and mammals.

 

Benefits of Designating Wetlands to Ramsar List

Designating wetlands to the Ramsar list and meeting Ramsar Convention commitments is a contribution to global efforts for biodiversity conservation. Ramsar Sites are recognized as being of significant value not only for a country but for humanity as a whole. Designating Ramsar Sites and ensuring their conservation and wise use:

• Provides a platform for international representation: Enables countries to voice their concerns at the principal intergovernmental forum on wetland conservation and wise use. At the Ramsar 15th Conference of Parties held at Victoria Falls, Zimbabwe, India introduced a Resolution on ‘Promoting Sustainable Lifestyles for the Wise Use of Wetlands’. The resolution was adopted at the Conference. The resolution received overwhelming support from the 172 Ramsar Contracting Parties, Six International Organisation Partners, and other observers.
• Enhances visibility and recognition: Increases the international visibility and recognition of Ramsar Sites. This can strengthen support for their conservation and wise use.
• Provides access to international standards and guidance: Offers access to the latest information on internationally accepted standards for identifying wetlands of international importance. It also provides guidance on wise use and wetland management planning.
• Facilitates expert assistance: Enables access to expert advice on national and site-specific wetland conservation and management challenges. Support is available through the Ramsar Secretariat, its collaborators, and Ramsar Advisory Missions, where appropriate.
• Promotes international cooperation and financial support: Encourages cooperation on wetland conservation and management. It can also facilitate project support through the Convention’s small-grant programmes and links with multilateral and bilateral funding agencies.

Commitments After Designation

Designation commits the State or Union Territory to the wise use of the wetland and its resources. The site is deemed notified under the Wetlands (Conservation and Management) Rules, 2017, and also the guidelines recommend to be formally notified under these rules with an Integrated Management Plan. The Ramsar Information Sheet must be updated every six years, and the site’s ecological character monitored regularly. Guided by these criteria and commitments, India has built a large and remarkably diverse network of Ramsar Sites.

India’s Ramsar Sites — From 26 to 103

India’s Ramsar Sites span high-altitude lakes, river floodplains, mangroves, coral reefs, village tanks and urban marshes. Tamil Nadu has the highest number with 20 sites, followed by Uttar Pradesh with 14 sites. Growth has been rapid, and in 2025 alone, 11 wetlands were added, taking the national total to 96. Surha Tal in Uttar Pradesh became the 100th site in June 2026, and Glaw Lake the 101st in August. India’s Ramsar site tally has reached 103 on October 15, 2026, with the designation of Sukhna Wetland in Chandigarh and Sauj Jheel in Uttar Pradesh as the latest additions to the list.

 

Did You Know? The First Ramsar Sites Chilika Lake in Odisha and Keoladeo National Park in Rajasthan became India’s first Ramsar Sites on 1 October 1981. After successful ecological restoration, Chilika was removed from the Montreux Record in 2002. Chilika Development Authority later won the Ramsar Wetland Conservation Award. What is Montreux Record: It is a register of Ramsar Sites where changes in ecological character have occurred, are occurring or are likely to occur. It identifies wetlands requiring priority conservation attention and guides monitoring, remedial action and resource allocation. Sites are included in consultation with the concerned country and relevant scientific experts. Sites may be removed from the record once successful remedial measures are documented or when the threat of ecological change no longer exists.

 

India’s latest additions to Ramsar Sites   Sukhna Wetland (Chandigarh) is a human-made reservoir created in 1958 at the foothills of the Shivalik hills. It shelters threatened species such as Pallas's fish eagle, the common pochard and the black pond turtle. Migratory birds on the Central Asian Flyway rely on it for feeding and wintering. Sauj Jheel (UP) is a shallow floodplain lake in Mainpuri district that regularly hosts more than 30,000 waterbirds. It provides nesting and foraging grounds for threatened birds such as the sarus crane and the greater spotted eagle. Its sacred lotus and wild sugarcane beds offer cover for nesting birds, fish and amphibians.

 

 

 

State-wise List of Ramsar Sites

The table below lists all 103 Ramsar Sites by State and Union Territory, with their key conservation value.

	State/UT	Ramsar Site	What is special about it
	Andhra Pradesh	Kolleru Lake	Freshwater lake; grey pelican and migratory waterbirds
	Arunachal Pradesh	Glaw Lake	Eastern Himalayan Lake; 150+ tree and 49 orchid species
	Assam	Deepor Beel	Brahmaputra floodplain wetland; migratory waterbirds
	Bihar	Kanwar Jheel (Kabartal)	Floodplain wetland; migratory waterbirds and fish
		Nagi Bird Sanctuary	Human-made reservoir; wintering waterbirds
		Nakti Bird Sanctuary	Human-made reservoir; wintering waterbirds
		Gokul Jalashay	Ganga oxbow lake; birds, fisheries and flood buffering
		Udaipur Jheel	Oxbow lake; wintering migratory birds
		Gogabil Lake	Oxbow lake; resident and migratory birds
	Chandigarh	Sukhna Wetland	Rain-fed, peri-urban reservoir; migratory and resident birds
	Chhattisgarh	Kopra Jalashay	Reservoir; resident and migratory waterbirds
	Goa	Nanda Lake	Freshwater marsh; wintering waterbirds
	Gujarat	Nalsarovar	Natural freshwater lake; sarus crane and waterbirds
		Wadhvana Wetland	Irrigation reservoir; wintering migratory birds
		Thol Lake Wildlife Sanctuary	Human-made reservoir; waterbirds including sarus crane
		Khijadia Wildlife Sanctuary	Coastal freshwater and salt marsh wetland near Gulf of Kutch; diverse birds
		Chhari Dhand	Seasonal desert wetland near Banni; cranes and flamingos
	Haryana	Sultanpur National Park	Resident and migratory waterbirds
		Bhindawas Wildlife Sanctuary	Human-made freshwater wetland; migratory birds
	Himachal Pradesh	Pong Dam Lake	Beas reservoir; wintering waterbirds
		Chandertal Wetland	High-altitude lake; snow leopard habitat
		Renuka Wetland	Spring-fed lake; aquatic and forest biodiversity
	Jharkhand	Udhwa Lake Bird Sanctuary	Twin Ganga-linked lakes; migratory and resident waterbirds
	Karnataka	Ranganathittu Bird Sanctuary	Kaveri islets; nesting waterbirds and mugger crocodile
		Aghanashini Estuary	Estuary and mangroves; fisheries
		Magadi Kere Conservation Reserve	Human-made tank; wintering bar-headed goose
		Ankasamudra Bird Conservation Reserve	Village irrigation tank; nesting waterbirds
	Kerala	Ashtamudi Wetland	Estuarine backwaters; fisheries and mangroves
		Sasthamkotta Lake	Spring-fed freshwater lake; drinking water source
		Vembanad-Kol Wetland	Largest brackish wetland on the southwest coast
	Madhya Pradesh	Bhoj Wetlands	Upper and Lower Lakes of Bhopal; water supply and birds
		Sirpur Wetland	Human-made wetland in Indore; migratory birds
		Sakhya Sagar	Reservoir in Madhav National Park; mugger crocodile
		Yashwant Sagar	Reservoir near Indore; sarus crane and water supply
		Tawa Reservoir	Reservoir in Satpura Tiger Reserve; aquatic and bird life
	Maharashtra	NandurMadhameshwar	Bird sanctuary; migratory waterbirds
		Lonar Lake	Meteorite impact crater lake; saline-alkaline ecosystem
		Thane Creek	Mangroves; flamingos and migratory birds
	Manipur	Loktak Lake	Floating phumdis; habitat of the Sangai deer
	Mizoram	Pala Wetland	Largest natural wetland of Mizoram; hoolock gibbon
	Odisha	Chilika Lake	Brackish lagoon; Irrawaddy dolphin, waterbirds and 118 fish species
		Bhitarkanika Mangroves	Mangroves; saltwater crocodile and olive ridley turtle
		Satkosia Gorge	Mahanadi river gorge; gharial and mugger crocodile
		Tampara Lake	Freshwater lake; fish and waterbirds
		Hirakud Reservoir	Large reservoir; fish and waterbirds
		Ansupa Lake	Mahanadi oxbow lake; birds and fish
	Punjab	Harike Lake	River confluence reservoir; migratory waterbirds
		Kanjli Lake	Barrage-formed wetland on Kali Bein; waterbirds
		Ropar Lake	Sutlej barrage reservoir; waterbirds
		Beas Conservation Reserve	River stretch; Indus River dolphin and gharial
		Keshopur-Miani Community Reserve	Community-managed wetland; waterbirds
		Nangal Wildlife Sanctuary	Shivalik foothill reservoir; waterbirds
	Rajasthan	Keoladeo National Park	Waterbirds; historic wintering ground of Siberian crane
		Sambhar Lake	Large inland saline lake; flamingos
		Menar Wetland Complex	Community-protected village wetlands; migratory birds
		Khichan Wetland	Wintering demoiselle cranes; community conservation
		Siliserh Lake	Reservoir near Alwar; wetland biodiversity
	Sikkim	Khecheopalri Wetland	Sacred Himalayan Lake with peatland and forest
	Tamil Nadu	Point Calimere Wildlife and Bird Sanctuary	Coastal wetland; flamingos and migratory shorebirds
		Koonthankulam Bird Sanctuary	Largest waterbird breeding reserve in South India
		Chitrangudi Bird Sanctuary	Breeding and wintering ground for waterbirds
		Karikili Bird Sanctuary	Breeding waterbirds
		Pichavaram Mangrove	One of India’s largest mangroves; fish nursery
		Pallikaranai Marsh Reserve Forest	Urban marsh; flood buffer and birds
		Gulf of Mannar Marine Biosphere Reserve	Coral reefs and dugong
		Vembannur Wetland Complex	Human-made irrigation tank; waterbirds
		Vellode Bird Sanctuary	Waterbirds
		Udhayamarthandapuram Bird Sanctuary	Migratory waterbirds
		Vedanthangal Bird Sanctuary	One of India’s oldest bird-protected areas; heronry
		SuchindramTheroor Wetland Complex	Irrigation tanks; migratory birds
		Vaduvur Bird Sanctuary	Wintering waterbirds
		Kanjirankulam Bird Sanctuary	Nesting herons and painted storks
		Karaivetti Bird Sanctuary	Large inland freshwater lake; nesting waterbirds
		Longwood Shola Reserve Forest	Nilgiris shola forest; endemic birds
		Kazhuveli Bird Sanctuary	Brackish coastal lake; migratory birds
		Nanjarayan Bird Sanctuary	Lake; resident and migratory birds
		Sakkarakottai Bird Sanctuary	Migratory waterbirds
		Therthangal Bird Sanctuary	Nesting waterbirds
	Tripura	Rudrasagar Lake	Reservoir lake; fish and three-striped roof turtle
	Uttar Pradesh	Upper Ganga River (Brijghat to Narora)	Gangetic dolphin, gharial and turtles
		Nawabganj Bird Sanctuary	Migratory waterbirds
		Sarsai Nawar Jheel	Sarus crane habitat
		Sandi Bird Sanctuary	Freshwater marsh; waterfowl and sarus crane
		Samaspur Bird Sanctuary	Waterbirds
		Parvati Arga Bird Sanctuary	Twin oxbow lakes; waterbirds and vultures
		Saman Bird Sanctuary	Oxbow lake; wintering waterbirds
		Sur Sarovar	Human-made reservoir near Agra; waterbirds
		Haiderpur Wetland	Ganga floodplain; gharial, swamp deer and waterbirds
		Bakhira Wildlife Sanctuary	Largest natural floodplain wetland of eastern UP
		Patna Bird Sanctuary	Waterbirds
		Shekha Jheel Bird Sanctuary	Wintering bar-headed geese and painted storks
		Jai Prakash Narayan Bird Sanctuary (Surha Tal)	Rich avifauna; migratory and resident birds
		Sauj Jheel	Shallow, perennial floodplain wetland; migratory and resident waterbirds
	Uttarakhand	Asan Conservation Reserve	Asan-Yamuna confluence; migratory waterbirds
	West Bengal	East Kolkata Wetlands	Wastewater-fed fisheries and agriculture
		Sundarban Wetland	Mangroves; Royal Bengal tiger
	Jammu and Kashmir (UT)	Wular Lake	Large freshwater lake; fisheries
		Surinsar-Mansar Lakes	Twin freshwater lakes
		Hokera Wetland	Reedbeds; white-eyed pochard
		Hygam Wetland Conservation Reserve	Flood absorption basin; waterbirds
		Shallbugh Wetland Conservation Reserve	Waterbirds
	Ladakh (UT)	Tsomoriri	High-altitude lake; black-necked crane and bar-headed goose
		Tso Kar Wetland Complex	High-altitude lakes; black-necked crane breeding

 

Did You Know? The Largest Ramsar Site Sundarban Wetland in West Bengal, designated on 30 January 2019, is India’s largest Ramsar Site at 4,23,000 hectares. It holds over 60 per cent of India’s mangrove area and a tiger population with unique aquatic hunting skills.

 

How Ramsar Sites Aid in Conservation

Ramsar status brings global recognition, scientific guidance and access to expert advice for designated wetlands. It also places clear duties on States to protect each site’s ecological character through planning and monitoring.

• Restoring Ecosystems: Chilika Lake shows how sustained restoration can revive a wetland and the communities that depend on it. Today, the lagoon supports 118 fish species and serves as a breeding, wintering and staging ground for waterbirds.
• Sustaining Livelihoods: The East Kolkata Wetlands treat the city’s wastewater naturally through about 4,000 hectares of fish ponds. They yield about 10,500 tonnes of fish a year and directly support about 50,000 people.
• Building Climate Resilience: The Sundarban mangroves shield inland areas from storms, cyclones, tidal surges and saltwater intrusion. They also serve as nurseries for fish and shellfish, sustaining fisheries along India’s entire eastern coast.
• Reviving Threatened Species: The Beas Conservation Reserve in Punjab holds India's only known population of the endangered Indus River dolphin. A reintroduction programme launched in 2017 released 47 gharials, nearly three decades after they vanished from the river. The 185-kilometre river stretch also supports more than 500 bird species and over 90 fish species.
• Community Stewardship: Khichan Wetland in Rajasthan hosts more than 22,000 wintering demoiselle cranes each year on just 54 hectares. Residents of the adjoining village actively protect the birds from power line collisions and stray dog attacks.

 

Government Initiatives for Wetland Conservation

India’s Ramsar network is backed by a strong framework of laws, schemes and people’s participation.

Wetlands (Conservation and Management) Rules, 2017

Notified under the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986, these Rules provide the regulatory framework for wetland conservation. They establish State/UT Wetlands Authorities and prohibit activities such as encroachment, waste dumping and untreated effluent discharge.

National Plan for Conservation of Aquatic Ecosystems (NPCA)

NPCA merged the national programmes for lake and wetland conservation into one scheme.  Updated NPCA Guidelines issued in 2024 give States an integrated and scientific framework for managing wetlands.

Amrit Dharohar

Amrit Dharohar promotes the unique conservation values of India’s Ramsar Sites. It covers species and habitat conservation, nature tourism, wetland livelihoods and wetland carbon assessment. Under this, studies for the inventory of flora and fauna of 75 Ramsar Sites have been conducted by the Botanical Survey of India and the Zoological Survey of India, respectively. A ‘Standard Operating Procedure for Assessment of Carbon Stock in Wetlands’ was released, and has been utilised to assess the Carbon stock of 39 Ramsar Sites across the country.

Mission Sahbhagita and the Save Wetlands Campaign

Mission Sahbhagita promotes participatory conservation; its Save Wetlands Campaign began in Goa on 4 February 2023. Over 2 million citizen volunteers have since helped map more than 1.7 lakh wetlands across the country.

Mangrove Initiative for Shoreline Habitats and Tangible Incomes (MISHTI)

MISHTI targets mangrove restoration over 540 square kilometres in nine States and four UTs. So far, ₹88.44 crore has been released to restore 9,949.5 hectares of degraded mangroves.

Wetlands of India Portal

Inaugurated on 2 October 2021, the portal serves as a dynamic knowledge repository on India’s wetlands. It offers single-point access to information on sites, projects, initiatives and training for managers and citizens.

Wetland City Accreditation

Indore and Udaipur became India’s first Ramsar-accredited Wetland Cities in January 2025, joining the global network of Ramsar-accredited Wetland Cities.

 

Way Forward

India’s expanding Ramsar network offers an opportunity to strengthen wetland conservation through science, effective management and community participation. The focus ahead must be on translating international recognition into lasting ecological outcomes. Regular monitoring, evidence-based planning and coordination among governments, institutions and local communities can help maintain the ecological character of these wetlands. Sustained efforts will be essential to ensure that wetlands continue to support biodiversity, water security, climate resilience and livelihoods for future generations.

Equally important is the need to integrate wetland conservation into wider development planning. Strengthening local stewardship, improving data and knowledge sharing, and promoting sustainable livelihood opportunities can deepen conservation efforts. By combining ecological priorities with the needs of communities, India can build a more inclusive and resilient approach to wetland management, ensuring these ecosystems remain productive and protected over the long term.

 

References

Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEFCC)

• https://moef.gov.in/ramsar-convention
• https://indianwetlands.in/wp-content/uploads/library/1761126102.pdf
• https://moef.gov.in/uploads/2019/09/Identifying-and-Managing-Wetlands-of-International-Importance_-Brochure.pdf
• https://moef.gov.in/wetlands-of-india-portal
• https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleaseDetail.aspx?PRID=2324120&reg=48&lang=1
• https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2294036
• https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2269189
• https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2210100
• https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2150496&reg=48&lang=2
• https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2096165
• https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetailm.aspx?PRID=1913469&reg=3&lang=2
• https://www.pib.gov.in/Pressreleaseshare.aspx?PRID=1896301
• https://static.pib.gov.in/WriteReadData/specificdocs/documents/2025/apr/doc202541530201.pdf
• https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2221114
• https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2254357

Parliament of India (Lok Sabha)

• https://sansad.in/getFile/lsapps/loksabhaquestions/annex/188/AS5_lJmRc2.pdf
• https://sansad.in/getFile/lsapps/loksabhaquestions/annex/188/AS105_4hTDo4.pdf
• https://eparlib.sansad.in/bitstream/123456789/2983889/1/AU1097_O7TPwY.pdf
• http://sansad.in/getFile/loksabhaquestions/annex/187/AU317_5cMQH9.pdf?source=pqals

Ministry of Jal Shakti (National Water Mission)

• https://nwm.gov.in/node/102

Tamil Nadu State Wetlands Authority

• https://tnswa.tn.gov.in/pdf/wetlands%20rules.pdf

Government of Bihar

• https://betastate.bihar.gov.in/Gogabeel

Government of Gujarat (Gujarat Tourism)

• https://gujarattourism.com/kutch-zone/kutch/chhari-dhand-wetland-reserve.html

Convention on Wetlands (Ramsar Secretariat)

• https://ramsar.org/document/present-text-convention-wetlands
• https://ramsar.org/about/convention-wetlands-and-its-mission
• https://www.ramsar.org/sites/default/files/2025-03/COP15NR_India_e.pdf
• https://rsis.ramsar.org/
• https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/229
• https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/1208
• https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/2370
• https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/2474
• https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/2559
• https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/2560
• https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/2561
• https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/2562
• https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/2567
• https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/2568
• https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/2576
• https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/2577
• https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/2602
• https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/2603
• https://www.ramsar.org/news/india-adds-two-more-wetlands-international-importance-list
• https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/2408
• https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/2568

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