Thursday, 25 July 2024

Compulsory ban on polythene bags


Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change

Compulsory ban on polythene bags

Posted On: 25 JUL 2024 1:34PM by PIB Delhi

The Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change has notified the Plastic Waste Management Amendment Rules, 2021, on 12th August 2021, prohibiting identified single use plastic items, which have low utility and high littering potential, with effect from 1st July  2022. The manufacture, import, stocking, distribution, sale and use of plastic carry bags having thickness less than thickness of one hundred and twenty microns is also prohibited with effect from 31st December, 2022. Non-woven plastic carry bags of less than 60 gram per sqm (GSM) are also prohibited from 30th September 2021. Further, over and above the Plastic Waste Management Rules, 2016, as amended, States/UTs have issued notifications/orders to introduce regulations pertaining to complete or partial ban on plastic carry bags and/or identified single-use plastic items. The details are annexed.


The following steps have been taken to strengthen implementation of Plastic Waste Management Rules, 2016 and to implement ban on identified single use plastic items:


(i)        All thirty-six States/UTs have constituted the Special Task Force under the chairpersonship of the Chief Secretary / Administrator for elimination of identified single use plastic items and effective plastic waste management. A National Level Taskforce has also been constituted by the Ministry for taking coordinated efforts to eliminate identified single use plastic items and effective implementation of Plastic Waste Management Rules, 2016.


(ii)       Directions under Section 5 of the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 have already been issued to plastic raw material manufacturers for not supplying raw material for manufacture of banned single use plastic items and plastic carry bags having thickness less than thickness of one hundred and twenty microns.


(iii) For effective monitoring of ban on identified single use plastic items and plastic waste management the following online platforms are in operation (a) National Dashboard on for monitoring of comprehensive action plan implementation, (b) CPCB Monitoring Module for Compliance on Elimination of Single Use Plastic, and (c) CPCB Grievance Redressal App.


(iv)      Pan India enforcement campaigns have been undertaken for implementation of ban on identified single use plastic items since July 2022 by CPCB, SPCBs/PCCs and local authorities. As per available information, during enforcement campaigns, a total of 853832 inspections have been carried out, of which violations were detected in 344689 cases, approximately fine of Rs. 19,05,13,471/- was imposed and 19,49,535 kg. of plastic was seized.


(v)       States and Union Territories have been asked to undertake regular enforcement drives to implement ban on identified single use plastic items and on plastic carry bags having thickness less than one hundred twenty microns covering fruit and vegetable markets, wholesale markets, local markets, flower vendors, units manufacturing plastic carry bags etc.


(vi)      The Departments of Science and Technology and Biotechnology support research projects for alternatives to banned single-use plastic items, as per scheme guidelines. The Ministry of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises has schemes to provide support to MSME units, which include support to such units which were earlier involved in manufacturing of banned single use plastic items for switching over to alternatives / other products.


Annexure


Notification for banning manufacture, use, sale import and handling of Plastic carry bags/items


(Based on the data available in Annual reports submitted by SPCBs/PCCs)


S.


No


Name of   State/UT


Complete or Partial      


Ban


Executive order Date and No.


Remarks


1


Andaman & Nicobar Islands


Complete ban


Date: 02.08.2010


 


Notification No.: 202


Complete ban on manufacture, store, import, distribution, transportation, recycle, sell & use of plastic


carrybags.


2


Andhra Pradesh


 


Not available


Certain Urban Local Bodies like Tadipatri, Vijayawada, Tirupati & Bobbili have put Ban on Plastic carry bags irrespective of their thickness. All local bodies have taken stand on ban on their  own.


3


Arunachal Pradesh


Partial ban


Date: 16.07.2019


 


Notification No.: FOR.129/E(A)/2019/1271 3-60


Complete ban on manufacture, store, stock, sale of plastic <50 microns.


4


Assam


 


Notification not available


 


5


Bihar


Complete ban


Date: 24.10.2018


Notifications No. 943


(urban)Dated 11.12.2018


Notification 1043


Complete ban on manufacture, store, import, distribution, transportation, recycle, sell & use of plastic carrybags (irrespective   


Of thickness)


6


Chandigarh


Complete ban


Notification No. ED/2019/1648


Dated 27.09.2019


Complete ban on manufacture, storage, import, sale, use transportation & disposal of plastic items


7


Chhattisgarh


Complete ban


Notification F 5-7/18/2011


Complete ban on manufacture, store,


 


 


 


dated 24.12.2014 (Gazette)


 


Date: 27-09-2017


Notification No.:क्रमाााांकएफ 05- 88/2014/32


import, transportation, recycle, sell & use of polythene/plastic carrybags.


 


Further for banned short life PVC and chlorinated plastic


8


Daman Diu & Dadra Nagar Haveli


Complete ban


Notification No.


PCC/DMN/PLASTIC


Bags/12-13/473


 


Dated 24.01.2014


Forbidding the use, sale/ storage of all kinds of plastic bags


9


Delhi


 


Information not available


No executive order additional to PWM Rules have been


issued


10


Goa


Complete ban


Amendment bill The Goa nob-biodegradable garbage


 


Dated :08.08.2019


Government imposed ban on Manufacture, stock, import, transportation, recycle, sale & use of plastic (carrybags, cups, forks, paper plates, spoons)


And other non-


biodegradable items.


11


Gujarat


 


Notification No: Vl,l(14/Env-10- 2008-2100-E


Dated2Sth June,


201 l


 


12


Haryana


Complete ban


Date: 20 Aug, 2013


Complete ban on manufacture, stock, import, transportation,


recycle, sell & use of plastic carrybags,


13


Himachal Pradesh


Complete Ban


 


Complete ban on use of Carrybags (irrespective of size), polythene, non- biodegradable material, disposable plastic cups, plates,


and glasses


14


Jammu & Kashmir


Partial ban


Notification: SRO-45 of 2017 dated :03.02.2017


Partial ban on Polyethene carry bags of thickness below 50 microns


15


Jharkhand


Complete Ban


Notification no 3/Praya Pradu- 52/2007- 3900


Dated 15.09.2017


Complete ban on manufacture, import, storage, transport, sell and usage of


plastic carrybags in


the whole State


16


Karnataka


Complete ban


Date: 11-03-2016


 


Notification No.: FEE 17EPC 2012, Bengalru


State government banned the plastic banners, buntings, carrybags (plastic & compostable), cups, cling films, flex, flags, plates, spoons & sheets made of plastic or Thermocol and


microbeads usage in the entire state


17


Kerala


Complete ban


Notification No.: G.O.(Ms)No.6/2019Env


dated 27-11-2019


 


G.O.(M/s) No. 2/2020/ENVT


dated 27-01-2020


 


GOno. GO(Ms) No. 4/2020


Envt dated 16-02-2020


Complete ban on Single use plastic And plastic carrybags (plastic and compostable )


18


Lakshadweep


Complete ban


Date: 25.01.2019


 


Notification No.: F.No.66/33/2019


Complete ban on Single use plastic includes:


Plastic carrybags of all thickness, plastic coated carry bags, plastic flags, plastic sheets/films used for wrapping, plastic sheets used as dining table covers, thermocol cups and plates, plastic coated paper cups and plates, plastic teacups, plastic tumblers, plastic teacups, water pouches/packets/PET plastic water bottles,


straws,


19


Madhya Pradesh


Complete ban


Notification : F5-2-2015-18-5 Dated :24.05.2017


Production, Storage, Transportation, sale & use of plastic carrybags.


20


Maharashtra


Complete Ban


No Plastic-2018/C.R.24/TC- 4


 


Notification, dated 23.3.2018


and amendment dated 11.4.2018, 30.6.2018 &


14.06.2019


complete


ban on certain plastic products like i) plastic bags with or without handle irrespective of size


and thickness, single use diposable items like


cups, plates, straws, spoons etc, Nonwoven Polypropylene


bags through Maharashtra Plastic and


Thermocol Products (Manufacture, Usage, Sale, Transport,


Handling and Storage)


21


Manipur


Complete ban


Date: 12-09-2017


 


Notification No.: 56/38/99- for&Envt


Complete ban on use, store & sale of plastic carrybags


22


Meghalaya


Partial ban


Date: 16-02-2017


 


Notification No. MPCB/TB- 144(B)/2016-2017/79


Use and sale of plastic bags less than 50 microns has been prohibited and public notice has been


issued


23


Mizoram


Partial ban


With effect from :01.08.2019 by Aizal municipal


corporation


Complete ban on plastic carry bags


below 50 microns


24


Nagaland


Partial ban


Date: 29th Nov, 2018


 


Notification No.: UDD/7- GEN/07-PWM/2018


Complete ban on single use plastic less than 50 microns,


25


Odisha


Complete ban


Notification Order No.


18441,


Dt. 30.09.2019


Polythene carry bags thickness of any shape and size has been banned in all Municipal limits in the State.


Govt. of Odisha. Further in the said order State has been prohibited (use polythene sheets of less than50 micron thickness for storing, transporting, dispensing or packaging of any articles, commodity or food items)


26


Puducherry


Complete ban


Not Available


total ban on single use plastics with effect from 02.08.2019.


27


Punjab


Complete ban


Notification no 5/18/2016- 4lg4/692717/1 dated 18.02.2016


 


 


S.O.438/P.A.


9/1994/S30/2016 dated


29.03.2016


Complete ban on Manufacture, stock, distribute, recycle, sale & use of plastic carrybags.


28


Rajasthan


Complete ban


Notification dated : 21.07.2010


Complete ban on use, store & sale of plastic


carrybags


29


Sikkim


Complete ban


Notification No.: GOS/UD&HD97-98/6(85)


 


Date: 04-06-1998


Complete ban on sale & use, storage of plastic carry bags


30


Tamil Nadu


Complete Ban


Date: 25.06.2018


 


Notification No.: G.O. (Ms). No.84 dated 25.06.2018


Complete ban on manufacture, sell, use, storage, Transportation and distribution of “Single- use plastics” i.e. plastic carrybags, flags, sheets using for food wrapping, straws, tea cups, tumblers, water packets & pouches


31


Telangana


Not


Banned


 


Not Banned


32


Tripura


Complete ban


Notification no:F.B(30)/DSTE/ENV/Pt-


II//1679-97 dated 10.03.2015


Complete ban on Sell, use, storage, Transportation & import of plastic carrybags (including polypropylene, non- woven fabric type)


plastic tube to pack or cover any book including magazine &


invitation/greeting cards.


33


Uttar Pradesh


Complete ban


Date: 15-07-2018


 


Notification No. 1056/9-7-18- 29(Lucknow)/18


Manufacture, Sell, use, Storage, Transportation & import of plastic carrybags of thickness 50 microns and cups, bowl, container, tumblers, glasses &


plates etc made of plastic or thermocol


34


Uttarakhand


Complete Ban


Date: 25.01.2017


 


Notification No. 88/x-3-17- 13(11)/2001


Manufacture, Sell, use, Storage, Transportation & import of plastic carrybags,cups, bowl, container, tumblers, glasses & plates etc


made of plastic or thermocol


35


West Bengal


 


Not available


Restricted use & sale of plastic carry bags in ecologically fragile areas and in certain heritage & tourist spots


This information was given by the Minister of State for Environment, Forest and Climate Change, Shri Kirti Vardhan Singh in a written reply in the Rajya Sabha today




(Release ID: 2036730) Visit

Deaths due to pollution in the country

 Deaths due to pollution in the country

Posted On: 25 JUL 2024 1:33PM by PIB Delhi

There is no conclusive data available to establish a direct correlation of death exclusively with air pollution. Air pollution is one of the many factors affecting respiratory ailments and associated diseases. Health is impacted by a number of factors which include food habits, occupational habits, socio-economic status, medical history, immunity, heredity, etc., of the individuals apart from the environment. Steps taken by the Government to improve the air quality are enclosed as Annexure-I.


Annexure - I


National Clean Air Programme:


National Clean Air Programme (NCAP) has been launched by Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEFCC) in January 2019 with an aim to improve air quality in 131 cities (non-attainment cities and Million Plus Cities) in 24 States by engaging all stakeholders.

NCAP envisages reduction by 20-30% in PM concentration over baseline in year 2017 by 2024. Target has been revised to achieve reduction in PM10 level up to 40% or achievement of national standards (60 µg/m3) by 2025-26.

City Action Plans (CAPs) have been prepared by all 131 cities and being implemented by Urban Local Bodies.

The city specific clean air action plans target city specific air polluting sources like Soil & Road Dust, Vehicles, Domestic Fuel, MSW Burning, Construction Material and Industries.

Performance based financial support is provided to these131 cities for implementation of activities of City Action Plan.

Further, funding for implementation of CAPs is mobilised through convergence of resources from various schemes of Central Government such as Swachh Bharat Mission SBM (Urban), Atal Mission for Rejuvenation and Urban Transformation (AMRUT), Smart City Mission, Sustainable Alternative towards Affordable Transportation (SATAT), Faster Adoption and Manufacturing of Hybrid and Electric Vehicles (FAME-II), Nagar Van Yojna, etc. and resources from State/UT Governments and its agencies such as Municipal Corporation, Urban Development authorities and Industrial development authorities etc.

Public Grievance Redressal Portal (PGRP)/helpline have been developed by all 131 cities to address public complaints of air pollution in timely manner.

Emergency Response System (ERS/ GRAP) have been developed by all 131cities for taking action in air emergencies

Under NCAP, an amount of Rs. 19,614.44 crores has been earmarked to 131 cities during the period FY 2019-20 till FY 2025-26 out of which 49 Million Plus Cities/Urban Agglomerations are funded under XVth Finance Commission air quality grant and remaining 82 cities are funded by MoEF&CC under Control of Pollution Scheme. So far, an amount of Rs. 11,211.13 crores was released to 131 cities to implement City Action Plans in their respective cities.

95 cities out of 131 cities have shown improvement in air quality in terms of annual PM10 concentrations in FY 2023-24 with respect to the baseline of FY 2017-18. 18 cities have met National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) for PM10 (60 µg/m3) in FY 2023-24.

Other steps


Notification of Ambient Air Quality Standards.

Revision of emission standards for industrial sectors from time to time.

Setting up of monitoring network for assessment of ambient air quality.

Introduction of cleaner/alternate fuels like gases fuel (CNG, LPG, etc.).

Promotion of ethanol blending.

Launching of National Air Quality Index.

Leapfrogging from BS-IV to BS-VI fuel standards.

Introduction of BS VI compliant vehicles across the country since April, 2020.

Notification of Construction and Demolition Waste Management Rules.

Installation of on-line continuous (24x7) monitoring devices by major industries.

Notification of Graded Response Action Plan for Delhi and National Capital Region (NCR).

Constitution of Commission on Air Quality Management in NCR and Adjoining Areas (CAQM) etc.

Installation of Vapour Recovery System (VRS) in new and existing petrol pumps selling gasoline >100kl per month in million plus cities and those selling >300kl per month in cities with population between 1 lakh to 1 million.

For strengthening monitoring mechanism and effective compliance through self-regulatory mechanism, CPCB directed all 17 categories of highly polluting industries to install Online Continuous Emission Monitoring System (OCEMS).

Shifting of all operational brick kilns to zig-zag technology.

This information was given by the Minister of State for Environment, Forest and Climate Change, Shri Kirti Vardhan Singh in a written reply in the Rajya Sabha today.


*****


MJPS/GS




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Impact of climate change

 Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change

Impact of climate change

Posted On: 25 JUL 2024 1:32PM by PIB Delhi

As per the Synthesis Report of the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate

Change (IPCC), human activities, principally through emissions of greenhouse gases, have unequivocally

caused global warming, with global surface temperature reaching 1.1°C above 1850-1900 level in the decade

of 2011-2020. The Working Group II in its contribution to the Sixth Assessment Report of the IPCC, dealing

with Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability, has reported that worldwide climate change is increasingly

affecting marine, freshwater and terrestrial ecosystems and ecosystem services, water and food security,

settlements and infrastructure, health and well-being, and economies and culture, especially through

compound stresses and events.

India’s Third National Communication submitted to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate

Change (UNFCCC) in 2023 has reported that India is experiencing full range of climate change impacts,

ranging from floods and droughts to heatwaves and glacier melt. The impacts of climate change are observed

in sectors, biodiversity and forests; agriculture; water resources; coastal and marine ecosystems; human

health; gender; urban and infrastructure.

India’s climate actions across various sectors are embedded in various programme and schemes.

The National Action Plan on Climate Change (NAPCC) provides the overarching framework for all

climate actions and comprises missions in specific areas of solar energy, enhanced energy

efficiency, sustainable habitat, water, sustaining Himalayan ecosystems, Green India, sustainable

agriculture, human health and strategic knowledge for climate change. All these Missions are

institutionalized and implemented by their respective Nodal Ministries/Departments, Further, thirtyfour States/Union Territories (UTs) have prepared their State Action Plans on Climate Change

(SAPCC) in line with NAPCC taking into account the State specific issues relating to climate

change. The responsibility of the implementation of the SAPCCs rest with the respective States.

 Under the National Adaptation Fund on Climate Change, projects worth Rs. 847.48 crore have

been sanctioned in 27 States / Union Territories. India’s Initial Adaptation Communication submitted

to UNFCCC in December 2023 indicates that the total adaptation relevant expenditure for the year

2021-22 was 5.6 per cent of the Gross Domestic Product (GDP), growing from a share of 3.7 per

cent in 2015-16, which shows that the Government has been making consistent efforts to integrate

climate resilience and adaptation into development plans and spending a significant amount of

resources for adaptation, despite the competing demands especially from the social sector for

resources.

This information was given by the Minister of State for Environment, Forest and Climate Change,

Shri Kirti Vardhan Singh in a written reply in the Rajya Sabha today

Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change publishing

 Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change

Protection of Elephants

Strategies to reduce air pollution

Compulsory ban on polythene bags

Environmental impact of the Great Nicobar Project

Deaths due to pollution in the country

Impact of climate change

Risk of natural disasters due to melting of glaciers

Ministry of Fisheries

Wednesday, 24 July 2024

Sodium Adsorption Ratio and its Effects on the Soil Characteristics

 Wonderful topic coved by Smt . M.V. Bhadravathi 
















The Basics of Ion Exchange and Water Chemistry-Part II, The Water Analysis





 

WCP Online

Home»2007»The Basics of Ion Exchange and Water Chemistry-Part II, The Water Analysis

2007

The Basics of Ion Exchange and Water Chemistry-Part II, The Water Analysis

APRIL 26, 200717 MINS READ

By C.F. “Chubb” Michaud CWS-VI


In Part 1 of this two-part series, we discussed basic chemistry and ionization and the value of the Periodic Table of Elements to the water treatment professional. In Part 2, we examine the proper use of a water analysis and pitfalls to avoid in deciphering it.


To properly design a water treatment system, particularly with ion exchange and reverse osmosis (RO), it’s necessary to first get both a quantitative and qualitative listing of what the intended feedstream contains. This listing is known as the water analysis and a proper interpretation is a must to assure good results. Although the purpose of an ion exchange system is to remove only the offending ionic components of a feedstream, other factors such as temperature, total dissolved solids (TDS), pH and trace minerals also play a role and must therefore be considered.


Laboratories usually report a water analysis using certain approved test methods, which give the results in milligrams per liter (mg/L). This is convenient because one mg/L is equal to one ppm, or part per million. This number, however, is in units of weight. Ion exchangers, on the other hand, don’t deal with weight; they deal with ions, which are the real chemical components we are trying to remove. A milligram of magnesium or calcium does not contain the same number of ions or ionic equivalents as does sodium or hydrogen. The convention commonly used is to convert to ppm as CaCO3 (calcium carbonate). Confusion arises because both the mg/L value and the CaCO3 value can be and often are reported as ppm. A good practice would be to refer to elemental components (the analysis) as mg/L and the CaCO3 equivalents (the conversion) as ppm.


The convention: CaCO3 as ppm and ppm as CaCO3  

CaCO3 is an arbitrary name choice. It has a formula or molecular weight (MW) of 100 (compared to carbon with a MW of 12). Both the calcium (Ca+2) and carbonate (CO3-2) ions are divalent; i.e., they have a charge value of +2 and -2, respectively (compared to sodium at +1) and, thus, an equivalent weight of 50.


The equivalent weight of any substance is equal to its MW divided by its valence. In the case of CaCO3, this is 100 ÷ 2 = 50. It should be noted that neither Ca+2 nor CO3-2 have an equivalent weight of 50, but the combination does. The equivalent weight of Ca+2 is 20 (MW = 40 ÷ 2 = 20) and the equivalent weight of CO3-2 is 30 (MW = 60 ÷ 2 = 30). We must therefore equate even the Ca and CO3 content of water to the equivalent weight of CaCO3. We do this by multiplying by a conversion factor (which is derived by dividing the number 50 (the equivalent weight of CaCO3) by the equivalent weight of the substance). In the case of Ca, this is 50 ÷ 20 = 2.5. For CO3, it’s 50 ÷ 30 = 1.67. Note that for demineralizer calculations, the CO3-2 ion will not exist as a divalent carbonate ion but as a monovalent bicarbonate ion (HCO3-1) with a conversion factor = 0.82). We can readily see that most common components of water have a different molecular weight, so we will have a variety of conversion factors. Table 1 lists the common elements and their conversion factors. A simple water analysis converted from mg/L to ppm as CaCO3 is shown in Table 2.


While the total dissolved mineral content of this water (residual by evaporation) would measure 432 mg/L of raw water (cation = 113.4 + anion 300.4 plus silica 18 = 431.8), the TDS as CaCO3 is 273.5 ppm for deionization (or DI) purposes. One does not add the cation and anion values together to get total TDS as CaCO3.


For anion determinations, the silica is quoted as an afterthought: “I have 273.5 ppm water with 15 ppm of silica.” For mixed bed calculations, this is 288.5 ppm water. Since a grain (of mineral) is 17.1 ppm of TDS as CaCO3, we have 10 grain water (Ca + Mg = 170 ppm as CaCO3) and for dealkalization, it’s a 10.5 grain water (HCO3 + CO3 = 184 ppm as CaCO3). There are 16.0 grains of cations and 16.9 grains of anions for deionization.


Every ion has a partner

Every ion is assumed to have a counter ion (as a dancing partner, so to speak). It should be noted that with extreme pH conditions (i.e. <4 or >10), there will be an excess of cations or anions, respectively. Normally, every cation has an anion (with the exception of silica) so the total cations should equal the total anions (without silica). Silica, a weakly ionized acid, is presumed to exist (for DI purposes) as H2SiO3 (silicic acid) and has H+ as its partner. It therefore stands alone as an anion.


Sometimes the water analysis will be incomplete in that only the offending ions (calcium, magnesium, iron, alkalinity, sulfate and silica) are reported—sodium and chloride are missing. If the analysis appears incomplete, look for the obvious. You can estimate the ppm as CaCO3 by dividing conductivity (as micromhos, or mmhos) by 2.5. In Table 2, we show conductivity as 650 umhos. Dividing by 2.5 gives us a TDS of 260 ppm.


If the totals for cation and anion are not equal, we make them equal by adding to the sodium (Na+) or chloride (Cl–) values. For instance, if the cation total were 15 less than the anion, we would add 15 ppm to Na+ as CaCO3 to the cation load. Include the ppm as CaCO3 values for all monovalent cations (K+, NH4+) as part of the Na+ total and monovalent anions (NO3– or F-) as Cl- totals. For DI purposes, iron (Fe+2) can be treated as Ca+2 after conversion.


We then add silica value to the anion total to get the total anion load. This is done after balancing the cation and anion totals. For the purposes of capacity calculations, it is generally safe to ignore any items with values below 0.1 ppm. Dividing these corrected totals by 17.1 converts the ppm as CaCO3 values to grains per gallon (gpg) values. Since the ion exchange capacity is usually determined in kilograins (Kgr) per cubic foot, (one Kgr = 1,000 grains), we can now determine the throughput capacity in gallons per cubic foot (gal/ft3) of resin. Simply divide the grains of loading into the capacity of the resin.


Traps

Values for any given water analysis are not done for the convenience of the poor engineer who is trying to treat the water. They are done by convention. Hardness (Ca and Mg) and alkalinity (HCO3 + CO3 + OH) are often given as ppm as +. Metals, including iron, are often given in micrograms/L or ppb (billion) and written as µg/L. The µ symbol is the Greek letter, mu and it stands for micro (millionth) and not milli (thousandth). Nitrates (and ammonium [NH4]) are often reported in ppm as N (nitrogen). This has to be converted to ppm as NO3 by multiplying by MW ratios. N = 14 and NO3 = 62. Therefore, 10 ppm NO3 as N becomes 10 x 62/14 = 44.3 ppm as ion and 44.3 x 50/62 = 35.7 ppm as +. SO4 and H2S may be reported as total sulfur and also must be converted to ion; then to ppm as CaCO3.


The capacity of DI resin is dependent upon the water analysis, particularly the ratio of sodium to total cation and alkalinity to total anion. First, simplify the water analysis by grouping the ions to show only Ca, Mg, Na as cations and HCO3, SO4, Cl and Silica as anions. Fe adds to Ca; K to Na; CO3 to HCO3 and NO3 to Cl. Conversion calculations can be rounded up to whole numbers and percentage calculations can be approximate (with the charts you will have to read, the width of your pencil lead is a percent or two). Always err in the direction of being conservative. Always understate your capacity. No one has ever been held liable for a DI system that still works and delivers after three years. If you design your system to just barely squeak by on Day One, it will not work on Day Two and all those following. Let’s give it a try!


Resin capacity determination

To use most engineering literature and charts, you first have to break down this analysis in percentages. Our cation content is 37.7 percent Na, 55 percent Ca and 7.3 percent Mg. Our anion is 63.8 percent alkalinity, 31.0 percent free mineral acid (total of Cl + SO4) and 5.2 percent silica. You can use 40 percent for sodium and 65 percent for alkalinity, etc. The literature shows that the cation capacity (at approximately 40 percent Na and 65 percent alkalinity) to be 27.5 Kgr/ft3. Using a 10 percent engineering downgrade, we have a net design capacity of 24.75 Kgr/ft3 (27.5 x .9 = 24.75) for the cation. The anion (use a Type II) will have a book capacity of 20.3 Kgr/ft3 (with five percent silica in the influent) and we will downgrade this by 15 percent for design purposes (multiply by 0.85), which leaves us with 17.25 Kgr/ft3. The engineering downgrade factor is a safety factor applied to DI calculations to allow for wear and tear, resin loss and some fouling, as well as variations in the feedstream over the life of the resin. It is usually 10 percent for cation resins and 15 percent for anion resins and is deemed to be a three-year projection. In other words, the system should still meet capacity specifications after three years of capacity losses.


Since we have an anion load of 16.9 gpg, we will have to remove 16.9 gr/gal x 20 gal/min x 60 min/hr x 12 hr/cycle = 243,360 grains/cycle. Dividing this by 17.25 Kgr anion capacity, we see we’ll need 14 cubic feet of anion resin.


Since the cation will have to produce the water required to regenerate the anion resin, we must now add that quantity of water to our cation load before determining the size of the cation exchanger. The total gallons are 20 gpm x 60 min/hr x 12 hr/cycle = 14,400 gal. Assuming 75 gallons of water is required to regenerate each cubic foot of anion resin, add 1,050 gallons (75 gal/cu.ft. x 14 cu.ft.). The cation must therefore treat 15,450 gallons (x 16.0 gpg) or 247,200 grains. Dividing this by our cation rating of 24.75 Kgr, we will need 10 cubic feet of cation resin.


The physical design guidelines

Standard and acceptable flow rates for DI design are one to three gpm/cu.ft. In our above design for a 20-gpm system, we are at 1.4 gpm/cu.ft. of anion and 2.0 gpm/cu.ft. of cation. Hydraulic considerations are 4 to10 gpm/sq.ft. of bed area. If we choose a 30-inch diameter tank for the anion, we have 4.0 gpm/sq.ft. and a 24-inch tank for the cation gives us 6.4 gpm/sq.ft. Most capacities are calculated on a minimum of a 30-inch bed depth (the capacity drops with shorter beds) and a 60-inch maximum. Our 10 cu.ft. of cation will have a bed depth of 38.2 inches and our 14 cu.ft. of anion will have a bed depth of 34.3 inches. It is suggested that under-bedding be used in DI systems to utilize the full capacity of the resin. If this service requirement of 12 hours is extended, it may be possible to add resin to either or both vessels to make up the extra capacity. If plastic tanks are used, they are usually only 72 inches high and the usable straight sidewalls are only 13.4 and 20.2 cu.ft. respectively. This means that the freeboard is only about 35 percent for the cation and 44 percent for the anion. These are minimal and neither system can tolerate more resin. To increase the capacity, the user would have to install a duplicate system or a new, larger system. However, if you started with 84- or 96-inch sidewall tanks, the capacities could be increased by 50 to 60 percent simply by adding resin.


Resin capacities are dependent on the water analysis (among other things) and therefore not constant for every system. There is no one-size- fits-all solution. The ratios of various ions to one another will cause the resin capacity to vary as will the quality of effluent one is targeting. Flow rate per cubic foot will also affect capacity as will temperature of service and regenerant. In addition, the amount of regenerant is usually determined by the leakage values (quality) needed. Effluent water quality is what sets the whole thing in motion. Leakage, the background ions that appear to be incomplete removal of unwanted ions, is a result of incomplete regeneration. In this example, the literature tells us that we can expect a leakage of approximately 0.5 percent sodium as a percentage of total cations or (0.005 x 273.5= 1.4 ppm). This leakage will exist in the product water as sodium hydroxide (NaOH) because the anion resin will convert all anions to the hydroxide: H+ converts to HOH and Na+ converts to NaOH. So what does this mean in water quality? Again, according to the literature, NaOH has a resistivity that is about one-fifth that of NaCl. To put it another way, NaOH is five times more conductive than an equivalent ppm of NaCl. 1.4 ppm of NaOH gives a resistivity of 120,000 ohms/cm at 25°C (77°F) or about 8.3 microsiemens (µS).


Sodium leakage is reduced with increased regeneration level. In the above example, increasing the HCl regeneration level to eight lbs/cu.ft. would improve the leakage to 0.9 ppm, reducing the conductivity to about five µS. Always start with the determination of how low your leakage has to be (using NaOH as effluent) which sets the regeneration level. The regenerant level sets the capacity and the capacity sets the volume of resin needed.


Softener loading

There is more to building a softener than simply measuring hardness of the water and setting the dial. Your customer not only wants his or her water softened today, they want it softened tomorrow, next month and 10 years from now. This means the regeneration procedure must also be a rejuvenation procedure to keep the unit operating satisfactorily for many years. The water analysis can help us determine how to do this.


Softener throughput is influenced not only by hardness, but also by TDS, iron, temperature, flow rate and regeneration level and technique. Since TDS and iron will generally be part of the water analysis, we’ll look at those.


Hard water leakage is caused by residual hardness that is left on the resin after regeneration and bleeds off during the service run. Increasing the salt dosage can minimize it. As hard water passes through a resin bed, the hardness is exchanged for sodium or potassium. The higher the sodium level (or TDS feed level), the higher the tendency for the softened water to leach hardness back off the resin. This reduces the run length (and thus the capacity) between the baseline leakage and the breakthrough leakage. Simply knowing the TDS ahead of time can allow you to avoid costly field calls to remedy low capacity or leakage complaints by adjusting the capacity setting and using a higher salt dose ahead of time. To achieve five ppm (or less) leakage during the run, use the salt settings from Table 3 for various TDS values.


Soluble iron is exchanged onto a cation exchanger as Fe+2. However, iron may oxidize on the resin to Fe+3 and is not readily removed by salt regeneration. In addition, NaCl usually produces an alkaline pH brine which will precipitate iron during regeneration. By assigning a higher value for iron, we will increase the softener load and reduce the throughput volume. This means you will regenerate more frequently (reducing the probability of iron oxidizing on and in the resin). To overcome the potential problems of alkaline brine, you can use a resin cleaner that automatically dumps phosphoric or citric acid into the brine during regeneration or use potassium chloride (KCl), which generally produces a slightly acidic pH.


A good practice is to treat each ppm of iron as one grain of hardness. As such, in our sample water analysis, we have 10 grains loading from hardness and we add 0.3 grains for the iron (total = 10.3). Soluble iron levels as high as 30 ppm has been successfully treated with a standard softener with 10 to 12 pounds of salt/ft3 regeneration level. Citric acid (available from most chemical suppliers) works well at a level of one pound per 50 pounds of salt and can be added directly to the brine tank.


Turbidity

Dirty waters can plug and foul ion exchange units, causing channeling and capacity loss. Use a pre-filter if the turbidity values are >5 NTU (nephelometric turbidity units).


Color

Natural organics (such as tannins) or iron (colloidal, organic or precipitated) may cause color, reported as APHA units. Values for color below 25 APHA are usually not noticeable by eye. Again, try to determine what is causing the color and install proper prefiltration. Softeners do not remove color. Granular activated carbon (GAC) and/or salt regeneration anion resin can often do the job.


Temperature

Ion exchange systems are usually intended to function with water feed temperatures of 10 to 37.77°C (50 to 100°F). Higher temperatures can be detrimental to anion resins in DI systems. A lab-supplied water analysis may list temperature, but it is meaningless. Rather, check with the intended installation site if anion exchange enters into the picture. Cation systems should have no trouble with temperatures above 121.11°C (250°F) .


Much of the ion exchange process depends upon ions’ ability to diffuse into and out of the resin bead matrix. This is temperature dependent and is seriously slowed by cold-water operations. Resin beds should be at least 50 percent larger in diameter and 100 percent larger in volume to effectively handle water streams below 4.44°C (40°F).


Conclusions

Obtaining and using a good water analysis is essential to the proper design of any water filtration system, particularly an ion exchanger. There is much valuable information on a lab analysis that can help you to avoid design errors. Make sure you understand the water analysis. Check the math to make sure the units add up. Make sure the cations are equal to the anions and then add in silica to determine total loading. Use a conservative design with a downgrade for engineering, even for softeners.


References


Dictionary of Chemistry, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1994.

Kunin, Robert, Ion Exchange Resins, Krieger Publishing, New York, 1972.

Wachinski, A.M. and J.E. Etzel, Environmental Ion Exchange, Lewis Publishers, New York, 1997.

About the author

C.F. ‘Chubb’ Michaud is the CEO and Technical Director of Systematix Company, Buena Park, Calif., which he founded in 1982. An active member of the Water Quality Association, Michaud has been a member of its Board and of the Board of Governors and past Chair of the Commercial/Industrial Section. He is a Certified Water Specialist Level VI. He serves on the Board of Directors of the Pacific WQA (since 2001) and chairs its Technical Committee. A founding member of WC&P’s Technical Review Committee, Michaud has authored or presented over 100 technical publications and papers. He can be reached at Systematix Inc., 6902 Aragon Circle, Buena Park CA 90620; telephone (714) 522-5453 or via email at cmichaud@systematixUSA.com


 


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2007

Water Business Springs from A Georgia Homestead

APRIL 26, 20075 MINS READ

By Denise M. Roberts


Sometimes the history of a company is just as important as its products and services. In 1986, S.E. Lundy remodeled his century-old family home and found that the copper pipes were as thin as paper. Blue-green stains and pinhole leaks were everywhere. Fortunately for Lundy, his co-worker Bill Caudill had a side business: Metro Water Filter Company. The two men discussed the pipe issue and Lundy was convinced to install a manual pH filter.


Fascinated with the filtration process, Lundy soon started selling and installing filters for Caudill on a part-time basis; in 1989 he started his own water business. He was passionate about water filtration. “It was almost an obsession for my father,” said youngest son and company spokesman Robert ‘Lee’ Lundy. “On one family va

Monday, 22 July 2024

What Is a Battery Energy Storage System and What Are the Workplace Risks? Apr 05, 2023


What Is a Battery Energy Storage System and What Are the Workplace Risks?

Apr 05, 2023

Battery energy storage system in a home garage

Traditional batteries are singing their swan song as they are rapidly replaced by lithium-ion batteries.


While they have long been in place in small forms for consumer electronics like cellphones and laptops, large-scale lithium-ion battery energy storage systems (BESSs) are now powering or backing up equipment like uninterrupted power sources, data centers, hospital imaging systems and more.


When compared to a traditional lead acid or nickel-based batteries, lithium-ion batteries have higher energy density, lower maintenance, higher performance and better longevity.


They are also quite safe; only 1 in 10 million lithium-ion batteries fails, according to the nonprofit Fire Protection Research Foundation.


“But when they go bad, they go really bad,” says James Trudeau, a 30-year veteran of the energy field and a former market development manager for energy and industrial automation with UL.


When a lithium-ion battery fails, it almost always catches on fire and can lead to explosion, which can cause massive damage, injury and death.


While the risk is alarming, Trudeau offers plain advice: “Don’t worry about it, just plan for it.”


During a webinar with ASSP, he provided an overview of lithium-ion-dependent battery energy storage systems, the risks and exposures, ways to address these hazards, and the rules and regulations safety professionals should follow to protect businesses and their employees.


What Is a Battery Energy Storage System?

A battery energy storage system is a type of energy storage system that uses batteries to store and distribute energy as electricity. BESSs are often used to enable energy from renewable sources, like solar and wind, to be stored and released.


Lithium-ion batteries are currently the dominant storage technology for these large-scale systems.


“You’re all going to be dealing with this in some way or another,” Trudeau says, pointing to the switch to lithium-ion-powered electric vehicles, corporate focus on environmental, social and governance (ESG) standards driving electrification, and the continued trend to replace traditional lead acid batteries with lithium-ion versions.


Even if you don’t see them taking over yet, Trudeau says, your insurance company certainly does. Taking proactive steps to reduce the risks from these systems can mitigate rate increases and give your organization a better risk profile than your competitors, he adds.


What Are the Risks and Exposures of a Battery Energy Storage System?

Lithium-ion batteries can fail through overheating and cell rupture caused by factors like overcharging, short circuits and manufacturing defects. Their failure typically follows the same process—to see it you can look at this video.



 


When the battery fails, the “first thing you see is a white cloud of gas” from the electrolyte liquid inside the cell evaporating. This cloud, composed predominantly of hydrogen that Trudeau explains is 40% more explosive than propane, will fill the room where the battery is stored.


Then comes the fire, which can burn between 900 and 1500 degrees Celsius — hot enough to cause damage to structural steel. This fire can also create a thermal runaway, lighting other cells nearby on fire, causing them to subsequently fail as well.


“That’s not even the biggest problem,” Trudeau says. “The biggest problem is that they make their own oxygen — you cannot extinguish a lithium-ion battery fire. You can suppress it, you can keep it from spreading, but you can’t put it out. I can take a burning lithium-ion battery and drop it in seawater, it will continue to burn.”


The key is to have appropriate gas and heat detection measures and good ventilation.


“You’re not going to avoid the fire, but the fire is not as big of an issue as the explosion,” because the explosion poses the greatest risk to human life.


How Can Safety Professionals Mitigate the Risks?

While it’s important to understand how dangerous a battery energy storage system can be when it goes bad, the hazards and exposures can vary depending on how the system is set up.


Trudeau uses the example of a hospital replacing part of its uninterruptible power source with a standard 20-foot container of lithium-ion batteries. The operations manager has a choice: Place the BESS in the basement or place it outside, right by the generator.


The risk of failure is the same in both situations, but the risk to people and property is “a whole lot less outside than it is in the basement,” he says.


Safety professionals can employ three key measures when deploying a BESS to reduce risks and hazards and protect employees and property.


Distance: What is the distance between that system and everything else? The more distance you can create around a cell, the better.

Surroundings: Determine placement where the system can cause the least amount of potential damage.

Water: If a fire starts, do you have enough water to mitigate it?

Which Standards and Regulations Address Battery Energy Storage Systems?

The two primary standards relating to BESSs are: 33:45 IFC 2021 and NFPA 855.


“I think they’re excellent and they are evolving as we get smarter,” Trudeau says. While compliance isn’t necessary right now, both California and New York, which make up 65% of the energy market, require compliance with these codes, so most manufacturers follow them, he notes.


“As a user you need to be aware of what’s in these codes, so that when something gets installed in your facility, you know it’s compliant because compliance with these codes is what’s going to keep you safe,” he says.


The standards contain four key components:


Spaced minimum of three feet from other arrays and walls

Follow UL 9540

Maximum of 50 kWh per unit

Maximum of 5,600 kWh in aggregate or fire area

While it is possible a setup may not comply with all these rules because of mitigating factors, the design should then be lab-tested so a fire safety official can make a determination about its efficacy.


Key Steps to Take Today

“These batteries are coming into your facilities and you may not know they are there,” Trudeau says.


Because the use of lithium-ion batteries is widespread in small devices, they are likely already in use at your facility. But larger and more impactful energy storage systems are coming, so it’s vital to ensure they are placed and operated in a safe way.


Here’s what you can do today as a safety professional to address BESS risks:


Get educated. Understanding the hazards and risks is a key first step. It’s also important to educate company leaders and employees. By proactively addressing the risks from lithium-ion batteries, you create a safer environment and potentially save your organization money.

Know where they are. Talk to operations managers and anyone else who may be purchasing and deploying lithium-ion batteries. They need to know that you need to know.

Apply the safety guidelines of distance, surrounding and water. Wherever you have battery energy storage systems or intend to install them, focus on those three key components.

Finally, Trudeau says that BESSs will uniquely impact different industries and locations. He encourages all safety professionals to contribute to developing standards through ASSP, UL or standards committees.



Sunday, 21 July 2024

ACCELERATING THE ENERGY TRANSITION WITH FIRST AMMONIA By Ulrik Frøhlke


July 13, 2023

ACCELERATING THE ENERGY TRANSITION WITH FIRST AMMONIA

By Ulrik Frøhlke

Green ammonia is crucial for a green future. It’s a reliable source of power but producing it calls for electrolysis on a huge scale. Our revolutionary electrolyzers can provide that – and they’ll be at the core of First Ammonia’s green ammonia plants.


Green ammonia can be a carbon-free fuel for industry and shipping. It’s also easier to transport than the hydrogen it derives from. And it can store power from renewable sources that might otherwise go to waste. But producing it on a big enough scale to contribute significantly to decarbonization is a challenge. That’s where our solid oxide electrolyzer (SOEC) technology comes in.


We’re working with US-based business First Ammonia to put SOEC at the heart of green ammonia plants set to open by 2025.


First Ammonia is developing plants to produce up to 5 million tonnes of ammonia a year. Making that possible demands efficient, large-scale electrolysis. SOEC technology promises exactly that. Our new plant in Denmark that will produce electrolyzer units will be in operation in 2025. It has a production capacity of 500 MW with an option to expand further. First Ammonia will use these electrolyzers to produce ammonia with spare renewable power from nearby solar and wind facilities.


The collaboration with First Ammonia began after Joel Moser, now its CEO, visited our labs in Lyngby, Denmark, in 2018. ‘I could see there was something special about this company. As a green energy investor, it was clear to me that Topsoe’s research positioned them to have industry-ready applications. I decided then, that I wanted to be close to the company.’ When Joel and colleagues later decided to form First Ammonia to produce green ammonia, ‘it was natural that we do this with Topsoe,’ he says.


Glimpsing the future of green ammonia


Ammonia is a highly versatile relative of hydrogen. Its possible uses include fuelling ships, which can’t be electrified, and producing nitrogen-based fertilizer, which currently relies on natural gas. It can also replace coal-fired power stations – Japan aims to replace 20% of coal with ammonia in power generation by 2030* – as fuel for aviation or as an energy carrier. As Joel explains: ‘Hydrogen is more complicated to store, transport, and use, and it’s expensive to liquefy. Adding nitrogen to make ammonia gives a substance that’s easy to use and handle, easy to store and easier to transport.’


First Ammonia’s planned production process uses power generated by solar and wind facilities at peak times, but that grids can’t accommodate. Using this excess power to make green ammonia means it doesn’t go to waste. Once the ammonia is available, it can also store power, acting like a liquid battery. This could in turn create more demand for renewable power facilities because more of the electricity they generate will be used, either to produce ammonia or be stored in it.


Harnessing a unique technology


Topsoe SOEC technology is better suited to producing green ammonia than other forms of electrolysis. Alkaline electrolyzers can’t turn on and off quickly enough to handle intermittent renewable power. And proton exchange membrane (PEM) electrolysis relies on rare earth metals that put the cost out of reach. ‘We did a detailed economic analysis of producing hydrogen from all types of electrolysis and our enquiries concluded that SOEC was the most efficient, cost-effective method,’ says Joel.


Sundus Cordelia Ramli, Chief Commercial Officer at Power-to-X, Topsoe says: ‘The collaboration now means that we’re helping to realize each other’s visions. First Ammonia is helping us commercialize our technology and make strides in Power-to-X – turning electricity into carbon-neutral fuels. Meanwhile, our technology is the key to First Ammonia producing green ammonia at scale.’


Saving the world


In the largest agreement of its kind, First Ammonia will take 5GW of electrolyzer capacity in all. This will produce enough ammonia to eliminate 13m tons of CO2.


And continues: ‘We’re not messing around here. This is about saving the world. Ammonia has done that once by producing fertilizer to grow crops that prevent starvation. It can now save humanity again by creating green fuel and energy to help decarbonize the world.’


‘The world will be watching our first project with Topsoe technology. We’ve got to get it right – and Topsoe is the company in the world most uniquely positioned to do that and demonstrate that this works.

Saturday, 20 July 2024

Gastech Hydrogen Strategic Conference Panel Announcement: Boosting hydrogen demand, deployment, and trade across industrial sectors.

 Gastech Hydrogen Strategic Conference Panel Announcement: Boosting hydrogen demand, deployment, and trade across industrial sectors.


Join Anil Chalamalasetty, Dan Holton, Valérie Ruiz- Domingo and Anne-Laure de Chammard to explore hydrogen supply and demand dynamics across heavy industry, and understand the mechanisms that can unlock greater demand, use and deployment globally.


Key topics:

• Accelerating the development of hydrogen and hydrogen-based fuels for industrial decarbonization.

• Collaborating between private and public sector.

• Creating and accelerating hydrogen markets through incentivizing funding programs, partnerships, and policy frameworks.


Gastech 2024 will take place from 17-20 September in Houston, and is set to answer some of the world’s biggest questions on energy security, affordability, accessibility, and sustainability through its strategic conference.


Book a delegate pass: https://www.gastechevent.com/conferences/delegate-rates/


#Gastech #Hydrogen

Thursday, 11 July 2024

How Green Ammonia Is Accelerating Sustainability

 How Green Ammonia Is Accelerating Sustainability

Ken Silverstein

Senior Contributor

I cover global energy and climate issues.


In a pivotal move towards sustainability, Hygenco Green Energies is pioneering the production of green ammonia in India. This significant step supports Ameropa's shift towards sustainable agriculture, underlining the importance of this partnership.


Green ammonia, derived from renewable energy sources, is a product of technological advancements, cost competitiveness, and supportive policies promoting renewable energy and climate action. As these technologies mature and costs decline, green ammonia is poised to play a central role in the decarbonization of heavy industries.



This agreement shows that all signs point to net zero. It also underscores India's desire to take a leading position globally in the green ammonia sector. By harnessing its renewable energy resources, India is setting a powerful example. As Amit Bansal, co-founder and chief executive of Hygenco Green Energies, rightly pointed out, this is a moment of pride for India and a source of inspiration for others.


The production of green ammonia could help decarbonize heavy industries like steel, shipping, and chemicals, which typically rely on fossil fuels to run their operations. This could be a game-changer for reducing greenhouse gas emissions in these sectors.



According to the International Energy Agency, while 29% of the electricity sector is decarbonizing, only 10% of industrial process heat is doing so. This is a stark reminder of the urgency to act. In reality, electricity accounts for 20% of energy worldwide, industrial use comprises 26%, and transportation and building use make up the balance. The need to decarbonize industrial process heat is more pressing than ever. We risk falling short of our 2050 carbon-neutrality goals unless we address this.


Green ammonia is typically produced through electrolysis, where water is split into hydrogen and oxygen using electricity. The hydrogen produced in this process is then combined with nitrogen to make ammonia. The key difference between green ammonia and traditional—grey—ammonia is the source of hydrogen. Whereas renewable energy produces green ammonia, fossil fuels make grey ammonia.




Driving Market Growth And Adoption

According to Roots Analysis, the global green ammonia market is projected to reach $701 million by 2024, with an anticipated growth rate of more than 72% from 2024 to 2032. DNV GL predicts that ammonia fuel will be widely adopted starting in 2037 and will constitute 25% of the maritime fuel mix by 2050. This trajectory is good news in the journey towards decarbonization.


First Ammonia and Germany’s Uniper will produce green ammonia from renewable power at First Ammonia’s Texas-based facility in 2026. They are working together to deliver green ammonia to Uniper so that it can help its industrial customers reduce greenhouse gas emissions.


They will use a solid oxide electrolyzer, which creates an electric current that splits the hydrogen and oxygen from water. They say their process is 30% more energy efficient than a conventional electrolyzer, meaning less electricity is required to produce the same output. It’s a zero-carbon ammonia that will help Uniper accelerate the energy transition for its customers.


“Our focus on greener gases will allow Uniper’s customers to switch from carbon-intensive ammonia to green and blue ammonia and thus avoid a significant amount of greenhouse gas emissions,” said Uniper’s Chief Commercial Officer Carsten Poppinga, in a release.





Green ammonia has various applications, making it a promising candidate for decarbonizing hard-to-abate sectors:


— It is used in agriculture as a fertilizer;


— It can also be used as a fuel or an energy carrier, and


— Industrial processes can also use ammonia, including as a chemical feedstock.



Green ammonia is still a developing concept. However, some encouraging signs and anecdotes illustrate its potential. For instance, projects in Denmark and Australia are exploring the production of green ammonia using renewable energy sources like wind and solar power. Major shipping, energy, and agricultural companies are also interested in green ammonia.


Yara, Mitsubishi Corp., ENGIE, and Air Liquide are among the enterprises researching and developing energy sources and conducting pilot projects. For example, Yara Clean Ammonia is collaborating with Scatec, the Egyptian Petrochemicals Holding Company and Misr Fertilizers Production Company to produce renewable ammonia.


This momentum positions green ammonia as a catalyst to more sustainable industrial practices, reflecting a shared commitment to environmental stewardship and a low-carbon future. Future success depends on attracting capital, building scale, and cutting costs—integral to reducing heavy industry's greenhouse gas emissions.

Tuesday, 9 July 2024

Chemical Industry india

Chemical Industry india

India is the second-highest producer and consumer of chemical fertilisers in the world.


Chemicals

ADVANTAGE INDIA

GROWING

DEMAND

*

Rise in demand from end-user industries such as food processing, personal care and home care is driving development of different segments in India’s specialty chemicals market.


*

Exports of Organic and Inorganic Chemicals increase by 16.75% and reached US$ 2.50 Billion in April 2024.


*

Chemicals and petrochemicals demand in India is expected to nearly triple and reach US$ 1 trillion by 2040.


*

India is the 6th largest producer of chemicals in the world and 3rd in Asia, contributing 7% to India’s GDP.


Growing Demand

OPPORTUNITIES

*

India’s specialty chemicals companies are expanding their capacities to cater to rising demand from domestic and overseas.


*

With global companies seeking to de-risk their supply chains, which are dependent on China, the chemical sector in India has the opportunity for a significant growth.


*

The Dahej PCPIR project in Bharuch, has attracted an investment of Rs. 1 lakh crore (~US$ 12 billion) and is expected to generate 32,000 jobs.


Opportunities in Chemical Industry

POLICY

SUPPORT

*

PLI schemes were introduced to promote Bulk Drug Parks, with a budget of Rs. 1,629 crore (US$ 213.81 million).


*

Under the Interim Union Budget 2024-25 the government allocated Rs. 192.21 crore (US$ 23.13 million) to the Department of Chemicals and Petrochemicals.


*

The Petroleum, Chemicals and Petrochemicals Investment Region (PCPIR) set up at Paradip has attracted investments worth US$ 8.84 billion (Rs.73,518 crores) resulting in employment of about 40,000 people.


*

Government to open 25,000 Jan Aushadhi Kendras to make medicines available at affordable prices.


*

The PLI plan for the National Programme on Advanced Chemistry Cell Battery Storage has been approved by the Union Cabinet as of May 2021.


Policy Support

INCREASING

INVESTMENTS

AND SPENDING

*

FDI inflows in the chemicals sector (other than fertilizers) reached US$ 22.146 billion between April 2000-March 2024.


*

An investment of Rs. 8 lakh crore (US$ 107.38 billion) is estimated in the Indian chemicals and petrochemicals sector by 2025.


*

Prime Minister, Mr. Narendra Modi, laid the foundation stone of development projects worth more than Rs. 50,700 crore (US$ 6.11 billion) on September 14, 2023.


Increasing Investments and Spending

SNAPSHOT

SHOWCASE

INFOGRAPHICS

REPORTS

RELATED NEWS

Last updated: Jul, 2024

CHEMICALS INDUSTRY REPORT

May, 2024

INTRODUCTION

Covering more than 80,000 commercial products, India’s chemical industry is extremely diversified and can be broadly classified into bulk chemicals, specialty chemicals, agrochemicals, petrochemicals, polymers, and fertilisers. India is the 6th largest producer of chemicals in the world and 3rd in Asia, contributing 7% to India’s GDP. India's chemical sector, which was estimated to be worth US$ 220 billion in 2022, is anticipated to grow to US$ 300 billion by 2025 and US$ 1 trillion by 2040.


Globally, India is the fourth-largest producer of agrochemicals after the United States, Japan and China. India accounts for 16-18% of the world's production of dyestuffs and dye intermediates. India’s agrochemicals export was estimated to be at US$ 3.12 billion from April 2023 to December 2023. Indian colourants industry has emerged as a key player with a global market share of ~15%. The country’s chemicals industry is de-licensed, except for a few hazardous chemicals. India has traditionally been a world leader in generics and biosimilars and a major Indian vaccine manufacturer, contributing more than 50% of the global vaccine supply. India holds a strong position in exports and imports of chemicals at a global level and ranks 14th in exports and 8th in imports at the global level (excluding pharmaceuticals).


chemicals manufacturers in India

From April 2023 to December 2023, India's dye exports (Dyes and Dye Intermediates) totalled US$ 1.69 billion. India’s proximity to the Middle East, the world’s source of petrochemicals feedstock, enables it to benefit on economies of scale.


MARKETS SIZE

India's chemical sector, which was estimated to be worth US$ 220 billion in 2022, is anticipated to grow to US$ 300 billion by 2025 and US$ 1 trillion by 2040. The demand for chemicals is expected to expand by 9% per annum by 2025. The chemical industry is expected to contribute US$ 383 billion to India’s GDP by 2030.


India has traditionally been a world leader in generics and biosimilars and major Indian vaccine manufacturers, contributing more than 50% of the global vaccine supply. Chemicals and petrochemicals demand in India is expected to nearly triple and reach US$ 1 trillion by 2040.


An investment of Rs. 8 lakh crore (US$ 107.38 billion) is estimated in the Indian chemicals and petrochemicals sector by 2025. Specialty chemicals account for 20% of the global chemicals industry's US$ 4 trillion, with India's market expected to increase at a CAGR of 12% to US$ 64 billion by 2025.


This gain would be driven by a healthy demand growth (CAGR of 10-20%) in the export/end-user industries. The Department of Chemicals & Petrochemicals intends to bring PLI in the chemical & petrochemical sector and will redraft the Petroleum, Chemicals and Petrochemicals Investment Region (PCPIR) guidelines.


The Indian chemical industry is expected to further grow with a CAGR of 11-12% by 2027, increasing India’s share in the global specialty chemicals market to 4% from 3%.


A shift in the global supply chain brought on by the China+1 strategy and a resurgence in domestic end-user demand was expected to fuel significant revenue growth of 18–20% in 2022 and 14–15% in 2023.


Indian Chemical Industry Market Size

INVESTMENTS AND RECENT DEVELOPMENTS

A few recent developments/investments in the Indian chemical sector are as follows:


From April 2023 to March 2024, exports of organic chemicals stood at US$ 7.54 billion & inorganic stood at US$ 2.02 billion.

Imports of organic chemicals were US$ 14.80 billion and inorganic chemicals US$ 6.34 billion from April 2023 to March 2024.

From April 2023 to March 2024, exports of castor oil, essential oil, and cosmetics and toiletries stood at US$ 4.3 billion.

Major chemical production reached 931.2 million metric tonnes (MMT) in January 2024, while petrochemical production reached 1,863.57 MMT.In January 2024, production levels of various chemicals were as follows: Soda Ash: 255.21 MMT, Caustic Soda: 290.60 MMT, Liquid Chlorine: 205.05 MMT, Formaldehyde: 25.834 MMT, and Pesticides and Insecticides: 19.90 MMT.

In August 2023, the Prime Minister announced a subsidy of Rs. 10 lakh crore (US$ 120.93 billion) for providing cheaper Urea to farmers.

In July 2023, Global Chemicals and Petrochemicals Manufacturing Hubs in India (GCPMH 2023) was organized in Delhi, India.

In June 2023, Himadri Speciality Chemical invested Rs. 58 crore (US$ 7.01 million) in Sicona Battery Technologies Pty Ltd, (Sydney) for a 12.79% stake.

In June 2023, Mumbai-based UPL Ltd, will hive off its speciality chemicals business on a slump sale basis to a wholly-owned arm of UPL Speciality Chemicals Ltd for Rs. 3,572 crore (US$ 431.96 million).

In June 2023, Reliance plans to invest Rs. 75,000 crore (US$ 9.06 billion) over 5 years to expand its oil to chemical business.

Tata Chemicals intended to invest about Rs. 8,000 crore (US$ 967.45 million) over the next 2-3 years as capex on an expansion spree that includes scaling businesses sustainably.

In May 2023, Reliance Industries plans to set up a 10 GW solar project in Andhra Pradesh.

In March 2023, Chennai awaits more bio-CNG plants to enable a switch to clean energy.

On February 15th, 2023, the Indian Speciality Chemical Manufacturer’ Association (ISCMA) signed an MoU with USIIC to promote trade in speciality chemicals.

In February 2023, the company is setting up a new formaldehyde plant with 300 TPD capacity at the existing manufacturing facility at GIDC, Ankleshwar in Gujarat.

In January 2023, Tata Chemicals Europe signed a pact with Essar-backed Vertex for the sale of low-carbon hydrogen.

In December 20222, GMM Pfaudler Ltd entered into an agreement on December 8, 2022, to acquire Mixel France SAS and its wholly owned subsidiary Mixel Agitator Co. Ltd. for US$ 7.63 million.

In September 2022, the Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC) and CSIR work together to support chemistry in schools across India.

In September 2022, Spanish perfume maker Puig acquired a controlling stake in Kama Ayurveda Pvt. owning 85% of the company.

In May 2022, a global investment firm, PAG acquired Optimus Group along with consortium partners CX Partners and Samara Capital.

In April 2022, Dorf Ketal, a manufacturer of research-based specialised chemicals acquired Khyati Chemicals for Rs. 300-400 crore (US$ 36.28 - 48.48 million).

Advent International acquired a majority position in Avra Labs in January 2022, uniting it with two other businesses it had previously acquired, RA Chem Pharma and ZCL Chemicals.

In July 2022, NTPC Renewable Energy Limited (NTPC REL) and Gujarat Alkalies and Chemicals Limited (GACL) signed an MoU to establish India's first commercial-scale Green Ammonia and Green Methanol plants.

In November 2021, Indian Oil Corporation (IOCL) announced plans to invest Rs. 3,681 crore (US$ 495.22 million) to set up India’s first mega-scale maleic anhydride unit for manufacturing high-value speciality chemicals at its Panipat Refinery in Haryana.

In November 2021, Praj Industries Limited and Indian Oil Corporation inked a memorandum of understanding (MoU) to explore opportunities in the production of alcohol-to-jet (ATJ) fuels, 1G & 2G ethanol, compressed bio-gas (CBG) and related opportunities in the biofuels industry.

In November 2021, Coromandel International announced plans to set up a 1,650-metric-tonnes-per-day sulphuric acid plant at its fertiliser complex in Visakhapatnam with an investment of Rs. 400 crore (US$ 53.69 million).

On September 30, 2021, Prime Minister, Mr. Narendra Modi, inaugurated the CIPET: Institute of Petrochemicals Technology, Jaipur.

In October 2021, Nayara Energy announced that it expects 15-20 new integrated petrochemical plants to become operational within the next decade in the country, to meet the rising demand for raw materials used in the plastics and clothing industries.

In October 2021, Rosneft, Russia, launched a large-scale petrochemical production development programme in India with investments worth ~US$ 750 million at the current implemented stage.

In September 2021, Bharat Petroleum Corporation (BPCL), announced plans to invest US$ 4.05 billion, to improve petrochemical capacity and refining efficiencies over the next five years.

The government is planning to hold roadshows in eight overseas markets for the proposed investors’ summit planned in January 2022, with a focus on the petrochemicals sector, and is eager to attract investors to its newly launched Petroleum, Chemicals and Petrochemicals Investment Region (PCPIR) near the upcoming crude oil refinery in Pachpadra village (in Barmer district, Rajasthan).

A brief history of electrolysis-based ammonia production

 

A brief history of electrolysis-based ammonia production

Installed electrolysis capacity for ammonia production over time. Source: Ammonia Energy Association, Low carbon ammonia plant lisClick to enlarge. Installed electrolysis capacity for ammonia production over time. Source: Ammonia Energy Association, Low carbon ammonia plant list.

The first electrolysis-based ammonia plant started operation in Terni (Italy) in 1921, based on Casale technology. Numerous electrolysis-based ammonia plants were installed in the years to follow, making electrolysis-based ammonia production the second most used technology (after coal gasification) by 1930. But after 1970, the installed capacity for electrolysis-based ammonia production started to decline from a peak of about 0.7 million tonnes per year. Improvements in Haber Bosch technologies led to the proliferation of world-scale plants, and the availability of gas feedstock became cheap & widespread. Simply put, the economics of scale put smaller, electrolysis-based plants at a disadvantage.


In 2010, three electrolysis-based ammonia plants were still operational with a combined production capacity of 240,000 tonnes per year: the KIMA plant in Aswan (Egypt), the Sable Chemicals plant in Kwekwe (Zimbabwe), and the Industrias Cachimayo plant in Cuzco (Peru). These three plants operated based on hydroelectric power and had a combined installed electrolysis capacity of 290 MW.


Sable Chemicals shut down its electrolysis-based ammonia production in 2015. Among other things, this was due to an increased demand for electricity in other sectors and consequently higher electricity prices, as well as sustained droughts. Electrolysis-based ammonia production in Aswan (Egypt) was decommissioned in 2019, and the gas-based KIMA 2 plant was built in its place. This leaves the Industrias Cachimayo plant as the last “classical” electrolysis-based ammonia production facility in operation. ENGIE and Enaex recently agreed to a new power purchase agreement (PPA), allowing Industrias Cachimayo to run on 100% renewable energy.


2020 and beyond: MWs to GWs

With the rapid decline in the cost of renewable electricity from solar PV and wind, electrolysis-based ammonia production has re-emerged as an alternative to fossil pathways. To assess the effects of fluctuating renewable energy generation, various kW-scale demonstrators were introduced in the 2010s, such as in Japan, the United Kingdom, and the United States.


More recently, multi-MW electrolysis projects have been announced, with some already operational. A non-exhaustive list of examples includes:


ACME Group, which is de-risking large-scale renewable ammonia production with a 4 MW alkaline electrolysis pilot plant in Bikaner (India), estimated to produce about 1,500 tonnes of ammonia per year. The plant started operation in November 2021.

H2F, a project in Puertollano (Spain) with 100 MW solar PV, 5 MW battery storage, 20 MW PEM electrolysis, and 11 high pressure hydrogen storage tanks. Iberdrola started operating the green hydrogen plant in 2022, allowing Fertiberia to produce about 17,000 tonnes of ammonia per year at its neighboring plant.

Fertiglobe, which commissioned 5 MW PEM electrolysis for ‘Egypt Green’ in Ain Sokhna (Egypt) in November 2022. The hydrogen will be fed to the neighboring ammonia plant operated by EBIC, producing about 4,500 tonnes of ammonia per year.

Unigel, which aims to begin decarbonizing ammonia production at its plant in Camaçari (Brazil) by installing 60 MW alkaline electrolysis capacity, starting this year. The grid-connected electrolyzers are expected to produce about 60,000 tonnes of ammonia per year (Brazil’s national grid already has a high penetration of renewable energy generation).

Yara, which will partially decarbonize its Porsgrunn (Norway) ammonia plant with 24 MW PEM electrolysis capacity. Starting later this year, the grid-connected electrolyzers are expected to produce about 25,000 of ammonia per year (nearly all of Norway’s grid electricity is generated by renewable energy).

Yara and ENGIE, with FID reached last year on Project Yuri in Karratha (Australia). Yuri’s pilot phase features 10 MW electrolyzers and 18 MW of combined solar PV & battery storage, feeding production of 3,600 tonnes of ammonia per year at the neighbouring Yara Pilbara Fertilisers plant.

CF Industries, which aims to begin decarbonizing production at its 4 million tonnes per year facility in Donaldsonville (USA). by installing 20 MW alkaline electrolysis capacity, planned to start operation in 2023. The grid-connected electrolyzers are expected to produce about 20,000 of ammonia per year, with a renewable electricity PPA secured.

LSB Industries and Bloom Energy, which will install 30 MW of electrolyzers (10 MW solid oxide and 20 MW alkaline) at LSB’s ammonia plant in Oklahoma (USA). Electrolytic hydrogen will feed production of around 30,000 tonnes of ammonia per year, or about 12% of the plant’s ammonia production capacity.

Beyond this, there’s a growing list of multi-GW projects. World-scale, electrolysis-based ammonia plants will require multiple GWs of working electrolyzers to produce enough hydrogen feedstock for one million tonnes per year of ammonia. Examples include the NEOM project in Saudi Arabia (where a contract has already been signed with thyssenkrupp for the supply of at least 2 GW of alkaline electrolyzers), and the Australian Renewable Energy Hub (designed with at least 14 GW of installed electrolyzer capacity).


Milestones for tech deployment and production for near-zero emissions ammonia. From Making net-zero ammonia possible (Mission Possible Partnership, Sept 2022).Click to enlarge. Milestones for tech deployment and production for near-zero emissions ammonia. From Making net-zero ammonia possible (Mission Possible Partnership, Sept 2022).

According to the Mission Possible Partnership, 13 – 42 GW of electrolyzers dedicated to ammonia production will have to be installed every year between 2026 and 2030 for the ammonia industry to reach net-zero emissions by 2050. This equates to between 40 and 140 operational, large-scale “green” (electrolysis-based) ammonia plants by 2030, producing between 30 and 100 million tonnes of electrolysis-based ammonia per year. So, while our focus may still be on MW-sized installations, it’s not long until GW-scale deployment needs to occur for the ammonia industry to meet climate-neutral targets.


Diversifying electrolyzer technologies

Technology readiness level of electrolyzers. From Electrolysers: technology deep dive (IEA, Sept 2022).Click to enlarge. Technology readiness level of electrolyzers. From Electrolysers: technology deep dive (IEA, Sept 2022).

As you can see above, both alkaline electrolysis and PEM electrolysis is used. The cost gap between alkaline electrolysis and PEM electrolysis has reduced in recent years, especially for small-scale projects up to tens of MWs, and for projects located in Europe or North America. The preferred technology depends on local requirements, such as plant footprint, grid connection, renewable energy profiles, etc.


Other electrolyzer technologies will also be introduced beyond 2023. Mentioned above is the 10 MW solid oxide electrolysis system that will be installed by Bloom Energy at LSB Industries’ ammonia plant in Oklahoma, USA in 2024. Currently, no ammonia projects have been reported based on AEM (anion exchange membrane) electrolysis. However, AEM technology demonstrations at the MW scale may be expected in the coming years, according to a technology readiness assessment of the IEA.


Carbon footprint

Scope 1 and Scope 2 emissions from electrolysis-based ammonia production (and derivatives). From Perspective Europe 2030: Technology options for CO2 emission reduction of hydrogen feedstock in ammonia production (DECHEMA, Jan 2022).Click to enlarge. Scope 1 and Scope 2 emissions from electrolysis-based ammonia production (and derivatives). From Perspective Europe 2030: Technology options for CO2 emission reduction of hydrogen feedstock in ammonia production (DECHEMA, Jan 2022).

Scope 1 emissions from electrolysis-based ammonia production are essentially zero. Scope 2 emissions strongly depend on the carbon intensity of the input electricity. Zero carbon sources for electricity include solar PV, wind, hydropower, geothermal, and nuclear power, among others. On the other hand, electrolytic ammonia production using electricity derived from natural gas and coal may result in a higher carbon footprint as compared to using natural gas and coal directly as feedstock for ammonia production.


Looking ahead: the next few years

In 2020, global electrolysis-based ammonia production had an operational capacity of about 10,000 tonnes per year. By the end of this year, electrolysis-based ammonia production is estimated to account for 185,000 tonnes per year. As new technologies emerge and a dramatic ramp-up in installed electrolyzer capacity occurs, as much as 1 million tonnes of electrolysis-based ammonia could be produced globally by the end of 2024 (much of which will be pilot-scale projects). That’s a 100-fold increase in just four years!


“Near-zero emissions” ammonia production globally via lowest cost and fastest abatement scenarios. Exhibit 2.9 from Making net-zero ammonia possible (Mission Possible Partnership, Sept 2022).Click to enlarge. “Near-zero emissions” ammonia production globally via lowest cost and fastest abatement scenarios. Exhibit 2.9 from Making net-zero ammonia possible (Mission Possible Partnership, Sept 2022).

By 2026, we could see this ramp-up dwarfed again, as the first of many million-tonne-per-year, electrolysis-based ammonia plants begin operation. At the end of this decade, Mission Possible Partnership forecasts that as much as one hundred million tonnes of electrolysis-based ammonia will be required for the overall industry to hit net-zero by 2050. Come 2050, MPP predicts the production of nearly 800 million tonnes per year of electrolysis-based ammonia.



--

Dr. Amar Nath Giri

EHSQ


Monday, 1 July 2024

State-run SJVN’s green energy arm signs deal with AM Green to supply 4.5 GW renewable energy for its ammonia facilities

 State-run SJVN's green energy arm SGEL will supply 4.5 GW of renewable energy to Greenko Group-promoted AM Green Ammonia Holdings for its upcoming production facilities spread around the country that aim to produce five mtpa of green ammonia by 2030

State-run SJVN’s green energy arm signs deal with AM Green to supply 4.5 GW renewable energy for its ammonia facilities

State-run SJVN's green energy arm SGEL will supply 4.5 GW of renewable energy to Greenko Group-promoted AM Green Ammonia Holdings for its upcoming production facilities spread around the country that aim to produce five mtpa of green ammonia by 2030

SJVN plans to execute the project in three phases, with the first phase expected to deliver 1,500 MW within two years. (Photo: Mint)

SJVN plans to execute the project in three phases, with the first phase expected to deliver 1,500 MW within two years. (Photo: 

New Delhi: In what is one of the world’s largest carbon-free green energy supply contract, state-run SJVN's green energy arm will supply 4.5 gigawatt (GW) of renewable energy to AM Green Ammonia Holdings. 


The company, promoted by Greenko Group founders Mahesh Kolli and Anil Kumar Chalamalasetty, is in the process of setting up one of the world's largest green ammonia production facilities, which will begin with the production of one million tonnes of green ammonia per annum in the first phase, and ramp it up to five million tonnes per annum (mtpa) in the second, set to be completed by 2030. 


Five million tonnes of green ammonia is equivalent to about one million tonnes of green hydrogen.


Under the agreement signed on 26 June, SJVN Green Energy (SGEL) wvill supply 4.5 GW of renewable energy to AM Green’s upcoming green ammonia facilities, said a company statement.

https://www.livemint.com/companies/news/staterun-sjvns-green-energy-arm-signs-deal-with-am-green-to-supply-4-5-gw-renewable-energy-for-its-ammonia-facilities-11719808882353.html